'^y^ 
w 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^/  .4^ 


1.0   ^ut  ta 

^^s     itt  I3i2   i2.2 

1.1   l.-^isa 


I 


lift 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WMT  MAIN  STMIT 

WntTN,N.Y.  14SM 

(716)t7a*4S03 


CIHM/ICMH 


Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  IMicroraproductions  /  Inttitut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


ikt 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  liaa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  oopy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  l»ibliographieaily  uniqua, 
which  may  aKar  any  of  tha  imagaa  In  tha 
raproduction.  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


n 


n 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataur^a  at/ou  pailicuMa 


if 


I — I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


□   Colourad  mapa/ 
Cartas  gAographlquaa  an  coulaur 


Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  biua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I — I   Colourad  piataa  and/or  illuatratlona/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatratlona  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rali4  avac  d'autraa  documanta 


FT]   Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortlon 


along  intarior  margin/ 

La  r0  iiura  sarrAa  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 

distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intArlaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibla.  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagas  blanchaa  ajouttes 
lors  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta. 
mais,  lorsqua  cala  Atait  poaaibla,  cas  pagaa  n'ont 
pas  4tA  fiimAaa. 

Additional  commants:/ 
Commantairas  supplAmantalras; 


L'Inatitut  a  microfiimA  la  malllaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  iul  a  4tA  poaaibla  da  sa  procurer.  Las  details 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mithoda  normala  da  f ilmaga 
aont  indiquAs  ci-dassous. 


r~~|  Colourad  pagas/ 


D 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAas 

Pagas  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagaa  rastaurdas  at/ou  pailiculAas 

Pagaa  discolourad.  stained  or  foxei 
Pagaa  dAcoiorAas.  tachatAas  ou  piquAas 

Pagas  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAes 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  InAgale  da  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materli 
Comprend  du  matArlei  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponlble 


r~7  Pagaa  damaged/ 

r"!  Pagaa  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

P/l  Pagaa  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 

Fyl  Showthrough/ 

F7|  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  includes  supplementary  material/ 

|~n  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refiimed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totaiement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feulllet  d'errata.  una  paiure, 
etc..  ont  At  A  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  ia  meilleure  image  possible. 


Tha  copy  f  ilmi 
to  tha  ganaroa 


Tha  imagaa  ap 
poaaibla  conali 
of  tha  original 
filming  contra 


Original  coplat 
beginning  witi 
tha  laat  page  i 
aion,  or  tha  bi 
othar  original 
f irat  page  witI 
aion,  and  andl 
or  iliuatratad  I 


The  laat  racor 
ahali  contain  i 
TINUED"),  or 
whichever  api 

IMapa,  piataa, 
different  redu 
entirely  includ 
beginning  in  t 
right  and  top 
required.  The 
method: 


Thia  item  ia  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  filmA  au  taux  de  rAduction  indiquA  ci-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

V 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

m'^^i^tr^'m 


Jbm  copy  fllmod  her*  hat  b««n  raprodue«d  thanks 
to  tho  gonorotlty  of: 

BibliothAquo  national*  du  QuAbac 


L'axamplair*  filmA  fut  raproduK  grioa  A  la 
gAnAroaM  da: 

BIbllotMqua  natlonala  du  Quibac 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  laglblllty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif Icatlons. 


Original  capiat  in  printad  papar  eovars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  llluatratad  impras- 
slon,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  fllmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  llluatratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  llluatratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microflcha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^(moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  aymbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appiias. 


Laa  Imagas  auhrantaa  ont  4ti  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plua  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  I'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformM  avac  las  conditions  du  eontrat  da 
filmaga. 

Las  axamplairaa  orlglnaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
paplar  ast  ImprimAa  sont  fiimAs  an  commandant 
par  ki  pramlar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  oomporta  una  ampralnta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'illustratlon,  soit  par  la  sacond 
phit,  aalon  la  cas.  Toua  laa  autras  axamplairaa 
originaux  sont  filmto  an  comman9ant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  ampralnta 
d'impraasion  ou  d'lllustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
bi  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
ampralnta. 

Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microfiche,  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbola  -^  signlfia  "A  8UIVRE",  la 
symbols  ▼  signlfia  "FIN". 


IMaps,  piatas,  charts,  stc,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antlraly  included  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmed 
baginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  es 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartas,  planches,  tableeux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAa  k  das  taux  da  reduction  diff Aranta. 
Lorsque  le  document  eet  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  soul  clichA,  11  est  fllmA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  do  gauche  A  drwite. 
et  do  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nAceesaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  ia  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

>■ 


/^v.,- 


'    ''.''vU' 


■-   T  ,-      * 


■'i' 


,  '^ 


"»  * 


111 


nj 


GEGGftAPHy  MADE  EASY : 


•lfN»  AN 

ABEIDGEMENT 


'ftr.'TBB 


American  Universal  (^eogra^[>kyi 

TO  WlilCIt  AM^'«RCT{SKP 

ELEMENTS  Oj'GSCKiltAWY, 

<■  iM  Yit  V4«  or'BCuootf  Akp  aCadvmibs  in  tbk  vniteo 

STATl^f  Of  AMBKtCA. 

BY  JEDIMAIt-MORSE,  |>»  D, 
AVir«o«  or  Twt  AMtaiKAM  tHtriirttfAL  6KocaAi^«T  aho'tus 

AMStttCAN   GAltBTTEEil. 


■'^. 


Tt^n  i«  not  a  lOa  or  daigbter  of  AdaQit  but  liwibmc  cpaeefiitbotlt 
JirCkogfAplijr  luilt 


da«|Bcer 


on.  srATfs. 


■•;  -'^i   '  ■* 


'■(•  -■ 


:iu;^UStBAlkD  ito'H  A  AfAP^^^^6^^^  ANi>  A 

'<  3IAP0|r.NORrH.i4i^iUSi^lCA. 


■.?■:•' 


ANfi  rOtirETU'd^   THIS   HBV  ABKIXiGCMKN'r. 


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SB 


•    »  '■  •♦   •     .  •  '■.» .   ^  •  •  » 


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r'^]BOSTOKi-;%^.^V 


IW|1K»  KI»i,:ANI»  CO.  NCW.i![OBK,  M.  OARgv:,  PHitADStPUIA;  A.HJj 

,'i:i-'  ir :tb»^^w  im  tbe  oiiiTEij  states. 

'"■     ■      -  •'  ■       ■       '         :.'(   '  >  ■;  ,■•,-■         ■    ■    - 


,  ,',-^v  .t^V.*i»*ia*jto«*^5Uii«^4«^*K.*4A,i.««,uj . .  .„,».w,^. . , 


w 


3 


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'}■•  ■  -.'■J 


WStWeT  OP  MASSACHUSETTS^  to  wit ;      - 

^  tT  REMEMSEIiKD^  that  on  (]t«  twentieth  day  pf  April,  in 
the  thipty-tittrd  yjsaf  •Qf  tlie  ladepi^ideDce  of  tbe  .UKiT;eD  Statc^  o^ 
^.MBKiLCA,  Jeditliith  Mor«eof  the  iaid  Drstfictha*  depottted  in  chip 
jT^fHce  tbeTitleof  A  lloek,  the  light  wlieregf  he  claims  as  Author, . 
ia  tUe  words  following,  hrtfiV-: 

'■'■  Geojeraphy  inade  caftv :  b«inf  an  Abi)tdgeiheot  of  the-Am^riieait 
Universal  Geography  To  which  are  prefixed  Elements  uf  GijWgnu 
phy.  For  the  u&c  of  SchooU  aud  Aqademies  in  the  Utiitedl  States  of 
America.  By  Jedidiah  Morse,  D.  P.  aiithor  of  the  American  Univer- 
sal Geography,  and  Uie  ^American  Oaeetteer.  *  There  is  not  a  son 
or  daui^hter  oi'  Adam,  but  has  somer  tonciem  both  in  Gebgifaphjy  and 
Astronomy.*— Dr.  Wiitts.^  Ittttstrated  ^rtth  a  Map  of  the  World,  and  , 
a  Map  of  North* America?*'  ,  %j*f'" 

Iti  confur:nity  to  the  net  of  tfaif  Congress  t>f  rbe  United  Statpe»  £9- 
titlcdy  ^*  A  1  Mt  for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by  secario^ltie 
cODie«  of  >f  M>»^  Ctiatxs  and  BiD>kl,  to  the' Authors  and  Fro|)ri«tors  of 
su«i  copies,  f'uring  the  tinges  therein  mtntioned :"  and  als^  toan  Act, 
intitlcd,  '*  An  Act  supplementuF]^  to  an  Act,  ibntitled,  An  Act  for  the 
I^courA^ement  of  t»(t»rningf"by  8eea>in|f  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts, 
and  Boo!c4,  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the 
times  tiiercin  mentioned ;  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the 
arts  of  JDesigmng,  Engra:ving  and  J^ching  Htstorical  and  other  Prints." 

WILWAM  8.  SHA\\r, 

0erkcfifuDi5ttictofMa3$a^huseUsi. 


\    ■ 


'?f    ■A' 


PREFAGE. 

UO  ni^tioM]  fovernment  holdi  out  4^i^  jMbjccto  to  nmity 
idiurtng  motives  to  obtain  nn  accurate  knowledge  of  ft^ir  ow« 
eountiy,  ond  ©fits  TArious  interesti,  ftsthatof  Umtkd  Ameki- 
cA.    By  the  freedom  of  our  elections,  public  honora  aqd-publift 

-offices  9T9  not  confined  to.nny  ope  class  of  ine^  but  arc  ofiercd 
(o  merit,  in  ^vbRtcver  rank  it  jnay  bo  found.  TJy  discbnrge 
ilift  duties  ^f  public  ofSce^with  hopor  and  npfilauset  tbe  hislju-* 

/ry,  policy,  coininercc,  productions,,  partlcurtif  adT9i>ta^os  nnd   , 
interests  of  the  several  states  ought  to  be  Ihorouj^ily  toAder-' 
^tood.'   It  is  obviously  wise.tind  prudent,  Uicmi,  to  iiiitiatv^  cmr 
yontb  into  tbtk  knowledge  of  these  things,  nnd  tjins  to  fortu 
their  minds  upon  correct  princinlc3>  nt(d  prepare  them  iot  *■ 
futnre  uscfuln ws  uiul  honor.    There^w  no  science  better  adapt- 
ed to  the  capacities  of  yontb,  and  wore  apt  to  cftptivntc  tliclr 
attentiQii  tjion  Geography*    An  acqutnniftnccAfit^'lhis  scifrti.'c, 
Ajore  than  irith  any  oUier,  satisfies  tliat  pcrtJnciit  curii|rat%\ 
whiehb  ib6  predombating  fbnture  of  the  yputbiTuVinind.    It 
Is  to  biB  lamented  that  this  part  of  education  has  bcpn  sp  ^|>g 
neglected  in  Atncrien.    Our  young  men,  univprsaUy,  have  been 
much  better  acqniunted  with  the  gfcograpliy/  of  Euroj[>e  and 
Asia,  than  witji  that  of  thch"  own  state  mvd  eofttntry; .  The 
want  of  ^litable  books  has  been  the/cause,  we  ho^c  thj' «b!e^ 
cause^  of  this  sliameful  defect  in  our  education.    Until  with- 
in a  f«Mf  years,  we  have  seldom  pretended  to  write,  and  hard* 
ly  to  tbiak  for  oursehes.     We  have  himibly  received  firoui 
Great-Britain  our  laws,  eitir  manners,  our  books^  and  our  modes 
of  thinking ;  and  our  y^uth  have,  been  educated  rather  as  the 
subject  of  the  British  king,  tlian  ai  Uie  citizens  of  a  fr«c  amtia* 
dependent  tiation.    But  the  scene  is  now  changed.    Tho  revo- 
lution has  been  favoraule  to  science  in,  gen^sd ;  particularly  to 
that  of  the  geography  of  our  own  country.  -  ' 

In  the  following  pages,  the  Author  has  endeavored  to  bring 
this  valuable  branch  o¥  knowledge  home  to  common  schools, 
and  to  the  cottage  fire-side,  bjr,  comprising,  in  a  small  and 
che«^  volume,  the  tnest  entertaining  and  tntercstlog  part  of  his^ 


10686 


iy : 


w:- 


l\ 


■:9i 


PREFACE. 


v  •^' 


Asnei-iciuft  0niveniil  Geography,    lb  ItM  BAdeayored  t«  mcmn- 
modate  it  to  the  ipe  of  Mlxfqid^ilf  f  j«^^ 
^bothMtti,  Mthoiiinfe  tine  that  i^yare  learmng'to  r^dt 

Tivde,  fiegin'to  qOflSi^  tii^iiDm^ 

10^,  wicb  r^iWli^ii  t^thibii^^  , 

t^iiimii'  '"'■•*'     '    •_ -^  ■...•'•  ■  '.,..,.,_    ^■ 

r   Thliii  thli  Ittbofs jqf  the  Auth<nr  may  be  a  beneQt  to  the  youtk 
ji}f  tlMt  coti|Affjr^,^^  whieh  he  Iiat«eattl6U8^ 

■■^'  \'0mticT^,    lit  co^i^.e^ien^  oti^w^  ; 

:lfQy(p  c<Ji;eh  pkce  in  the  world,  etiice  this  A^n%emcnt  wair^it  ,:m  ; 

^^^a^  Xo^:^hi<^  th^     ^ffiw^cvti^ti^^ 
t:h«if^t  it  cxpcdienv  for  tile  piuq>QW  ^!  laj^rcxlhiciiigl^  ^^^  v- 
•^rove^aciots  i»if  the  Ust.editipas  of  hil  Unlyerwl  Q%x^f^%VfAi 
.i^eti^cer^^  thcnx  wew  j^  whic}>  has  bec^  dooe»  ItodiiiP 

JWs  dlrdct^  andjijjspeictibn  %  anpthcr  hand;  J'hfrWoA  W  ilo*l v  7>^ 
"iH-iBsiffitid  to  Jhc  jEublic,  Jti.  an  improved  and  moi^  ini^| 
'J^,  jBliAthc jchjingcs  vM     hayp  tsien  pUice  in  the  worii^  fta  * 
thii  w  rfi^  piei^i^d/iiaf^^        »otice,d  dibwjvto  tile  pre«ent  y^r. ' 


>r. 


:,^;-=r 


-u. 


'^'IZ:': 


■'<i.    ? 


#ff- 


':-  .'y^'^Aii-  • 


CONTfiNTS. 


mf^MBKTS  OF  (lEQGItAPli Y 

JS^^i^  Geography  iidAslroaoiriy 


FMrec^Stan 


l^lriiie  of  the  Spherq 
TheOlob^ 


y 


-/t'Vl/ 


^         .Divjfioni  of  the  EartVs  surface 
portipLQiient  parit  of  tl^p  Earth 
Ti^canoes 
Banh^uakes     . 
IMt^etisni 
(Jfihcitation 


^tiiiKlspbere 


>i«  and  Cloudf 
ictty 


Harvest  Moon 

ftflSieni  Light 
H^  and  Cold 

P^cftl  Dirisioiu  of  the  E^rth 

Vmi»  otOoreriimeiit 
mm9i '  \  . 

tne  Dnrisioiw  of  Tinie 

AMERICA 

Ahpfriginai  Ameriea 
' Greenland. '  ■ "  • 'v I ■'-^:.-  ^": 


29 


/■ 


.v:  • 


■  v-v-.'■.'^■^'^:^'^■■■ 


.-/A- 


...  ,.j5i"> 


■  rm 


.-['^•ir'r 


^IJ 


qgistmrs^ 


CpBtC 

Arefiipti«go 
Cm0^ 


\    t  ■  it 


Iid|tta  of  GftM  Breton         ' 

»dlfii)d  Iilund 
itidas  or  SoiWQer's  |iUaid» 

fi^tofMnliie 
KiB^rHttnpfthire 


'J;-,- 


I'efftttp^ 

Temtor^t 


^Oj^Carpfiitt 
Jaraiiiut 

^|oiab  America  V 


.  ^■ 


SoVfll-AMEilICA 

I'eitft  V'nmA 


1^:, 


■-■ir 


•■*  "A. 


'^.h: 


■"*^'''  "m-^ 

""'-■'JSa?'^^ 

■;.    \-., .  \x:MtJ^;' 

C  "■":. -^ftp-: 

:■«**•■■ 

215 

-■'^...y'^m.-. 

^^ 

■    •     ■  ;-^-'!n'  . 

-  ;  ■:'^m-2«$-c  ■ 

Sgi{6 


^,-y:.,/ 


i 


•cwfimti^i 


Chip 

PlltliffOllil»       r  - 

SouA-Ameij^an  Iil«idl 

Wiiftr-lNDitt 
TMr'Sahamiit  Iflesv 
m«Aiitmit 
TlMjVirciinlBlef 
Tlit^CaribbeM 

EimOPE^ 


SlraHi^ 


Pdliiit- 

P^pfltote.  of  Genwiqi^^,^ 
BoiHiBioikf. 


V  ,. 


S< 


SS6r 

241 

m 


<» 


'^,-i,i> 


Isla&^tfotoQgiiig  to  Idle  IHirki&  teipirf 


■•%« 


:     99B 


m 


CONTEWPa 


ASIA 

Turkey  ^ 

Asiatic  RiHtia 

Tirtary 

China 

Tfiibat 

Hindoostan 

India  beyond  the  Ganges 

Aetam 

The  Birman  Empite 

Stfim 

Malicoi 

Cwnbodia 
CoobinCliiBa 
TmtL       ^  - 

'Arabia       -'.o, 
. 'Jflipan 
jQ^ental  Islaiiis 

ii^CA 
>t 
DaivF^or 
A%stinia,  and  the  Eastern  Com 
S#atherft  and  Western  Caasts 
Sillies  of  Barbacy 
M^dcco 
Algiers 
Tknis 


BlKft 

Afifioan  Islands 

Ishiiids  of  the  Pacific  Oceni 

Aytral  Asia     ' 


lii-v  . 


915 
SI  7 

SS 

931 
331 

993 

384 
994 
394 
395 

337 
338 


■>i^ 


..'* 


340 
34C 

m 

945 

94^ 
347 
347 
349 
350 
951 
353 
958 
^7 
357 
953 


'.*     .  •    i 


( ■   -. 


**^ 


,.♦ 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHX. 


DEFfNITIONS. 

eBOGRAPHY  is  a  Science,  which  deaeribeitheBk 
uire,  molbn,  magnitude,  and  ceippoiient  parti  of  theeaitb; 
the  situations,  extent,  a^d  appearapcps  of  the  various  pavUf. 
of  its  surface ;  its  productions,  animal  and  vegetable ;  'M 
natural  and  nolitical  divisions ;  and  the  history,  mannaffy^ 
customs;  and  religion  of  its  inhabitants^i 

^he  ijcisnce,  ivhich  tceatt  of  the  heaVenly  bodies,,  and* 
oxplaint  the^r  motions,  magnitude^  periodf >  aiui  4iHuiCffir 

Thefb  two  Sciences  are  so  intimatefy  cdnnfdMt  tfia( 
a  oot)ipetent  knowledge  of  Geography  is.  ui)at|aliiAbl|b» 
withoutsome  previous  acquaintance- with  A^roiionpy.      / 

Wesliall  commence  thia^  work  with  t}u}  fiw«wj||}g^  liipS 
liistoridl  account  of  th^  origin,  progreu,  and  linprdyeslieiii 
«f  Geography  and  Astronomy. 

HISTORY  OF  GEOGRAPHY  AND  ASTRONOMlt, 

Geography,  Kke  every  other  science,  at  its.  beginnir^ 
was  very  imperfect,  and  arrived  at  its  pi^esent  imjmoved, 
though  far  from  ptrfiict  state,  by  slow  advances.  TIm> 
early  geographers,  being  destitula  of  mathematical;  instni*' 
mepts,  and  unable  to  make  astronomical  observation,  !>#•* 
g^n  first  to  dett^rmine  the  situation  of  places,  according  ip 
ciima<;es;  which  they  fixed  from  the  form  and  cdkir.of 
the  people  and  animals,  which  were  to  be  found  in  those 
different  countries.  The  appearance  of  negroes,  and  o£ 
the  large  animals,  such  as  the  rhinoceros,  and  the  ele- 
phaiit,  suggested  to  them  where  to  fix  the  limito  of  the 
torrid  or  ourniog  zone..  For  reason,  said  they,  points  out 
to, us,  tiiat  similar  aniuif^s  and  pi apts  appear  in  the  same. 


10 


JtLEWTENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHt. 


Ustmet9ivape  of  the  elements,  and  are  produced  accor^tn^ 
to  the  similar,  state  of  the  air  or  climate  under  the  same 
parallds;  or  a  like  situation  equally  ^distant  frc^  eittier 
pole-i;,  This  was  the  fiut  rude  outline  of  Geograj>hy. 

The  BAiiti.oNiANs  and  Egviptiaks  sooii  after  adopted 
die  method  of  determining  the  situations  of  places,  or  their , 
distance  from  the  equator,  by  observing  the  length  of  their 
hngasi  and  shortest  day,  which  they  determined  by  means 
jrf*a  Jdad  ofsUn^dial^  called  agnomonw^  All  tlie  places,  (or 
instance^  where. the  iongest  day  was  just  fourteen  hours, 
or  where  tlie  shorted  day  was  ten  hours,  were^:of  course, 
at  the  sauie  distance  from  tlie  equator. 

.Astronomy,  as  a  sdence,  was  first  cultivated  by  the 
Egyptians,  Phcxncatis,  aud  Ghaldeaiis.  l^'rom  them  the 
Greeks  cierired  their  knowledge  of  thi%  science. 
.  ^^c Jirst  of  the  Greeks,  who  laid  the  founilation  of  As^ 
troi^iomy,  was  Thales,  born  at  Miletus,.  641  ^enrs  before 
Christ.  He  explained  the  cause  of  edipses,  and  jpredict* 
edone.  He  taught  that  the  eaoth  was-fouKid,  w^hiqh  be- 
fore had  been  considered  as  an  extensive  plane,  while  the 
suit  and  stars  moved  airound  it.  He  divided  the  earth  into 
fiy^..  ^(ones,  discovered  the  sol&tici^s  nnd^  equinoxes,  and 
diTid<f|id  th#  year  into  965  days.  He  travelled  into  Egypt, 
in  quiest  of  Knowledge,  and  measured  tlie^.  height  oi'the 
pymjinids.;  ■'^.V" 

Fytkaoorasv  the  scholar  of  Thalis,  taught  publicly 
the  doctrine,  common  in  his  time,  that  the  earth  xi:a$  the- 
eentre^  i^  the  unvoerse  f  h\it  to  his  scholars^  he.  conftnuni- 
catcd  his  rval  opinions,  whicli  were  similar  to  those  since 
I^<:HP'^  ^y  Copernicus ;  that  the  earth  and  all  the  planets 
niQy^  round  the  sun  as  their  centre;  which  doctrine  he  is 
supposed  to  have  derived  from  the  astronomers  of  India. ' 

FnitOLAus,  thescholar  of  Pythagoras,  and  ARCiirrAS 
of  Tarentum,  according  to  a  passage  in  the  works  of  Cic- 
ero, first  taught  publicly  the  diurnal  or  daily  motion  of 
the  earth,  and  its  annual  or  yearly  motion  round  the  sun, 
This  passage  is  said  to  have  suggested  to  Copernicus  the 
ilrst  idea  of  that  system  which  he  established. 

Pemocritus  was  the  first'  who  taught  that  the  milky 
rui»y  is  occasioned  by  the  confused  light  of  an  infinity  of 
start,  which  is  tlie  doctrine  still  maintained  by  the  best  of 
plulosophers.    Pi.AT0,  and  AnisT0Ti.E  and  Eudoxus,  the 


'ji 


£LEME|^T8  OP  GE0<>RAPH16: 


11* 


sdiolars  of  PUto,  contribiiited  much  to  lUie  tcnprovihent  o^ 
Astronomy,        ^  . 

But  the  greatest  imptoyend^entiJn  this  iidence  vrera 
made  in  th^  famous  astronomical  school  of  Alexaiukia, 
Toundedbv  Ptolemy  Phiiadelphus,  about  3^  years  before 
Christ*  The  firiit  m  this  schooU  who  distinguished  thenji- 
selves,  were  TiMOCHAitis  and  Abistillus,  who  inCro- 
ducedthe  manner  of  determining  the  positions  of  the  stars, 
according  to  tlxQlrJingitudes  and  laiiitldes,  taken  ^ith  re*' 
spect  to  the  equator.  This  led  Hippaachus,  afterwards, 
1)y  an  easy  trausitioa  of  thought,  to  divide  the  earth  by 
lines  of  latitude  and  longitude,  in  the. same  manner  as  Tr- 
roocharis  and  ,  AHstillus  had  4h&  heavens.  H<»)ice/  with 
great  justice,  he  is  univ^irsany  allowed  |P:'have  dxed  the 
first  solid  foundation  of  Geography,  by  smiting  it  to  As- 
tronomyi  and  so  rendering  its  principles  self-evident  and 
invariable.  This  most  illustrious  astronomer  flourished  be- 
tween 1^0  and  125years  befbrcrhrist.  h 

The  celebrate^  P  ha  tost  hen  &s,  author  of  ^d  Ain»ilk^ 
ry  Sphtrcy  who  first  determined  with  exactness^  the  cir- 
eumrerence  of  the  earth,  by  measuring  a.  degree  of  the 
meridian,  and  discovering  the  true  distance  of  the  sim  end 
moon  from  the  earth,  flourished- 100  years  befori!  Hip|NM^- 
clius.  Iii  a  valuable  map,  which  he  constructed,  he  firfct 
intvodvLcedaregularparaUeLqf  latitude^ 
.  Among  the  Romans,  Julius  Casar,  by  bis  Beforroa- 
tion  of  the  Roman  Calendar,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  th0 
principles  of  A<(tronomy,  contributed  more  than  any  oth- 
er person  of  that  nation,  to  the  advancement  of  Astronomy. 

The  last  illustrious  Astronomer  and  Geographer  of  the 
Alexandrian  school,  was  Ptolemy,  born  at  Ptolemais,  in 
Egypt.  He  flourished  under  Adrian  and  the  Antonines. 
He  supposed  the  earth  to  be  in  the  centre  of  the  B3^tem, 
and  the  heavenly  bodies  to  move  round  it..  ^ 

In  respect  to  Maps,  those  on  record  before  the  time  ef 
Hipparchmt  except  the  single  map  of  Eratosthenes^  before 
mentioned,  were  little  more  than  rude  outlines  and  topo- 
graphical sketches  of  di£^rent  countries. 

The  earliest  maps  were  those  of  ^tostris^  an  Egyptian 
Uing,  who  having  traversed  a  great  part  of  the  earth,  re- 
corded his  marches  m  maps,  and  gave. c(]|>ies  of  them,  not 


I;i 


«iily  to  the  Bfiprpcians,  bu|  to  the  B^teii^  to  tfra^^ 
vKstomshnieDt,'''- '  "■;.':'■■' '-;■■;-:'■■     /'^   ■'':'.' 

Thfe  fiiW;  Gr^e/i^irinap)  wm  t^W  of  AKAxiMAUDEli,  iup- 
f^n^M  hate  been  a  geBend  liiap  of'^the  then  knowli  > 
:i!rio«ld,f|ttd  styled  ^^^b^^ 

Ani^o'A^oiiAs,  of  Miletut,  constructed  a  map  of  th$ 
Mifditei'i'aneaniB^  and  its  coasts,  and  more  mrtiCaliitrly 
#f  llie}t«ijter  A^  eltiielndibg  lo'^^  middle  otP^iit^U 
«onfli^ed  'Ofie  sttttight  line  catlfi4  'the  Rqi^al  Higkwqv,  ^ 
laldng  in  aU  the  -statioM'  <»'  l^laces  of  encaamment,  111  m 
'iiurtil&r,  fi^otai  Sku-dis  to  Snsa^  4i>d|8taniM'of  1635  tiiles ;  ,^ 
^at  it:wai^Hde%iiOre^|l|i^n  an  iiwertxrff^fr  a  sort  of  Wfrecfo- 
f^'to  armies  and  tt#irellers.    Tl^se  Vf/n^rat^  maps  were 
Miiiip^ttabte  in  Jdl  armies  rMdf^om  those  which  Alex- 
jniraer  c&usied  to^  be  made^  with  |rekt  care,  for  the  yse  of 
liis  army  in  ^their  irarioos  and  extensive  trndrches,  the  sci-;< 
•nee  of  Geogi*a^by  received  most  important  advaxitagf  a^l^ 
4ind  from  this  period^  assumed  a  lisw  rabo  ^md  ftoro. 

War,  in  imcleikt' times,  wasmadesobserviilnt  to  .'the  itd- 
ii^ticement  of  geographical  fcnowle4ge.  "Ey^ety  new  war 
|irodaceda  ni^  suii^y  and  itinerary^ of  the  ^xHmtri^Sf 
whjeh  were  the  scenes  lof  action.  The  Rdm^in;  some 
tM^iefe^  tlte ;  ^risdatr^,  beca£me  the  co»9tim>r«^  i|nd 
^0^»0^v^&y'^  iurpe^orSf  «pf  a  gf^at  part  of  th^then  in- 
habiti^  world.  Materia  for  Gt^ogrophy  were  ficcniihu- 
litiid;^  chrerjraddttic^al  conquest.  Junius  Ciesaroider^ 
ed  it  ^hteml  survey  id  befnade  of  all  the  Roman  En^pite% 
b^  a  A^^c(e&  of  tiki  senate  the'  surveyors  are  said  'to  iiave 
be^ men  of  g^t  wisdom;  and  instructed  ^  Cyery  branch 
■  «f  j^Mosophy. '■  ■  ■^■^■S ;-'■•■ '"  '"■'■"■c^v  ■ 

The  Roimaa  empire  had  b);en  enlarged  ^  to  its  greatest 
extent,  ahd-  all  its  provinces '  well  known  and  surveyed, 
frtenPrpLsMY,  ill  tl^  days  ijff  Antoiiinus  Piiis,  about  lv'>0 
years  before  Christ,  composed  his  sysf^n^  of  Geogrkphy  ; 
wbksh,  tboueh  Hill  of  mistakes  and  errbrs,  arising  'neces-^ 
«iirily  from  tne  iVi&ncy  6f  the  science  ai^  the  ignorance  of 
thettge  iii  which  he  lived,  continued  tO  foe  the  only  book, 
irf  noteNand  authoiity  on  this  science,  till  the  b^egioLiling  «^ 
the  17th  century.  For  wheii  science  beg&n  to » rfeilve  m 
£tirope>  ftftfe'i'  the  Beformationhy  Luthsr  atid  CAxyiK,  and 
tiid  invention  of  (yrinting  by  Da.  FAU9t,  in  1444,  it  was 
^bme  tiiaie  before  the  astronomers  of  the  age  were  able  to 


J 


M 


;ELEMEKTS  OlF  GEOGRAPHY. 


IS 


•btain  copies  of  Ptolemy'^  ^ography  ;  tuid  even  then,  it 
was  with  difficulty  they  ci>uld  read  and  clear  his  manu- 
scripts of  some  of  their  grossest  errors.  It  required  a 
«till  longer  time  before  they  could  construct  proper  instru- 
meats  for  determining,  with  accuracy,  the  latitudes  and 
longitudes  of  places. 

It  was  jiot  till  Copernicus,  Tycho  Brahb,  of  Den* 
mark,  born  in  1546,  Kepler,  of  Ge-many,  born  in  1571, 
Gallileo,  of  Italy,  born  in  1564,,  Discartbs,  of  France, 
btorn  in  1596  Cassini  of  Nice,  Flamstead,  Halley,  and 
iiir  Isaac  Newton,  of  England,  had  enlightened  the  world 
with  their  discoveries,  th^it  Astronomy  and  Geography 
were  placed  on  their  ttiie  foundation,  and  reduced  to  a 
tolerable  degree  of  consistency  and  a<^uracy. 

THE  SOLAR  SYSTEPyl. 

Tlie  suppos^'tion  of  a  certain  disposition  of  the  heavenly 
bodius,  and  the  planetary  orbits,  is  called  a  System  of  the 
Watld.  The  true  System,  or  dispo^^ition  of  the  planets,  iA^ 
called  the  80LAR  System.  It  is  also  called  ih^  Coperni- 
eaii  Si/itenti  frim  Copernicus,  a  Prussian.  Several  other  sys- 
tems, ds  the  Ptolemaic,  and  Tychonic,  havCf  at  different times^ 
been  promulgated  to  the  world  ;  but  are  how  universally 
exploded.  Thj  true  solar  system  was  taught  by  Pythag* 
erai,  500  years  before  Christ  ;  but  the  knowledge  of  it 
was  neainy  lost,  when  Copernicus  revived  it,  in  ISSO. 

This  system  supposes  the  sun  to  be  in  the  centre,  and 
the  w  11  known  planets  to  revolve  round  him  in  the  follow- 
ing order  :  Mereurj/y  Venus,  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,  Satump 
Herschel, 

The  two  (irst  of  these  are  ealled  inferior  planets,  because 
^3y  are  nearer  to  the  common  centre  of  gravity  of  the  sys- 
tem, than  the  earth,  or  are  belovo  the  earth,  with  respect  to 
that  centre ;  the  other  four  are  called  superior^  because, 
with  respect  to  said  centre,  they  are  above  the  earth.  Also 
the  inferior  ptanets  are  called  interior y  because  tlieir  orbits 
are  within  that  of  th  *  ea-th ;  and  the  superior  are  called 
axLmor,  because  their  orbits  are  without  the  same 

fhose  seven  are  called  primarij  pUmds,  to  distinguish  thera 
ft'om  a  number  i>f  other  bodies  colled  secondarif  planets^ 
B       ■  ---  '  '     - 


\S*i^ 


i^ 


EtEMENTS  OF  GEOGtlAFHY. 


>> '" 


moohSf  or  satellites f  which  revolve  aboi^t  tlieir  reifiective  |iri- 
niai-ifjs,  and  also  accompany  tfaeiu  Ih  their  revoliHions  about 
the  sun. 

The  Orbit  of  a  planet  is  that  path  which  it  describes  ui  *« 
moving  around  the  tun.  The  planetary  orbits  are  not  per- 
fectly circular^  but  elliptical  ot  ovid  i  so- that  all  t^he  planets 
sometimes  approach  nearer  to,  and  at  other  times  recede 
farther  from  the  sun,  than  if  they  moved  round  him  in 
perfect  clrcl'^  This  deviation  from  a  circle  ik  called  the 
eccenlricityofithevrlfit,  :  y':''^^-^^; 

Tlie  planets  are  retained  in  their  orbits  by  the  attraction 
of  the  sun  ;  a^nd  at  the  same  tinie,  are  kept  from  approacii- 
ing  him,  by  a  constant  tendency  to  fly  off  from  him  in 
straight  lines.  This  attractive  power  is  called  the  centttjpe- 
ial  force  ;  and  that  which  impels  them  forward  in  straight  ; 
lines,  the  centrifugeUJorce* 

A  body  is  said  to  be  in  conj  notion  with  the  sun  when  it, 
is  seen  in  the  same  point  of  the  hearertt ;  and  in  opposition, 
when  it  is  180  degrees  distant:  or,  in  other  words;  when  it 
is  in  that  part  of  the  heavens  dlrectly^opposite  to  tJl^e  sun. 

The  SUN  is  the  niost  glorious  luminary  «f  the  baaviifiit 
and  the  iv;  a  lain  of  light  and  beat  to  the  planets.  Itissup' 
posed  to  ';  an  immense j^lohe  of  fire,  whose  diame|er  li 
883,2M  n\iles,  and  whose  body  is  more  than  1,980,(XX) 
limes  larsret  than  the  earth..  It  has  been  discovered  that 
the  sun  has  a  revolution  on  its  axis  once  m  25  daysi  14 
hours,  8  minutes. 

MEIICURY  is  the  nearest  planet  tothosiin,  and  re- 
volves round  it  in  87  days,  23  hours,  at  the  mean  distance 
of  ?f6,583,8&j  miles.  Its  diameter  is  3224  miles.  It 
moves  in  its  orbit  at  the  rate  of  111,000  miles  in  an  hour. 
Its  magnitude  is  about  one  twenty-seventh  part  of  thitef 
our  earth.  When  visible  to  the  nakeA  eye,  this  i  planet 
emits  a  very  dear,  white  light ;  but  firom  its  nearness  to  the 
sun,  it  is  s^om  seen,  and  then  only  for  a  short  time. 

VENU$,  the  next  planet  in  the  system,  is  placed  at  the 
mean  distance  of  68,^68,000  miles  from  the  sun's  centre. 
It<i  diameter  is  7687  miles,  and  its  magnitude  about  nine 
jtenths  of  that  of  the  earth.  Moving  at  the  rate  of  81,00t 
miles  in  an  hour,  its  annual  circuit  round  Ae  swn  i«  pero 
fermod  in  224  dagr«»  17  hours. 


^t<,.*    ■-^' 


ELEMENTS  OF.  GEOGRAPHY. 


15 


When  Venus  appears  west^f  tke  sun,  it  rises  before  it, 
and  is  denominated  the.  mornins  star  ;  when  it  appears  cast 
irom  the  sun,  it  is  seen  above  the  hjrizon  niter  sunset,  and 
fls  thea  called  the  evening  star. 

The  EARTH  is  the  thir|i  planet  in  the  polar  system. 
Its  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  9^,!i(fl%¥2^  miles  ;  its  di- 
ameter 79i5  and  its  circumference  25,000  miles,  'I'he 
Earth,  as  well  as  all  the  other  pUnets,  has  two  triotionji ; 
one  round  its  axis,  in  24;  hours,  fi-om  west  to  east^  which 
•auses  an  apparent  motron  of  the  heavenly  t  odif  s  from  eaist 
to  west,  ana  a  continual  successitm  of  day  and  night.  Ihis 
is  called  lii diurnal  motion  ;  and  by  this,  the  inhabitants  on 
the  equator  ai»e  carried  104^  niiles  every  hour.  The  other 
is  its  annual  revolution  round  the  su;>,  which  is  performed 
in  one  year,  or  ?)G5  days,  5  hours,  48  nKiiutcs,  48  seconds. 
In  its  annuul  course,  the  earth  moves  at  the  r&te  of  'Si- '22 
iniks  an  hoar;  which  motion  causes  the  dilForence  in  the 
length  of  the- days  and  nights,  and  the  agreeable  succfssion 
of  the  seasons. 

The  Earth  has  one  satellits^  the  Moon,  which  revolves  . 
in  an  elliptical  orbit  round  the  earth,  at  the  mean  distancje 
•f  239,029  miles  from  the  earth's  centre.  I  he  Moon 
has  abo  a  rotation  on  its  axis,  the  tiaie'^of  which  is  equal  t«  ' 
the  time  of  its  revolution  round  the  earth,  that  is,  27  days, 
7  hours,  43  Minutes.-  The  time  of  its  5yiw/fc  revolution,  or 
that  which  elapses  between  two  successive  changes,  is  29 
days,  12  hours,  44  minutes.  The  diameter  of  the  Moon  i8 
2180  miles. 

The  Moon  is  an  opaque  body,  like  all  the  planets,  and 
shines  only  by  reflecting  the  light  of  the  sun>  Hence  the  ' 
incessant,  variation  of  its  ^pearance ;  for,  when  it  is  in 
«o7y'undion  with  the  sun,  its  whole  surface  turned  toward 
t^e  Earth  being  dark,  it  is  invisible  to  us ;  and  this  is  ca^'^d 
tiie  nexa  moon.  As  it  advances  forward,  we  see  its  enlight- 
ened side,  like  a  radiant  crescent,  which  increases  more  and 
more  to  our  view,  till  it  is  in  opposition  to  the  sun.  Its 
whole  enlightened  side  benig  then  turned  toward  tiie  earth, 
it  appears  as  a  round  illuminated  orb,  whicli  is  called  the 
fuU  moon.  From  the  full  moon  it  appears  to  decreai^ 
sra4ually,  lill  its  next  tonfunotien  with  the  sun,,  when  it 
^bappeftrs,  80  bf^fore. 


'    16 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGKAPHY. 


MARS,  the  ne3(t plfinet  above  the  orbit  of  the  earth,  is 
|44>,000,000  miles  distant  from  the  sun.  It  appear^  of  a 
fiery  reddish  hue,  and  is  supposed  to  be  encompassed  with 
a  thick  clou4y  atmosphere.  Its  diameter  is  about  4,189 
miles,  and  its  magnitude,  ajs  7  to  24*  to  that  of  the  earth.  It 
moves  round  the  sua  witii  a  velocity  of  50,000  miles  an 
hour,  and  completes  its  year  in  687  days,  of  our  time; 
which  makes  only  667|-  of  its  own  days,  its  diumd  rotatioB 
T)eing  performed  in  24  (lours,  ,40  minutes.  To  a  spectator 
on  this  planet>  Mercury  woald  be  seldom  •  if  ever,  visible; 
Venus  would  appear  about  the  same  distance  from  the  sun^ 
as  Mercury  does  to  us ;  our  earth  would  tippoar  about  the 
size  of  Veaus;  and  would  be,  as  Venus  is  to  us,  alternate- 
Jy  a  Morning  and  an  evening  star, 

JUPITEll,  the  largest  of  all  the  planets,  is  the  next  im 
order,'  and  is  491 ,702,301  miles  from  the  sun.  Its  diame- 
ter id  about  89,170  miles;  and  its  magnitude  nearly  1400 
times  greater  than  that  of  our  earth.  It  completes  its  an- 
nual revolution  in  4322  days- of  our  time.  Iti  rotation  a- 
bout  its  axis  is  perfdniisd  in  nine  hours,  55  minutes,  sa  that 
its  year  consists  of  II  years  315  days  of  our  time;  and  the 
inhabitants  on  its  equator  are  carried  30^0  miles  an  houtf, 
besides  their  motion  round  the  sun. 

Jupiter  is  surrounded  by  faint  substances, ,  called  Belts, 
in  which  so  many  variations  appear,  that  tliey  are  general- 
ly ascribed  to  clouds.  Ihis  planet  has  also  four  Moons,  or 
Satellites,  revolving  riiund  it  at  various  distances  and  peri- 
ods. These  satellites  must  afford  a  pleasing  spectacle  t» 
the  inhabitants  of  Jupiter  ;  they  sometimes  rise  altogether, 
and  at  other  times  are  altogether  on  the  meridian,  ranged 
under  one  another.  -  That  which  is  most  distant  from  the  ' 
planet  will  apptt-ar  as  large  as  our  moon  does  to  us ;  and 
from  the  various  revolutions  of  the  four,  they  produce  four 
different  kinds  of  months.  ' 

SATURN  is  stiU  higher  than  Jupiter,  and,  until  the 
year  1781,  was  supposed  to  be  the  most  remote  planet  in 
our  system.  This  planet  i»  placed  at  the  distance  of 
901,663,908  miles  from  the  sun's  centre;  and  travelling 
22,100  miles  an  hour,  finishes  its  annual  circuit  in  10,759 
days  of  our  time^    Its  diameter  m  79,042  oiiles ;  and,  con- 


X 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


17 


geiiaently,  tbis  planet  u|  near  1000  times  as  large  as  that 
which  we  inhabit. 

Saturn  is  surrounded  by  a  thin  broad  Ring,  calculated  to 
be  12,000  miles  in  breadth,  and  about  that  distance  from 
its  body  on  one  side.  This  ring  appears  like  a  luminous 
arch  in  these  heaveas.  Dr.  llerschel  lately  discovered  that 
it  h;)s  a  rotation  on  its  axis,  the  lime  ef  which  is  about  10 
hours,  32  minutes. 

Besides  the  light  which  Saturn  receives  from  the  sun, 
and  the  reflection  of  the  ring,  it  has  the  light  of  seven  Satil- 
li^es  ;  which  revole  round  it,  at  different  distancts. 

IlESiCHiilL.,  On  the  evening  of  the  30th  of  March, 
Vi6\t  Dr.  Herschel  (discovered  in  the  vast  regions  of  space, 
and  tUr  beyond  the  orbit  of  Saturn,  a  planet,  revolving  a- 
bout  the  sun,  which  had  prol^bly  never  before  been  seen  " 
by  mortal  eye.  On  account  of  its  immense  distance,  it  is 
but  just  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  It  is  .-computed  to  be 
l,803.53i,'i92  miles  from  the  sun;  and  hI:hough it  travi;3ls 
at  the  rate  of  15,000  miles  an  hour,  it  takes  up  83  years, 
150  days,  18  hours,  of  our  time,  to  complete  its^  annual 
revolution.  Its  diameter  is.35,1 12  miles  ;.  consequently,  il 
is  aboi^t  90  times  larger  than  our  earth.  It  has  a  rotation 
on  its  axis,  the  time  of  which  is  not  known. 

In  England,  this  planet  has  been  called  Gs^roium 
SiDi7s,  in  honor  of  the  king  in  whose  reign  it  was  discov- 
areil ;  but  in  the  rest  qf  tlurope,  Uranius,  ^x\(i  in  America|^ 
it  is  niore  justly  denominated  Herschel,  in  honor  of  its 
learned  discoverer 

Six  satitliieshsere  been  discovered,  revolving  about  Her- 
schei ;  ju^d  it  is  not  improbable  that  there  are  others,  which 
have.not  yet  bt^n  observed. 

Besides,  the  seven  well  krumn  planets,  above  described, 
since  the  commencemtent  of  the  present  century ,yoMr  others 
have  been  discovered,  denominated  Asteroids ;  two  by  M. 
LPiozziand  Dr.  Oibers,  named  CERES  and  PALLAS; 
one  by  Mr.  Harding,  near  Bremw,  which  he  called  JUNO ; 
th;-  other  by  Oibers,  named  VESTA.  The  orbits  of  the 
two  former  are  between  those  of  .Mars  and  Jiipiter,  and 
their  annuaj  revolutions  about  the  sun  are  performed  in  a* 
liout 4  years,  7  months,  and  10  days.  Juno  is  represented 
as  similar  to  Cerer  it  height  and  appaireBt  muuiiitudt;. 
B2' 


IS 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOQRAFHY. 


The  periodical  rerolution  of  Vesta  if  9yeari,  2  mdnth^ 
and  5  days,  and  its  distance  from  the  "sun-  li06>596»000 
miles.  Tnese  late  dihcoveries  indicate  that  there  are  proba- 
bly otiier  planets  belonging  to  the  Solar  System,  which  have 
^yet  escaped  ^e  mMt  discerning  eyes  of  Astronomers. 


COMETS. 

Beside  the  planets,  there  are'  other  bodies  helo^iging  td 
the  solar,  system,  which  have  more  irregular  motion!. 
These  are  the  Comcti,  which,  descending  from  the  far  dis- 
tant parts  of  the  system,  with  inconceivable  velocity,  appear 
to  us  soBsetimes  bright  and  round,  like  the  planet  Jupiter; 
sometimes  with  a  transparent,"  fiery  tail,  projecting  fVpm 
the  part  opposite  to  the  sun  ;  and  sometimes  emitting, 
beams  on  all  sides  like  hair.  They  approach  much  nearer 
to  the  sun  than  any  of  the  planets ;  and  afVer  a  short  stay,^ 
fly  off  again  with  e^ual  rapidity,  and  disappear.  Their  or* 
bits  are  more  elliptical  tl^an.  those  of  the  planets,  and  their 
bodies  of  much  greater  density  than  the  earth ;  for  lomt 
of  them  are  heated  to  such  a  degree  as  would  vitrify  or 
dissipate  any  substance  known  to  us.  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
computed  the  heat  of  the  comet,  which  appeared  ia  1680,. 
when  nearest  t|»e  sun,  to  be  2000  times  greater  than  that  of. 
i^d  hot  iron. 

The  number,  magnitudes,  and  motions  of  the  comets,  be- 
longing to  our  system,  are  very  imperfectly  kndwn.  Con- 
jecture has  limited  them  to  450.  The  elements  of  97  have, 
been  imperfectly  determined.  The  periods  of  only  three 
have  been  ascertained.  They  are  found  t«  retttrn  at  intes>- 
vals  of  75,  129,  and  57i  years. 


!!!•:■ 


k:rm 


•m 


THE  FIXED  STARS- 

'''■       ■  "..•-',■■.,  ■:■■". ^<    ■/''■A  ,     '■.  ■■■•    ■  ,, 

Are  those  heavenly  bodies,  whMi,  at  all  times,  preserve 
the  same  situation  with  regard  to  each  other.  Though 
they  lorni  no  part  of  the  tolar  system,  yet  they  must  be 
considered  here,  as  they  are  of  great  use  in  ttie  practfce  of 
geography       To  faeiiitate  their  €oaipatation%    astrono« 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


U 


men  consider  these  stitis  at  all  equally  distant  from  out 
sun,  and  forming  the  concave  surface  ot  a  sphere  inclosing 
our  system.  Tliey  are  distinguished  from  the  planets  by 
their  twinkling. 

A  number  of  stars,  which  appear  to  lie  m  the  neighbor^ 
hood  of  each  other^  are  called  a  Constellation.  These  are 
90  in  number,  and  are  caUed  hv  the  name  of  some  animal, 
•r  other  object,  whose  figure  the  outline  of  the  consttlia* 
tion  is  supposed  to  represent.  Some  stars  are  not  included 
lA  any  of  the  constellations,  and  are  denominated  unfortned 
stars, 

'According  to  their  difereat  apparent  magnitudes,  they 
are  called  stars  of  the  Jint,  second,  third,  Jorutk,  Jifth,  w 
aixth  Magnitudes, 

The  Galaxy,  or  Milky  Way,  is  a  broad  circle,  en- 
compassing the  heayens,  which  appears  to  consist  of  innu- 
merable stars,  forming  onecontiaued  dense  cluster,  and  by 
their  blended  rays,  diffusing  a  whiteness  oyer  that  part  of 
the  firmament* 

Tlie  number  of  stars  is  unknown ;  La  Land  estimates 
Ihem  at  75,000,000  ;  but  this  is  supposed  to  fall  far  short 
of  their  real  number  ;  and  we  have  reason  to  suppose,  that 
those  which  are  yisible  bear  no  comparison  in  nuntber  to 
those  that  are  invisible.  They  increase  in  our  yiew,^as  the. 
telescope  approximates  to  perfection. 

With  respect  to  the  distances  of  the  fixed  Stars,  they  are. 
so 'extremely  remote,  that  nothing  in  the  planetary  system 
ean  compare  with  them.  Though  the  dianiettr  of  the 
^arth'i  orbit  be  not  less' than  190,(XX),()00  of  miles;  yet. 
this  immense  space  makes  not  the  smallest  difference  ia 
iheir  appearance ;  for  they  seem  to  he  as  large,  when  view- 
ed from  the  farthest,  as  from  the  nearest  point  of  the  earthV 
«r  iit.  Their  distance  is  too  great  fw  human  beings  to 
conceive,  and  gives  rise  to  the  pleasing  and  sublime  con- 
ject  ire,  that  each  of  the  fixed  stars  is  a  sun,  illuminating  a 
complete  i^stem  of  planets,  which  revolve  about  it  as  their 
fitentre. 


ECLIPSES. 

Ah  Eclipse  is  a  total  or  partial  privation  of  tl^e  light  of 
the  sun  or  moon. 


^ 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOORAPHT. 


Fv.  ■». 


j 


i  1 


■i'n! 

11^ 


An  eclipse  of  the  m«on  is  caused  by  its  entering  into  t)to- 
Mrt^ 's  shadow;  and  consequently,  it  must  happen  at  the 
jitl/    loon,  or  when  it  is  oppoaite  to  the  tun. 

\i  .1  eclipse  of  tlie  sun  is  caused,  by  the  interposition  of 
the  moon  between  the  earth  and  8un>  and,  of  c»urse|  n^ust 
happen  when  the  moon  is  in  conjunction  with  the  sun,  or  t>t 
the  new  mpen. 

The  diameters  of  the  sun  and  moon  are  supposed  to  be 
divided  into  12  equal  parts,  called  digits  ;  ana  an  eclipse  is 
said  to  be  so  many  digits,  according  to  the  number  of  thos« 
l^aits  which  are  involved  in  the  greatest  darkness. 

DOCTRINE  or  THE  SPHERE, 
'  Principles* 

The  fundamental  principles  of  Geography  are,  tXe  spher* 
ical  figure  ef  the  earch;  its  rotation  on  its  axis  ;  the  position 
ofitsaxiS)  with  regard. to  the  celestial  luminaries  ;  aad  its- 
revolution  round  the  sun*. 

That  the  igurc  of  the  earth  is  spherical,  is  eTident. .   1 . 
Because  such  a  figure  is  best  adapted  to  motion. .   2?  From 
analogy  ;    ail  the  other  planets    are  spherical.    S.  From 
the  apjpearance  of  ita  shadow>   in  eclipses  of  the  momi, 
which  IS  always  circular..  4r.  From  its  iiaving  been  several 
times  circumnavigtited.     It  is  not,    however,    a  perit'^t: 
sphere,  but  an  p^/«^f  spheriodt  depressed  or  flattened  at  tli^ 
poles,  and  elevated  at. the  equator.     Its  diameter  Irom  east 
to  west,  is  reckoned  lo  be  aijeut  ^4^.  miies  longer  than  that; 
from  n«rt|i  M  south.. 


S^FIKITIO^ff. 

A  SpAinv  literally  signifies  a  ball  or  globe.  The  app£ur- 
ent  Concave  orb,  whicli  invests  the  earth,  and  in  which  all 
the  lieavenly  bodies  appear  to  be  situated,  at  equal  distances 
from  the  eye,  b  called  the  Celcitial  iSphere,- 

In  Geography,  the  circles  which  the  sun  appears  to 
describe  oip  ^coAC|ye  surface  of  the  celestial  sphere,  are 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


91 


ng  iato  dte- 
ptn  at  the 

■poiition  of 
urse,  ipust 
;  sun,  or  4>t 

osed  to  be 
n  eclipse  is 
)er  of  tho8# 


J,  tlie  spherw 
the  position 
iet ;  a»d  its 

BTident.  •   1  • 
I..   2t  From 
S.  From 
the  mooii, 
leen  severtd 
a  perit'^t: 
Iteneu  at  the 
ir  tirom  cast*. 
ir  than  that; 


I  The  app£^- 
lin  which  all 

^al  distances 

appears  to 
lephere,  are 


suppoicd  te  be  extended  to  the  earth,  and  marked  on  itp 
•urtacc.  Each  circle  is  dividt:d  into  360  e^ual  partff  call- 
ed degrees  ;  each  degree  is  divided  into  60  mtntUeit  and  each 
minute  into  60  second*. 

The  circles,  supposed  by  geographers  to  be  described  oi 
the  sphere,  are  denominated  great  and  smaU  circles.  Grec^ 
circles  divide  either  the  eeletitial  or  terrestrial  sphere,  into 
two  equal  parts.  SmaU  circles  divide  the  sphere  into  two 
unequal  parts. 

An  imaginary  lino  passing  through  the  centre  of  the 
1  earth,  from  north  to  soutl),  and  on  which  its  diurnal  rota*. 
Ition  is  performed,  is  called  the  Axis  of  the  Earth,  The  ex- 
]trvme  points  of  the  axis  are  called  the  Poles, 

A  line  or  circle,  passing  round  the  middle  of  the  earth, 
from  west  to  east,  is  csHled  the  Equator^  or  EquinoxiaL 
^he  equa.or  divides  the  earth  into  Northern  and  Southern 
Jemispheret, 

The  Meridian  i»  a  circle  cutting  the  equator  at  right  an- 

j^les  and  passing  through  the  poles  of  tlie  earth.     The  me- 

lidian  divides  the  earth  into  Eastern  MXi.^  Western  Hemispheretk 

The  Ecliptic  is  a  great  circle,  in  the  plane  of  which  the  earth 

jierforms  her  annual  revolution  rouna  the  sun ;  or  in  which 

le  sun  appears  to  meve  round  the  earthy  once  in  a  year. 

The  Ecliptic  is  divided  into  12  equal  parts,  of  30  aegreei 

ich,  caikd  Signs,     The  names  of  these  signs,  the  charac* 

;rs  which  distinguish  them,  and  the  months  in  which  th» 

m  enters  into  them,  are  as  follows,  viz. 


itin  nxmei  of 
the  »ig;ns. 

II  Aries 
Taurus 
Gemini 
Cancer 
Leo 
Virge 
Libra 
Scorpio 
Sagittarius. 
Capricornus 
Aquarius 
Pisces. 


'  Snglish  namei.        diarae-  Months  in  which  thu 

ten.        tun  enters  them» 


The  Ram  cy* 

The  Bull  y 

The  Twins  H 

The  Crab  a 

TheLioii  o 

The  Virgin  iijt 

The  Scales  *•  tcks 

The  Sc<  rpion  Ttt 
The  Archer  f 

The  Goat  yg 
The  W^ter  Bearer  *r 
The  Fishes  H 


March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Jaimary 

Februaij 


92 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


in 


The  ecl'ptic  nrakci  an  anj^le  of  23*^  28'  with  the  equator, 
and  interiecU  it  in  the  two  points  «r  and  ^.  called  thu 
EquinoxitU  poinUt  because,  when  the  sun  is  in  cither  of 
these  points,  he  shines  equally  to  both  poles,  and  the  day  k 
tlien'  equal  to  the  night  in  all  ^rts  oC  the  world.  The  times 
when  the  sun  passes  these  points,  are  the  20th  of  March 
and  20tii  qf  iiepiem  er ;  the  former  is  called  the  Vernal, 
and  the  latter  tlie  Autumnal^  equinox. 

The  pointH  ab  and  Vf ,  whore  the  ecliptic  is  at  the  great- 
est distance  from  die  equator,  are  called  the  Solstitial  points. 
The  sun  passes  the  first  of  thc'se,  called  the  Summer  Sol- 
tHcCf  on  the  21st  of  June,  which  is  the  longest  day;  the 
•ther,  called  the  Winter  Solstice,  on  the  2Ut  of  Decembet^ 
which  is  the  shortest  day. 

The  Horizon  is  a  circle  which  separates  tlie  visible  from 
the  invisible  part  of  the  heavens.  The  circle,  which  limito 
•ur  prospect,  where  tlie  sky  and  land,  ©r  water,  i^cem  to 
meet,  is  called  the  Sensible  Hirizon,  The  Rational  or  Reel 
Horizon  is  a  circle  parallel  thereto,  whose  plane  passes 
Ihrouffh  the  centre  of  the  eartli,  and  divides  it  into  Upper 
and  Lonoer  Hemispheres, 

The  Horizon  is  divided  into  32  equal  parts  of  11^  15^ 
each,  called  the  Points  of  the  Comvass. 

The  four  quartering '  points,  Last,  West,  North,  and 
South,  are  called  the  Cardinal  Voints, 

The  point  of  the  heavens  directly  over  our  head,  is  call- 
•d  the  Zenith  ;  and  the  opposite  point,  or  tint  directly  un- 
der our  feet  is  ealled  the  Nadir. 

The  two  meridians,  that  pass  through  the  four  cardinal 
points  and  cut  each  other  at  right  angles,  in  tlie  poles,  aie 
called  Colureu  That,  which  passes  thi  ough  the  first  degrees 
of  p  and  ^  is  ealled  the  Equinoxial  Volure ;  and  that, 
which  passes  through  the  first  degrees  of  0  and  y^x  is  call- 
ed the  Solstitial  Cqlure, 

^Circles  drawn  parallel  to  the  eqaator,  at  the  >i3f,**iicr  ol 
8**  on  each  side  of  it,  include  tiie  space  called  'ue  Z\^iiri 
nhich  comprehends  within  it  the  orbits  of  all  t.>.  ^uuntij. 

The  Tropics  are  two  circles  drawn  parallel  to  the  equator,! 
at  the  distance  of  23"  28'  on  each  side  of  it.     that  on  thej 
north  si(^e  touches  the  ecliptic  in  the  sign  sis,  and  is  calle 
the  Troi^ii.  if  Cancer  ;  that  on  the  south  side  touches  the  e 
eiiptic  in  ft&e  /<ir.    v|  av /  is  caUed  the  Trt^it  ^  Cti^ri$§ri 


■■y  ■/} 


ELCMENTS  OP  GEOGRAPHY.  tl 

Circlet  at  the  distance  of  23^  28'  froiu  rhupolei,  are  call" 
od  the  PoUt  Circles.  The  northern  in  dchomtnated  the 
Arctic  Circlet  and  the  imathern,  the  ^nt*    'tc  tircle. 

The  Tropica  and  Polar  Circlet  divide  tlie  earti'  into  Zi  ttt, 
Ttiat  part  of  the  earth's  suriace,  lying  luitwetn  tin  lro|wca» 
is  called  the  Torrid  or  iiurnirig  Zone;  the  parts  between  ihi 
Tropics  and  Polar  Circles,  are  called  the  Temperate  Zones s 
and  those  parts,  which  he  beyond  the  Polar  Girclt^  are 
denominated  the  Frigid  or  Frozen  Zones. 

A  Climale  i«  t  tract  of  the  earth's  surface,  included  be^ 
tween  tht  ^r■^'•.  io  nnd  a  parallel  of  latitude,  or  between  two 
parallc  '.  oi  ^icii .  bretldtn,  as  that  the  lenijth  of  the  day  ia 
ond  »hn  I  h'  half  an  hour  longer  than  in  the  other.  Witiua 
ll.t.'  polar  circles,  however,  the  breadth  of  a  climate  is  such, 
*)K\t  ihe  length  of  a  day,  or  the  time  of  the  sun's  continuance 
above  th(>  horizon,  is  a  month  longer  in  one  parallel,  than 
in  another.  The  breadth  of  the  climates  continually  de- 
I urease,  as  they  approach  the  poles;  the  first  climate,  reck- 
oning from  the  equator,  being  about  8  degrees  broad,  while 
ihac  which  is  nearest  the  poles,  is  scarcely  four  miles. 

The  word  C/ima/e  is  also  used  to  deno:e  Uie  difference  in 
Ihe  temperature  of  the  air,  in  different  places. 

The  Latitude  of  a  place  is  its  distance  from  the  equator, 
reckoned  in  degrees,  north  or  south.  If  a  place  be  situated 
between  the  Equator  and  the  North  Pole,  it  is  said  to  be  in 
north  latitude ;  if  it  lie  between  the  Equator  and  the  South 
Pole,  it  is  in  south  latitude. 

The  Longitude  of  a  place  is  its  distance,  east  or  west^ 
lirotn  some  meed  meridian,  measured  oh  the  equator. 

On  the  equator,  a  degree  of  lohgitude  is  equal  to  60 
geographical  miles ;  and  consequently,  a  minute  on  the 
equator  is  equal  to  a  mile.  But  as  all  mc;ridians  cut  the 
equator  at  right  angles,  and  approach  nearer  and  nearer 
to  each  other,  till  they  cross  at  the*  poles ;  it  is  obtious,  that 
tho  'degrees  of  longitude  will  continually  decrease,  as  they 
r  proceed  from  the  equator  to  either  pole ;  so  that  in  the 
|40ih  degree  of  latitude,  a  degree  of  loI^^itude  it  but  30 
miles,  or  half  as  long  as  a  degree  ou  the  equator. 

THE  GLOBES. 
The  Globes  are  two  spherical  bodies,  whose  convex  sur- 
faces are  supposed  to  give  a  true  representatioM  of  the 


24 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


i   V 


'  I 


•artii  an4  heavens,  as  visible  by  observation.  One  of  these 
is  called  the  Terrestrialr  the  other  the  Celestial  globe. '  On 
the  convex  surface  of  the  Terrestrial  globe»  all  the  parts  of 
the  earth  and  sea  are  delineated  in  their  relative  form,  si^e^ 
and  situation. 

On  the  surface  of  the  Celestial  Globe,  the  images  of  the 
several  constellation,  and  the  unformed  stars  are  deiinc  at- 
ed ;  and  the  relative  magnitude  and  position,  which  the 
stars  are  observed  to  have  in  the  heavens,  carefully  pre- 
served. 

In  order  to  i^ender  these  globular  bodies  more  useful,  they 
are  fitted  up  with  certain  appurtenances,  whereby  a  great 
variety  of  useful  problen^s  are  solved  in  a  very  easy  and 
expeaitious  manner. 

The  Biazen  Meridian  is  that  ring  or  hoop  in  which  the 
globe  hangs  on  its  axis,  which  is  represented  by  two  wires 
passing  through  the  poles.  This  circle  is  divided  into  lour, 
quarters,  of  90  degrees  each  ;  in  one  semicircle,  the  divis- 
ions begin  at  each  pole,  and  end  at  9i)  degrees  where  they 
meet.  In  the  other  semicircle,  the  divisions  begin  at  the 
middle^  and  proceed  thence  towards  each  piole,  where  there 
are  i^O  degrees.  The  graduated  side  of  this  brazen  circle 
serves  as  a  meridian  for  any  point  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  the  globe  being  turned  about  till  that  point  comes 
under  the  circle. 

The  Hour  Circle  is  a  small  circle  of  brass,  divided  inte 
twenty -four  hours,  the  quarters  and  half  quarters.  It  is 
fixed  to  the  brazen  meridian,  with  its  centre  over  the  north 
pole ;  to  the  axis  is  fixed  an  index,  that  points  out  the  divi- 
sions of  the  hour  circle,  as  the  globe  is  turned  round  on  its 
axis. 

The  Horizon  is  represented  by  the  upper  surface  of  the 
wooden  circutcU'  frame^,  encompassing  the  globe  about  its 
middle.  On  this  wooden  frame  is  a  kind  of  perpetual  cal- 
endar, contained  in  severid  concentric  circles;  the  inner 
one  is  divided  into  four  quarters  of  90  dogrees  each  ;  the 
next  circle  is  divided  into  the  twelve  months,  with  the  days 
in  each,  according  to  the  new  style  ;  the  next  contains  the 
twelve  equal  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  each  being  divided  into 
thirty  degrees  ;  the  next,  the  twelve  months  and  days,  aC'' 
sording  to  the  old  style  ;  and  there  is  another  circle,  con- 
tciiniMg  the  thirty-two  pdiate  ef  the  compass,  with  tkeir 


fm\ 


^*iC  i'  ■'■ 


mmomtvm 


vi^idr  ]8|[^tt^  into  9ad#N  «nd  llkeit  qmf^  0- 
qoal to a«|^^|r^  tifi^^    ^ tone  ^iidbf |^u ^ed 

the  ineridln^ ;  Ufa  M^ipied  «b1iM»' vfiuth  or^^poiiii$£|tie::lKh 
man,  iSb^!m^$f^^4^^^ 

siirface  of  ^p$||  glnbes/    Snili;  W  «^  ^^[tp^^  <MF^ili# 

tic,  drc^  Q|;loi#MB('^  rqi^t  atetnubn,  i#e  troj^  ^ 

W  circlet,  paiid^Ii  of  Ji^tiide^fUid  dedioftti0ii»  oii^^^Ji^-. 

lestial  globo;  and-oii  %h»^t^iatiitiii^,$!i^i^ 

tic;  tropi(%|pol^  <^ti|ei,^j^i^lel^  of  ^tii^  -J^  ^bl% 

or  inepdiiins^  to  every  Brairo  ^gr^ 

the  ipiralfhiimliB,  floi^g  ^<|iu  the  -b^ 

flies.  ■     ■'. /^'':''  ^4^^''v:^^"-^'''^-v"  '■/<^'''''--^-'^^^\-^'^ 
.i[n  using  Ui0gIl9be8,;]EeC»'t^^  to^ 

mr^  jt^^n^^^  the  gtolbtem  r^i^^tte  the  ti]^riakg4t»  idiictr/ 
side  ^  j|ia^^  loEKMr^)^  tlie  jn»^M^9  pis  die  l^cjiuoii^^i  fiiisf 
then  Ifoii  have  U|e^:giMni(lied  <aa^^       to#ards^^u,  tWv 
quadlii^t  of  aititttde  befot^jron*  li^Jhe  globe  mnAs^-tX' 
actl^%t«l  two  ^q!i$l  parfl^  l^'the^^gilMm^to^  ■il^^<^^ 

I|^ l|fHoirii%'pro^  imostiiMlttl anii  ^ter« 

tfaiiij^^iwiielected^a^  iimil  i^t)^  o^othe^ 
are  easlljr  8oli!ied  wi^  a  glohi^  fitted-  (^  ^^th  m  a&re^^ 


l    Ti^ktUudet^Ajidaeeheii^jg^      ig  recHfy  0ie  globe 

'Jbr  that  j)hc»,  « 

Let  it  be  required  to  rectify  the  globe  &r  the  latitude  ii| 
Bostem,  4$  degreea  ^.minut^  ooirth.  ,         .        ,  v 

I     ^lev^  the  north  pole,  til!  the  horizon  cuts,  the  braMi' 
meri4ii|n  in  4^  pt;  and  the  pole  is  then  recti^ed  for  the 
latitude  of  Bot^on.    Bring  :Bo8ton  to  the  meridian,  aiid  ydu 
will  find  itin  the  zenith,  or  directly  en  top  dTthe  globir* 
And  so  ror  any  other  place«  ■■^' 


t 


i,i;'.. 


'JiL  -Titjmdthe  kcOU^ea^  ^dn^  place  ^n^ 

"    i  ifprestrvd  globe.   '  ^ 

^riog  t^e  giveaplace .  UB^ier  {liat,  side  of  the  graduated  , 
-.  bmzen.  meridiap  where .  tlie  degrees  hegin  at^  the  equator, 
-then  Uie  degree  of  ^he  meridian  over  it  shows  the  Utitudf, 
Aod  i^e  degree .0!^ the  f^uatoTy-und^. the  meridiant  shpiyA 
ftbe  loogitud^. 

lliusBoston  will  be  found  ;jto  lie  |n  42^  25^  ncnrtli  lati- 
,tu|Je»  and  W  58"  west  )ongitude  frpm  rLond(p|)y  or  S®  W 
,  «)8tJoiigitude  Irom  Philadelphia.       ^ 

jll|^    IVV^  i^^ac«,  <mihe>gl<fbet'iio^oHiJ0tifiude  and 
"  longiiuile.^regivtai^:*/, 

.  Bring  the  gliren  loiigitvde,  fc^d ,  on'  the  ej^utpr*  to  i^ 
.^meridian,  and  Under  the  gifieniatitujde,  foundton  the  .me- 
ridian, is  the  place  sought.  / 

yiy.     Wlfind  the  distance^  and  hiiaring  of  awf  tvoo  given  pith 

uiy  on  the  globe, 

Xay  the  graduated  ed^et  of  the,  quadrant  of  ^l^de  onfr 

;botill  places,  the  beginning,  orO'degre^,  bein^'on  one  of 

jthem',  and  the  de^ees  b^ween  them  slliofiir  th^r  distance ; 

^ these  degrees,  muitipll^  by  GO,.give  |he  distence  i&  £»• 

gii^  miles  nciriy. 

tXook,at:th^day  of^ie^jnomA  in  the  outer  calendac  upcp^ 
.  the  horiaoiiK'(if  ^^  globe.  wa»  wiide  before  ^  the  alteration 
,  of  the  style)  and  opposite  to  it  van  wiUiliiid  tjie  sign-  an^dt 

degree  t#eV>^  is  in  that  day.^  ,Thus  on  the  25th  d  March,. 

the  sun's  place  is  4^dqgrees in  Arief*  Then  look  for  th^t 
.^gn  and  degree  in  the  eclip^  Une^  marked  on  the  globe« 
,and  vou  will  find  the  s,un's  place ;  there  fix  on  a  small  blade 

patch,  iK>  it  is  prepared  for  the  solution  .of  the  following 

pn^lems.  *  ' 

;,Vl,    To^fijid  the  sutfs  dedination,  that  is,  his,  distance Jrota 
.the  equinoxitd UnCi  either^northtoard or southxuard, 

Bring  bis  place  to  the  meridian,  obi^e  what,  degree 

..of  the  mctidiim  lies  over  it,  a^d:tl)|it  is.  his  declination.    |f 

the  sun  lies  on.  the  north  side  of  Uie  .^ne,  be  js  said  to  have 

north  declination,  buii£9Alh^iiouih4i^;he  km  ^uth  def 
Clinativn*  ^ 


^EMBNTd  Of^  O^OGIiAPHY. 


«T 


liite,,  The  greateit  declinatioil  caa^^never  hs  more' than 
^o  2S^  either  north  or  south ;  that  being  the  distance  of 
Ae  tropicf  from 'the  eq.QinoxieI,  be^^ood  which  th6  tun 
never  go^ 

'tih    To^ftd'tofiere  the  sun  is  vertical  cm  ttntf  dmf.  f  that  iSf 
tojind  over  whose  head^  the  sun  loiUpass  that  day*. 

Bring  the  siui'e  place  to  die  meridian,  observe  his  decli- 
statioH,  or  hold  a  pea '  or  wire  over  it^  then  turn  the  globe 
found,  and  all  those  countlies  which  pass  under  Uie  wire, 
will  have  the  sun  over  their  heacte  that  day  atlnoon» 

NotCi  This  ap|>earancc  can  only  happen  to  those  who 
Ihrc  in  Xkpiorrid  zormi  because  the  sun  nover  goes  farther 
fsQvci  the  eqnijioxial,  nerthward.or  soutliword,  than  the  two 
ti'opics,  from  whence  he  turns  agaiif;  - 

t^UL    TqJM  ovenr'whfse  heads  the  sun  ii,  vian^how^  or 
at  lohat  place  the  sun  is  vertictd. 

Bring  the  pmce  where  you  are,  (suppose  at  Bwton,)  to 
the  meridian;  set  the  index  to  tiiite  ^ven  hour  by  your 
l^atch';  then  tur^  the  globe  tiH  th9,^*dex  jp^U  t^  the 
upper  12;  or  noon  g  look  tmder  the  degree  of  diftclhiatioii 
Ibi'  that^dAj^  and/ytm :i^l  &tid  the  pki^e^to  wMch  ^  sun  i« 
vi&Miea],  oi-  over  whose  b^adait^  is  at  that  time.    ^ 


■:^'f 


IX.  Tqfpif  at  aniji^hour  qfthe  day^  'isihat  o*cloek  it  is  at 

any  place  m  the  voorid. 

Bring  the  place  where  you  are  to  thehrass  meridians 
set  the  index  te  the  hour  by  the  watch,  tin;n  the  ^dbe  till 
the  place  you  are  looking  for  come  unda:  thie  qieridiani  and 
the  mdex  will  point  out  the,  time  required. 

X.  'tojmd,  M^i^hom  the  sun  rites  and  sets  anifdaif  in 
the  year  ;  and  aho  ^pon  Viht^  point  of  the  compass* 

Rectify  tiie  globe  for  the  latitude  ^  the  place  you  are  in ; 
Bring  the  sun's  place  to  the  meridian,  and  set  thr  index  to 
12 ;  th^  turn  the  sun't  place  to  die  eastern  edge  ctf  the 
feorison,  and  the  index  will  point  out  the  hour  of  rising;  if 
you  bring  it  to  the  western  edge  of  the  horiion;  the  index 
wUl^owthehourofseUlng.  ^ 


tt 


ELMmmrs'  of  g£oC}r^i>hv. 


XI.    Tdjiidi  fis'Ut^'^theday  and  ni^  ai  Ofiy  HkiieV 
.  ■'■      '^^^JiW*v:    •.♦■,,.■ 

•  •  ,       .  •'     '      -'   --  ''■'.,■    ^'  *,"■ ' 

PooJUe  tbe  time  of  die  iim's  i^g  diat  da^,  and  h  gifes 
the  leogth.of  the  night;  double  the  tiih(&<^it«  ae^^gi  fad. 
it  giveSrthe  length  ^tK#  day. 

XII..    Tolfindtke  iem^  qf  the^tongeii  ar  MarleM  %,  o^ 
msf'flaGeupantjhetartk. 

Rect%  die  g^obe  for  that  phoe ;  if  jta  latitude  he  no^ih, 
Ining;  the  beg^mui^,  c^Caneer  to  the  meiidian ;  Set  the  lA* 
dex  toii^dye,  t}|en;i>ri&g  the  «amedegi»ee  of  Cancer  to  the 
eaat  part.of  t^JioFiaOnyi  and  d^^  the  time 

of  theBua'fTisiitjg.      ..  /         ./  - 

If  the  same  degree  be  bripug^t  to  ibe  western  wdis,  tlift 
iivlasKftdill  show  the  time  of  IwlsaetttDgi  whidfi  doubled  fas 
in  the  last  problem)  will  give  the  lei^gth  of  the  longest  day 
and^io^gt  lughu     .  .       /         'r 

if  we  bri^  the  beginning  of  Cfmricom  to  ^  ]i^eridian» 
an4.  pfOceeMl  in .  all  re^peipts  aa  before,  we  shall  liiiT^  llia^ 
lei^rai  (^dle'lopg^  night  and  shortest  day,  ^ 

Thus,  in  tfa^  Great  MpguTspmii^  longest  day^is 

14  houra  and  di^  shortest, nighty  1^  iht  Aortaat 

di^  is  10  hours^  and  iheiimgest  la^hi  14  hours. 

jSi^ JPeiim^u^ki%er i|amtal  e^ tha  ji^l^aai^ -einpire,  ti^e 
longest  dav  is  abou^  IS^nourSi  a^^^the^o^^^  mght  ^ 
jhours.    The  Mkor&st  day  4^  hours,  an^  the.  longeat  m^ 
'llS^hoiirs.' .:" 

Note,  -In  all'placea  near  die  rmii^er)  the  sun  rises  and - 
seta  Mr^o'cldae  all  the  year.  From  thence  todie;^o/ar 
circle^,  the  days  Increase  -as  the  latitude  ii|cr«ue« ;  so  tHa^. 
at  those  ciccjaa.'diemsielv^s,  dife  loi:|gest  d^  is  24  hic^rs  and 
the  longest  nig^juft  the  same^  ^om  w^  po^rcirdei  io 
th^pomt  the  days .^ndnue  to  lengdiei^  mto  w^ks  fid 
months;  so  that  at  the  very  poles,  thei^  shines ibr six 
tncmths  togedier  in  nimm^'r  airahta^baent  from  it  six  mondia 
in  'Kinter—'Note,  dhot  that  when  it  is  MM?>aier w^  the  «|onfA- 
ern  iidiabitants,  it Is  mnterwith  the  s^nUhertir  and  the  cdn- 
traj'y  ;,and  every  part  of  the  world  rjpartakearfolliieariyaa 
e<]^al  share  of  b'ght  and  ^^kness*. 


BLEMENTS  0^  OfiOGRAPHT. 

moment  ming  w  teHii^t  in  fl^ffr  nieneHdnf,  or  mith^^ 

Find  the  nin*t  pl«ce  in  th?  e<%tic,  amd  raise  jthe  pole  aa 
much  abore  the  honaon  a?  the  Wfty^ot  diy  4ecIiliea'fVei|i»^ 
the  equator ;  then  bring  tilie  phioe  where  the  aun  is  Vertteal 
at  that  hour,  to  the  brasa  meridian ;  io  will  it  then  be  in 
theMiii^A,  or  centric  <KrchelldriBjon%.  Ke#a^  wl«it  coun- 
tries lie  on  ^e  weiBtern  edge  of  the  horizon,  for  to  diem  the 
wior  {§  rmng  i  to<t)«oae  on  the  eastern ^devhe  is  s^tii^i  to 
those  uhder  the  upper  part  of  the  meridian,  ft  is  ttoonddtfj 
and  to  those  under  the  loiter  part  oi:iti  it  is  midnifski. 

Thus,  on  the  10th  of  April  at  four  oNdock  in  the  ilkoni- 
ing,  at  Cbarlestown,  (Maas.) 
Itissun^is^at.  BudbU,  South  Anw^^* 

gnnM«lthig.iit  ^ 

Mid-da  V     r  noon.  jUb 


K6 


r-N    '- 


C  ^^  Qttinea,  the  Japan 
I,  Iflles  and  Kamtsoba&a, 
Fersia  and  Nova-Zi^mblpf 
r  TheBay  ofGoodll^e, , 

I^I^Qaorge's  Souiid^ 


BSAPS*- 


M  MSp  ia  a  r^preseiitiitioii  of  the  earth%  surface,  oriome 
IHkrt  of.lt^  dfeHiie^Ued  on  i'phu^  acceding,  to  the  jawa  of 
paimctiv^,  and"c^iitahi»  su^h  atom,  or  parts  of  circtev 
as  the  «ize  an4  sHtiati^jiiB  ofthe  j^lace  delineated  lijiil  aidiint^ 

f^e  tcb.<lt^ik  m^  f^i^iilSL  thi^  hoi^  the  1>ottom^  the 
sod^l  i3^  Vi^t  mna'sfdie,  the  ea^and  the  left  hand* . 
the  westi-  From  the  top  to  the  bottom,  are  drawn  merid* 
iansor  ]ili«a«f  lon^uoe^  8nd>froni  sid£^ to  side,  p$irQlle|8 
of  latifude. .  TheouteniHMtof'the  inericUons  and  paraOels-^ 
are  marked  iffMh  degrees^  b«^  m^ans- of  which;  and  a  seate~ 
(^' miles  ui^aily  phiced  in  the.  coirner  of  a  mapi  thW  sitiuk 
lions  and  distances  of  pjUices  m^  be  found,  as  on  ^  arti- 
fitml  globe. 

Uivers  are:  d^rCribed  in  .maps  'by  blaok  ;linesr  and  ar0 
wider  toward  the  mouth,  than  toward  the  head  or  spring. . 
Mduntaiftt'  are  represented  as  on  a  pictnre,  by  a  tfort  q£ 
cloud ;  foresta  and  woods,-  bj  a  kina  of  shrupi  bo^  and ' 
morasses,  .by  shadeis  $  sands^  And  «hallows>  by  small  dots : 


^i;i,r 


90 


EmnWTS  OP  6B0d|tAPH% 


rot^ft  uaii|g%4ly  double  lip^t  and' UMmt,  byfinOoEvii 
sipd^^^we.    N^ar.  hirbo|ri»  ^e  deptli  of  water  is  loive- 
^  tjtm^  exprewed  by  figurei,  ref^eienting  &thoina. 


•  >". 


«. 


If  ATUftAI*  t)m3iai?8  OF  t«»  EARTH'S 

SUKFACE. 

Hif  firat  graml  divi9>on  of  the  eattb  i»  into  LMttdaaA 

pimims  of  Land*  A  gre^  extene  of  land,  not  entirely 
s^arated  by  water,  ia  called  a  OoKTtMBNT. 

There  are  (peinnionly  reckoned  iivo  Continents,  called  the 
Mtiikm^  cimipfehendiBg  Aula,  Europ^  and  AfHca ;  and  the 
IKef^ff,  including  l^orth  and  South  America.  Nm'Hol-' 
land  has  aometiinea'  been  dignified  with  the  name  bf'conti- 
nenit;  bttt  is  usually  classed  By  geogra^ers  atnong  tb^ 
^fUndf^oftfae  Pacific  ^ean.  / 

A  tftiiqt  of  laod,  entirely  surroundedby  water,  is  an Xsi- 
AMp*  Tracts  of  land,  almost  encircled  by  water,  as  ^o«•• 
ton,  i^rf  Pi(NiMsvj['As*;  Necks  of  land,  whicb  join  penin- 
sulas Vo  a  munlaiM}^  are  Isthmuses.         ^  ^; 

Land  projecting  far  into  die  sea  is  a  PnoMO'kTciRy. . 
The  end  or  point  of  a  promontoiy  is  a  Caps.^ 

Wben  limd'rise^  to  a .  very  ove^t' height  above  the  jev^l 
co^iB^yit  is  a  MovNTAiiv.  IVtten  ^^falgh  land  extends 
jinevenljr  to  tk^^^^eat  length,  it  is  <i^led  a.cAa>n  or  rangv  ^ 
Moua^ains,  When  a  mofnitain  emits. fliime^  and.  sulfur, 
&c.  kb.a  ypLeANO..  liiie  iidi^^ofva  st^  mountain  is, a 
Precipice.';  '  '  '  ■■       V^,  „   '"■ . 

When  land  rises  to  a -smattr  height  it  lis  :icalied  a  HilIm 
'The  spaces  between  hills  are  oUled  Dales  ;  and  veiry  o& 
ten,,  and  perhaps  co^Amonly  in}  America.  Vale;},  or  Vai.- 

XE«.  ..  ■  ..ifll.. 

Divisions  qfWMer,  Thr  waters,  that  cover  so  great  ^ 
psrtion  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  are  collectively  called 
tbe  OcEAK^,  and  sgmetitties  me  Sea*  .      ^ 

pil^ent  and  exte^ive  portions  of  these  great  -  waters 
liaveobtainedtlienaiQ(e  of  Oceans,    "thes^  are  the  At- 


B£BM£NT9  OF  GEOGK  APBIT. 


fK> 


into  LandaaA 


nd,  not  entirely 


lontict  the  Jnditm,  the  Pod^/E^/the^SotfrA^m^andth^  Atitic  ov  - 
froieen  Ocean,  The  t«ro  io^e^««e'^ach'  8000  aiitee  acroM » * 
the  Pwific  lO^OOO;  The  extent  44  the  oAertit  not  kiicmii. 
Large  collections » of  water;  tbatMunearl]^  exuditifeA  hy  v 
land  are  called  Seas  ;  and  s^natt^N^^fwIIMioiU'  of  ihit  kind 
are  called  Sounds,  ^ats,  or  GuLrs ;  as  the  Mfdi^erranean  % 
Sedt  Lovg'I»iondSoundyChe9apeai  Bay^  tb^ ,Gvlf^ Mesr  • 

A  narrow  coromuiiicatidn  Between  a  isc&orlM|y,'  and  the? 
acQUij.or  between  twosea8.:or  lake«,  is  a  Strait,  |tfpuTa« « 
EntrakcB)  or  Iklei^. 

A  great  body  of  fresh  wat.err  lurromidiid^^Jand,  or  • 
oommunicating  with  the  ocean  only  by  a  longnver,  is 
called  a  Laieb.    Smaller  cn^ctionaof  Iresh  water^are  caU-  - 
ed  Ponds. 

The  fonntaifis-of  l*«ter  «t  thie  h^adrofrirers,  hi^9»  <^  * 
rivulets,  and  from  whicih  irells  are  supplied,  are  ciJled^ 
Springs.  'Whefn  the  ibuntains.  are  warmer  than  ulual^ , 
i)r  are  impregnated  #i4t  fi^ed  air,  saltSj  sufoBiUr,  metals,  , 
aijkd  other  mineral  substances,  they  are  called -M^dicinax^  , 
or  Miners  lSpritig's.. 

Streaiiis  or  l50di^  of  running  water,  accordihg  to  theirv/ 
magnitude  are  called  Riybrs,  Bvooks,  or  Kiviu.)iT»ii^ 
Creeks  are  narrow  branches  of  the  ocean,  indenting  and^ 
sometimes  insula^ng  th^  sea^^oast. .  Scmie  branches  of  rivert 
are  sometimes  called  Creeks./  When  a  h^ge  body  of  wat«r  -: 
tumbles  over  a  precipice,   it  is  called  a  C.AifAkACT  or 
F.ALts,  as  the  Falls  oCKiagara. .  ICthe  ;q^titjs  of  water, 
be  sm^  itis,  a  CA^CAbs,    *  ' 

^     Standmg  water;  hi  whicK  earth,  with'  grass  or  shrulfs 
i^on  it,   appears  in-  different  parts*.  ;~4ind  low,   sunkeit 
grounds,  fuH  of  trees  iind  mire,  are  c^l«d.  MoRAssisa,^;^ 
So6s,.Fen8,  but  more  commonly,  ^mbng  us,-  Swamps,  r  ^ 

COMPONElIT  PARTSvOF  THE  EAETH. 

The  Eiirthia  composed  of  land  and  water,  and  is :  thfcre-  ^ 
£^re  calltd  termi^tieoiif, ,   It  is-  ascertained  frmn- recent  dis* 
coveries,  that  tne  waters  contained,  in  the  concavities  of 
the  globe^  coyer  at  least  two  thirds  of  its  siurfacei 


Pm 


!il 


.  ilill 
pll 

'i 


R  11 


m 


I 


W' 


fiJiUEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


Tb6  earth  bfilowiu  wrfiice b ooinpofed of •  varidiis  aub* 
•taiK;ea,  ;coU«cflvdy  ,ciU«4  Fonsi  ts. 

All  tuJiftaiicefl  4ug  <;  mtt «f  minet  (tf  wtistever  kind  toeh': 
M  ni6teli«  coiftH^^  ButojiMri  ochrt^-  lic^  are  called  MIiimials. 

Siiph  of  tka  miiljlidi^i'iia  oa|i  be  matteated  or  beaten  out 
^th  a  hammer^' .are  caUed  MeT.AM»a..  •  Tliese  are  coimnoa- 
ly  reckoned  teven  inniunber  which  ate  reckoned  according 
to  tlidr  ^weight  ah  ike  following  orders  l,.Plal!ihay  a  wbtte 
nict,al;  newly  dlscotered  in, the  gold  mines  pf  South  Amer- 
ica) in  nkaiiyr  of  ita^  gropertiet  r^Memblihg  gokU    d.  Gold*. 
^.  Liad,,  4*.i^v<fr,    5.  Copper.  £»  Iron,    7.  Tin,    Ta- 
Uiose  should  be  added  Quicksilver,    Three  of  these,  Plati- 
«B^  Gold,  and  Sihcr»  t^'which  Placina  ia  much  the  heavi- 
est) are  called  JDpg^o^nte/eJ^y  because  they  remain  longest, 
unchanged-  by  iire..  The  othe^  IbUK  are  catied  imperfect 
mel^dsy  because  V  they  may  be  destroi^ed»,  oe  changed  mto  \ 
aart^^Jb^ir  fire...  B^a  chymical  operatiiMi  on  Iron,  Steel  is^t 
lirpc^ticed.  •  A  muUuri^  of  Tin.  and  Lead,  bi  certain  per* 
iio^y  forms  the  Compound  called  Pbwtea. 

The  best  chyniiflts  divide  bodie*,  or  the  objects  ef^efetym^ 
istry,  into »aUs<,  tartly. infiiafkinaUe  subdancesy  mitah and. 
wdert.    The  effects  of  lieat  a^Hl  mixtore  on  these  |»odiev? 
CMistiUite  what  is  called  The  Science  of  Ch^0ittry.,, 


VOLGANOES. 


.,  f 


Vb'LCAwdBS:  ar^  b{intnig  moitntflSns,  which  incttinK^  m*^ 
tH^  boweki  Sulphur,  iMtomen^  and  other  Combustible  ,mat- 
ifi^ri^tliH^  effect  OTwhichy  when  kindled  into  a  flas&e^  ik  tnore  v 
vblent.  duintbat'of gui)pow|p^r,  or  any  thmgyet-klytiwn: 
HI  nature...  Ai  <the  expiosiTe  force  of  gunpowder  :arise|^> 
fiM)m  the  co^iversiott  or  water  into  air,v  that  ^which'  takes  < 
j^ce  ill  volcanoes  is  undoubtedly  from  the  samf  xMnise. . 
^loB&oes^<may^e  compared  to  hiig^^oannon.'.  FrsAii  their 
miouths,  some  of  which  areailkiile  and  a  half  .Hfide,  are 
vomited  forth  .dreadful  volum^  of  smoke  and  Bani6;  tor-  • 
rents  of  biti^eny  sulpl^uc^  and  .Kielte<d-  inetakii  elpudsof : 
epnders  and  stones '^;  and  sometimes  rocks  of  enorradUsijulit 
ap»  thrownvto  a  griiat. distance.    In  tho  great  eruption  ef  l 
MfiUut  Vesuvius^  in  ^779»  a«tream  of. /.ava*  of  an  iiA<t 

*  jUvm  it  toexn^tcd  qmitcr,  which  imm  from  Volcanon^-s 


BLEAfENTS  OFGVOGRAIW.  M  . 

','■■•  '  ■    ■  '        '      ' 

lense  magnitude,  is  said  to  h%ve  been  thrown  to  the  heij^ht^ 

>f  at  least  10,000  tek*tba99  thJr  to^  of  the  ^BBountain. 
The  quantity  of /«va  thrown  out  sometimes  is  so  great  aacr 
>  enter  cities;  forests,  and  the  oeeant  hi  hurge  riTers.  Fields 
xft  been  eorered  with  it»  100  and  even  fOO  feet  in  thick* 
Tile  foroe  of  the  expi  aion  has  been  so  great  as  to<^ 

^hake  the  oarth,' agitato  the^sea,  anderen  moontains,  and^ 
rierthrow  the  most  solid  e^ecs* 
/There  are  three  not&;d  volcanoes,  via.  Mount  Hecla,  in 

Iceland  ;  Mount  Etna,   in  Sicily ;  Mount  Vesuvius,  inv 
Naples.    There  are  many  others  of  lefs  note  !n  A$ia»  A^- 

iiica,  and  America. 


BAKTHaUAKEfi. 


There  are  two  kindis  of  Ea^yhquaris.;  one  »  caused' 
the  action  of  subterraneous  fires,  and  the  explosion^' 
>lcanoe9;  whieh  are  felt'  Only-  at  small  distances,  and  at 
\e  thbe  when  volcanoes  act,  or  just  befbre  ikij^ixpeai— 
he  o^er  is  suf^fKised  to  be  produced  by  inunense  ^ttain* 
fetes  of  inflammable  air,  contained  and  coinpire«ied  In  flie 
iverns  and  crevices  of  the  earth,  which,  being,  igidittyiia- 
W  by  internal  fires;  and  finding  no  outlet,  forces  a  paip*  - 
through  all  obstructionsi  v 

irthquakes  are  usually'  preceded  by  a  general  sttMneasv 
the  air;  ^e  sea  swells  and  makes  a  great  noise;  tite- 
^untains  aretrovibled  andsend^fiwthmuddy^  water  ithe> 
(irdS'seem'  fnghtended,  as- if  sensiUe  of  the-  ^j^rdachimg 
:aJamity.  '  r  "    - 

.  The  shock  comec  on  with<>a  rumblfhg  noise,  like  that  of 
safriages  on  frozen  ffrouadf  of  thund^;  the  ground  heave» 
ind  rolls  or  rocks  irom  side  to  side.  The  shocks  are  i^' 
(en  repeated,  and  succeed'*each  other^  at  short  intervals. 
For  a  considerable  length  of  time.  Awful  chasms  -are 
pometim^  made  during  the  shockS),  firom  which  v  issue  wa- 
sr,  and  in  some  iustances  flames.  Whole  cities  have  been^ . 
sallowed  up  in  these  chasms,  and  thousands  of  people  ip 
yeoi;  .-  -   ■  -^         -  ....-■  ^. 

History  afTords  innumerable  instance?  of  the  dreadfiilk 
id  various  effects  of  earthquakes.  ,  a  > 


i* 


m        mLtmxm  or  aEocmAPHit' 

BiilGKETISM. 

von,  iteol,  and  all  femiciiiD«i-«ttbtUuieesi  Which  it 
JS'aturai  MMei  Of  liMMane,    The  tMiit  lulMtenoe 
the  povrer  ofcoimnaniuitin^  iti  properties  to  aU  fenr^aoi 
bodicf :  Chose  bodies,  after  having  aoqiuredlh<r  nmgaetio' 
{)rop^es^  are  tailed '^f1{/(6M/ J)lfl^§f(Mf«» ' 

Jt  is -weH  biewB,  by  long  csxp«nen€e,«that'8  piece  of 
wire,  or  aneedlot  c^dered  niMnetic,  and  accuratel]^  bal* 
aoced  on  a  pivot,  or  centre,  will  settle  in  a  certain  direc* 
tioo^  either  uuIt,  pr  nearly,  north  and  south.  ■  This  direc* 
tive  power  of  the  magnet,  is  its  most  wonderful  and  use- 
ful propertyi  •  By.  H,  mariaeiil  are  oisbL^d  to  conduct  their 
teasels  through  vast  oceans,  in  ray  given  direction ;  mi- 
ners are  gutted  in  their  works  below  the  surfiice  of  thel 
wth;  and  travellers  conducted  through  deserts,  other-tl 
wise  ioipassable^ 

,  The  usual  method  is  te  have  an  artificial  magnet  sus- 
fended;  so  as  te  move  freely^  which  wiU  siways  place  it- 
self m  er.near  the  plwne  of  d|ie  iqieHdian>  norUi  imd  south  ;| 
the%  by  lookine;  oii  the  direction  of  ^raai^t,  the  ^ipuse  | 
is  to  be^directed,  so  es^  te^Httke  asy  recited  anti;le.'Vith' 
-  iiL  An  aetifieiai  >steel  >ro8gnet,  fitted  fair  this  pux^vie  ^  a  | 
proper  box,  is  called  the  Mariner's  Compass  or  siuiply  the ' 
evaipjMr;  and  ju»  aoflmdl  luiawoj  as  to  need  nG  particular 
<dfe8criptioii. 

'  lliere  is  sometimes  a  yariatioQ  in  the  direction  of  the 
Magnetic  needle,  which  diij^rs^ii^  degree  9^  d^Sferent  pia-« 
ces  end  times. 

QjRAVlTATJON. 

Hie  ettractfon  i3f  Gravity  ftt  Gtin'oitafwny  ea)^d  also  the 
mntripetttiforeexU  that  property  and  power,  by  which  distant 
bodies  tend  towards  one  another*  This  is  the  universal 
principle  of  nature,  tfrom  which  all  motion,  arises.  By  this 
principle^  stonejs  fiiU,  and  all  bodies,  on  whatev^  side- of 
the  earth,  are  kept  on  its  surface :  by  this,  the  moon  pre- 
'  Jierves  her  proper  distance,  and  statedly  performs  her  rev- 
qhtilien  round  the  earth,  the  ether  s»t4rlUtes  attend  their 


omEeflmAPiiT.  ^       as 

Bfii«  plineto,  and  the  f  lanett,  and  coineu  are  cetained 
„  their  orbits.  Hence  it  appeam,  that  dommvaard  i>  a  term 
rhich  hat  remect  ea|b«ly  ta  the^enfrr  efthe  vy^Umt  or 
»df  to-whiqh  it  Jt  fpplied*;  ft  in^tkei  wor^  to  move 
Dwmrarcb  it  to  approieh  toward  the  /centre  oi'  a  body^  or 
Item;  iMidteniove  Ufir9rd  it  to  recede  firoio  the  taid 
J  ceDti««  Thui»  the  centre  .<tf  the  Ain  it.  the  lowest  point  in 
[the  solar  i^ptein,  tcfwdrd  which  eiery  ^object  in  the  eyetens 
lit  attracted.  Yl\^  fotpect  Kni^the  eactb,  the  lowest  point 
Ijt  its  ceptre*  <uid  every  object  belonging  to,  that  planet,  on 
1  whatever  side,  tends^  toward  it.  .It  is  consequently  erto- 
I  neous  end  iaipvoper  to  suppose  that  peonle  on  the  side  of' 
1  the  earth  opposite  to  us,  walk  ,witl)  their  ceadt .  dojHcnwardf 
\jBX  are  in  dangfir  of  faUtog  from  ^  turfg<c«. 

"Th&«eguUir  ^in|s  a^dflewinga-^ff  ^leaea,  tirice  w^ 
ity  d»^,  are  oaUed  'fides.  They  are  caused  by  the  attrac« 
tion  of  die,tiia  andmpon,  but  principally  thatof  the  lat* 
ter;  tlie  power  o^  the  mopBy  in/thia  caaor.  being  to  tliat  of 
thesunas  5tto  1.  «   ^ 

The  earth,  by  ifs^aily  rotation,  about  its  axittrpretenta 
each  part,  of  ita  turfacfr  to  ..the  direct  action  of,  the  rooom 
^.twice  ea^  dayr  and  thut  prodpcea  f^e^flooda  «sd  two 
/  cbbiL    Bttt>ecauteithe  moon  is,  in  the  jnean  tinfe, .  paatmg 
Jfrom  west  to  eatt  in  its  orbit,  it  9rrivet  9t  the  -«ieridian  of 
any  place,  later  than  4t  did  the  preceding  day ;. whence 
.ihetwo^^ooda.iind  ebb»,rf^idre  ucfurly^  hours  to  com- 
plete th.^.    The  tide  is  highest  about  three  hours  after 
'^e  moon  h<|e  .patted -^tlf^  meridian  ;  forlhough  the  force 
'  be  greater  at  tnat  tiimis,  yet  the  greatest  dfect  cannot  ap^ 
pear.on  the  wfter  tUl  sometime  afteiward. 

When  the  moon  is  in  oonjunctioit  or  oppootion^^th  the 
,.fun,  ^^ieybot;|bi  tend:to/>raito.thc  water  in  theitame  place. 
•The  tid^  are  then  highest,  and  are  ealled  qtring  tidet* 
When  the  tun  and  moon  9re  60<^  .6rom  each  otnei^,  tlie 
.tiin  dej^resses  those  j^axlB  which, the  moon  raises*  They 
are  then  *lower  than /'ordinary,  ~and  are. called  neap  tides. 
Hence  the  highest  tides  happen  at  the  time  of  new  and 
full  moon,  and  the  lovatt  when  tibt  moon  it  at  bee  fint 
aad  third  garters.  \  «  ^ 


8S 


BLBMENT8  OF  GEOORAPHT. 


IILii 


■  '1 


The  motton  and  height  of  the  tidef,  at  -they  paa»  ^«# 
.lOioals,  end  run  through  itraiu  and  inlets^  become  mbre 
Toriotts.  The  Mediterranean  .and  Baltic  §eem  have  ¥^ 
.small  tides,  because  the  iaieta  by  which  they  eommiim- 
cate  with  the  ocean  are  §9  nirrow,,  that  they  cannot  in  so 
short  ti;nfi,  receive  or  discharge  so  much,  as  sensibly  to 
raise  or  depress,  t^eirisuilaoes.  In  the^wy  ofFundy,  be- 
tween Nova-Sedtia  and^he  United  States,  the  tides  rise  to 
the  height  of  6Qfeet»  andv  flow  ;so  rapidly  as  to  overtake 
animais  feeding  en  the  shore.  There  are  no  tides  in  lakes, 
tll3y^being  in  general  so  small,  that  the  moon  attracts  ev- 
■/try;  part  of  them  equally,  and  therefore  09  part  of  the  wa- 
ter is  raised  above  the  othejc 

THE  ATMOSPHERE.  % 

The  Atmospheret  or  Air f  is  a  fine,  invisible,  and  elastic 
fluid,  surrounding  ^e  earth,  and  extending  some  miles 
from  its  surface.  Without  this  element,  no  animal  or  veg- 
etable could  exist ;  there  could  be  neither  rain  nor  dews» 
to  moisten  the  earth  :  and  though  the  heavenlv  bodies 
might  be  yisible,  as  brij^ht  specks,  yet  we  should  nave,  net: 
ther  day-light  nor  twil%bt,.  but  utter  darkness.  Air  is  al- 
so the  vehicle  of  sound  ;•  without  it  we  riiould  not  be  aUe 
to  converse  .with  each  pther^  nor  even  to.  breathe. 

By  its  grayitv,  air  i»^  capable  of  supporting  ^al^  lighter 
ibodies  i  as-smeke,  icapors,  odors,  Sec* 


WINDS. 


(_ 


-Wlien  the  air  is  heated,  it  becomes  rar^,  -asd  tWcfore 
ascends,  and  the  surrounding  cold  air,  rushing  in  to  supply 
its  place,  forms  a  cusrentiu  some  one  direction.  A  cur- 
Tent  ofair,  thus  put  in -motion,  is  called  JVintL 

ConHanU  or  General  Wind&i  are  such  as  Jilow  always  ia 
.the  ^ame  direction.  These  prevail  in  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  oceans,  between 'the  latitudes  of  about  28^  north 
andsouth,  and  blow  oonstantly  from  northeast  and  south- 
east toward  the  equator.  Tb^se  are  also  called  Tropical 
or  General  Trade  Winds* 

Periodical  Winds  are  those,  which  blow  in  certain  direc- 
tions) during  certain  periods  of  time*    In  some  parts  the 


mmmti^w  «M(^upuT. 


Into  mn$i  <^t nM  MtWMii  lajlHii  iii«M  dSrtedMH 
•ci  hamn  abontlM  lim|(i«r«»«^iiiiMwi«i'  tnd  aw  attends 

.^V  olMed  4f|»W>IM>  ft  ^  «*i(g*»f  g'nwit  IWwdg>    In  tbe 
VfeilUimfih'^  *««  Iht  laMLiv  tli0  night, 

<ilMl ftfliptlif  !••  Aniii Hi* di|r» «hwgiiif  ihrii iiii«ction 

Y^ritMtWiil^  Wie  t^Me^  vUdi  •!•  m^eot  to  no  rcgu* 

>1(1ie  «MWti«4M  ind  jmMM  wds  Wow  only  al  ian  i  on 
land  ti^  wmd  ia  always  votmMp. 

Mwjr  PIMI  of  1k^  ^{afflA»)«nd  ^  Weat^^bidiea  In  parti* 
«uUur«  are  (ke^Aeii^jr  viMtf|»%  MnrrUan^t,  Th^  aro 
tiidden  tad  iriotoiMt  ttocmt  of  %ind»  rain,  thunder  and 
li||bl^g,  iMtfndid  #itii  graft  awolUng  of  the  aea,  and 
fOinetiniai  with  ea^quakes.  There  are  tigna  l^y  whtdt 
^\fi»M\ium9g»  f«ajned  if  their  apfMNNMhl  So.ne  time 
fMforo  thay  come  on,  <  the  iky  ia  traubted*;  the  aun  mOro 
.tf4  tNn  wqial t  Ih9l»  it t  datdrcahll  belew^  and  the  tapa 
<dr  the  momiiiipi  mro 'l^  (com :th«  nnito  whijch  utudly 
b^«r  abofit  Jlifi|« '  Iig^  1^  cav«ma  of  the  earth,  andHoi 
ifallaiuahQUfliir  rtVnMnig  noiaoia  heard,  like  tM»  niching 
ipf  A  gntl.wjindi  .^t  «igh|»  Ihe.aian  aeem  much  larger 
than  common ;  the  northiteat  aky  liaa  a  black  and  awt 
iH)tiin|  appearanoe ;  th«riwa  .emits  »  strong  smel]*  and 
fiiiei  int0  vtal  rW«^ieiii>  oftm  without  any  wind.  Inkeae 
teirlbla  ttofmii  happanpciwiipalfy  in  ^  menili  of  Ati* 
gtlit;  dfiatrtoyiog  aU  thc^  p^odhice  of  thi^  ground  $  tearing 
»p  .tteea :  orectiKlung  liiitill%i ;  and  iaundatinir  lares 
Vnctyoflfnd*      •.-.';  .^--,.  ,    /^^^      ^^ 

Tie:  4#c^  #  Afcoa  and  Aiebitt  give  %  burning  heat 
and  Wanting  (iiiaUty  u>'the  »f  pasafng  ovei^  tlfeni.  At 
V.Q£9e»  06  the  i»iwr  JSeiiegflfl,  tber^  in  an  edMerly  wind 
from  the  inland  paitft^*  witd  which  ^oeer  t^ho  are^middtnly 
met^  i^iMh«  'fiMfl^  fre  •qorched,«as  by  a  bhu^  from  a 

At  «)^  JMtlml  lalandft  an  extraordinaiy  blaftinr  wind 

wJeitilb^^Jti  diM&ii  is  seldom  more' than  twcnty*four 

^QWn.,  It^ cuts  down  the  herbage,  ai  i#  fires  had  been 

made  liiidfit  them  Mheie^res  are  parched  up  "and  crum- 

44e  into  dual;  im^  u^  leiaad  w»th  crainpa,  and  neveD 


38* 


ELKIWBNtS  OF  OEOGRAPHf. 


li! 


recover ;  men  are  oppreMed  with  a  stopped -perspiration 
heaviness  at  the  breast,  and  sore  throat,  but  recover  with 
proper  care.   '  ■' 

The  most  di'^adful  winds,  fiierhaps,  are  those  in  the 
deserls  near  B^dad^  called  SnvkovAi  or  MoHifjfine  'fVinds. 
The.camels  perceive  their  apprOadij  and  are  saia to- make 
an  unnsuol  noise,  and  cover  <^their  noses  in  the  sand.  To 
esoape  tlieir  effects,  travellers  throw  themselves  as  close 
on  the  ground  as  ^pbasible^  and  wait  -till  the  -winds  have 
passed  over,  which  is  commonly  in  a  few  minutes.  Thus 
some  escape ;  but  tiiose  who  die)  have  rtheir  Irnibs  l6or- 
tified..  ^  •^_.'    •■      •  ■■.^K';;^vw' 

Itrltaty,  a^vuidbtows^  for  seymral  days,  called  Sit'occo, 
which  is  fatal4o  vegetation,  and  destructive  to  the  inhab- 
itants,;  depressing  idbeir  spirits,  abd  suspending  the  pow- 
ers  of  .digestion,  «o  that  uiose-^ho 'Venttire  to  cat  a  heavy 
slipper,  while  this  wind  {prevails,  are  frequently  found 
dead  tlJ  next  hMNrnmg.  it  is  fdt  with^peculiar  violienCe  at 
Palermo.  ^  ) 

In  the  deserts  of  Africa,  there  are  prodigious  j9tJ/tfrs  of 
sand,  which  move 'With  great  veloci^.  Mr.  pnice  saw 
several  of  tiese  at , once,  -some  of  which  appeared  to  be  ten 
feet  in  diameter.  They  be^an  immediately  after  <the  rising 
of  ^e  sun,  and  his  ray6  shining  through  ttiemj  ^ve  tiliem 
^thea^pearance  of  pillars  of  fire.     .  '■^■■'■:<^i,: ' 

:Theie  is  a  phenomenon  called  tlie  Waier-Spouty  hanging 
tinder  a  deep  cloud,  in  the*fdnn  of  a  cone,  with  the  vertex 
downward ;  and  under  ii  thesfa  boilm^  upj  and  rises  iti  a 
coittcfd  form.  These  cones  sometimes  meet,  and  they  gen- 
erally begin  to  i^pear  together  r  they  sometimes  move  for 
a  considerable  space  before  Aey  break.  When  thej  ap- 
pear at  sea,  ami  approaeb  «  ship,  k  is  said  the  sailors  fire 
atthematidWak  them,  as  it  might  be  dangerous  if  they 
should  meet  with  a  ship  «nd  brittk  over  it.  The  water* 
spout  is  supposed  to  be  an  electrrcaijphenomeMon; 
;  V  A  IVhinwindh  a  wind,  which  risea^tuddenly ;  ifis-i^x-* 
tnftnely  rapid  ^d  impetuous,  taking  up  aU  light' sub- 
stances firotn  the  earth,  which  it  meets  -^ithj  (i^d  •carrying 
them  up  in  a  spiral  motion.  <Di^  Franklin  'SUp|>ose#  lihat 
the  whirlwind  and  water  spout  proceed  from  •<tlie  same 
cause*  They  have  eaoli  a  progressive  And  circular  mo- 
tion; they  muaily  riao      er  ctumi  and  great, keats,  and 


SLEMENTS  OF  G^OGRAPHt. 


m 


;wkJ?v- »««;.:  si*-: 


ttost  fl-equently  happen  Jn  waotn  latitudes  ;  t^e  wind 
blows,  from  evevy  way,  towards  both ;  and  a  waterspout 
f^been  known  to  move  fT<Hn  the  sea  to  the  land/  and  to 
produce  all  the  effects  of  a  whirlwind*  They  are  botl»; 
probably,  die  e&ct»  of  the  eleptricaF  Buid.» 

VAPORS  AND  CLOUDS. 

Vapoks  are  raised  froni  the  surface  of  the  moist  earth 
and  waters,  the  principal  cause  of  which  is,  probably,  the 
heat  of  the  sun  ;  t&e  evaporation  being  alw^^'s  greatest 
when  the  heat  is  greatest.  I'he  vapors,  ^hus  raised,  by 
heat,,  ascend  into  the  cold  regions  of  the  (itmospliere,  and 
form  Clouds,  which  are  of  Uie  san^  nature  as  dews  and 
fogs  upon  the  earth. 

When  the  water  inthe  air  ceases  to^be  suspended,  it 
falls  down,  .an(]^the  particles,  uniting  in  falling,  form 
^rops,  or  Rain,y  If  it,  be  very  cold  in  those  regions  where 
the  rain  b^ins  to  be  formed,  it  then  descends  in  Snoti\ 
«  When  th6  drops  cf  rain  are  formed»  and  are  descending, 
if  io  dieir  dincent  they  pass  through  a  region  of  the  air 
«Qid  6iiou§fh  to  freeze  theniy  they  descend  in  HaU» 

.    ELECTRICITY. 

:  The  earth  and  aB'bof^ei,  with  which  we  arc  .acquainted^ 
are  supposed  to  ec^ntain  a  certain  <|uantity  of  an  exceed- 
higly  elastic  fluid,  called  the  Eleetnc  FUntd, 

L^htmng  is  the  electric  fliiid  in  the  atmosphere;  dis- 
charging itseli^  sometimes  from  one  cloud  to  another,  aiid 
.aometiimei  firom  the  clouds  to  d)e  earth.  This  discharge 
occasions  the  awful  roll,  or^  sound,  (»lled  Thunder. 

A  machine,  "^  fitted  up  with  certain  appurtenances,  fot 
the  purpose  of  exciting  electric  fluid,  and  jnaking  Jt  per- 
cep(tible  to  the  senses,  is  called  an  Electrical  machine.  The 
sudden  discharge  of  the  fluid  contained  in  t^  machine, 
gives  a  painful  sensation  to  any  animal  placed  within  the 
circuit  of  its  communication,  caUed  the  Electrical  Shock. 

That  tighlciing  und^  the  electric  fluid  are  one  and  the 
same  substance,  has  been  proved  by  Dr.  Franklia  and 
others.  Lightninff  strikes  the  highest  and  most  pointed 
4)bje«ts ;  rends  booiesf  to  pie«^  and  sets  them  on  fire  i  dis- 


EL EMEKTS  OT  6E0G11  AlPHti. 


If;; 


.■>i: 


li 


loWes  metftls  ;  imd  dJestrc^s  amma!  life  ;  in.  afl  whicfc 
it  agrees  with  the  |>bet)oinei»  |irodiiced  by  «ii  electriclil 
apparatus.  ';>i';'sv-;  ■       ,-  ^'i    ■•■■ 

Some  fwhes  have  the  power  oC  givtog  slacks,  Bimilar  to- 
those  of  artificial  eleatrici^<  The  totspedo,  fbund  in  the 
rivers  of  South- Aiiierij?a,  when  touched  bjr  the  naked  hand, 
or  any  conductor,  pl-oduces  a  strong,  electric  shock.  Thid 
gymnotus.electricus,  and  some  others,  possess  the  same  pow^ri 

Electricity  has  been  administered  for  various  diseases  of 
the  human  body;  some  of  which  have  bee»  fcUeved>  an^ 
•thers  perfectiy  cured* 


'i 


II 


''.m 


; 


LIGHT. 

I,ioRT  is  thdt^  which)  proceeding  fhtai  a  c^rtaiii  "bodt^ 
to  the  eye,  produces  the  perception  of  «^Wn^..  An  exceed^ 
ingly  amaU  portioa  of  light,  ia  called  a  Ray,  A  large  body 
4»f  light  consisting  orm&ny  p£u?£dlelr^.s^  is  called  a  Beam, 

The  rays  ef  light  fly  with  lamazing  swiftness,  at  the  rate^ 
It  is  computed  of  U,i^75i600  miles  in  a  miniite)-  or  more 
than  a  million  times  swifteir;  than  a  cannon  ball,  irhi^'it 
computed  to  move  8  miles  in  a  minute,  iiight  is  fotUid  to 
proceed  from  both  ^tn^l..  ^ild  vegetable  substances  in  ft: 
putrid  statdk 

Xhe  Twilight  is.  that  fikint  Hght,  which  t^pears  in  the 
east  in  the  morning  before  the  sun  rises/ and  graduaHy 
vanishes  in  the  west  after  he  sets. 

^  The  sun  is  tlic  original  ^source  c^  light  to  our  system  i 
and  though  iti^se  and  set  all  over  the  earthy  yetthecir* 
cumstances  attending  its  visiiig  and  setting  aileveiy  differ* 
ent  in  different  countries. 

Jn  the  equatorial  regions,  dai^neM  coities  on  v^  soon 
after' ^  sunset ;  because  Uie  convexity  of  the  earth  comes 
quickly  between  th^  stm  and  the  eye  of  the  ^server<  Pro- 
ceuding  iri|m  the  equator,  the  twiliglii  continues  a,  lOngeiL 
time  a^r  sunset;  and,  in  48^^  N..  latitude,  it  Ctiiitinues 
through  the  night  in  the  month  of  ^une.  As  we  approach 
the  poles,  the  twili^t  becomes  brighter  aiid  iwighter,  tiil 
at  last  the  sun  does  not  appear  to  touch  tjie  horizon,  i>ut 
is  seen  above  it  many  days  successively*  On  the  other 
hwadf  in  winter,  the  §uQ«fiiikB  lower  ftttdloWer,  tiUild^ef 


iLEMENra  OF  GEOGH APHY. 


41 


mt iiiJ|)ealt^  at  all,  an^  there  is  only  adim  tfriUght,  for  an 
hour  or  two,  in  the  middle  of  the  aay. 

Notwithstanding  the  ser. ling  inequality  intlie  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  darkneist,  it  id  certain  that^  throughout  ^ 
the  ifhole  world,  there  is  nearly  an  equal  proportion  of 
light  diifitsed  on  every  part,  abstracted  from  what  i$  ab- 
sorbed by  clouds,  vapors,  and  the  atmosphere  itself.  The 
equatbriql  regions  have  indeed  the  most  mtense  light  dur- 
ing the  day,  but  the  nights  are  long  and  dark;  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  thje  northerly  and  fatherly  parts,  i%)ugh 
the  sun  shines  less  powerfully,  yet.  the  length  of  time  that 
he  appears  above  the  horizon,  with  the'^reatci^b  duration  of 
twllignti  make  up  for  the  aeeming^  deficiency. . 


THE  RAUVEST.  MOON. 


**  I 


It  is  a  remsrkable  and  highly  jbenelicial  ciftumstance, 
fhat  in  those  countries  which-  are  at  coasiderable  distances 
from  thevcqiiator  and  the  poles,  the  autumnal  full  moons^ 
rise  ntta»ly\at  subset,  from  the  first  to  the  third  quarter; 
a  dispensation  slngjularlv  c^uUted  to  facilitate  the.  reap.- 
ing4ind  gathering  in  the  fvuits- of  the  .earth.  This  phe- 
jotomenon  is^called  the  Harvest  Moohw-  Itds  &rther  observ- 
abk*,  that  this  appearance  ii>th&  aut&mnal  months  is  pe- 
culiar to  the  fiHl  moon ;  for.  though,  in  every  month,  thd^ 
moon  for  severAl  (Successive  days  will  vary  the  time  of  her 
rfsing  very  littfe ;  yet  in  the  vernal  months^  this  happms 
at  the  4inte  of  tlie  new  moon  ;  in  the  winter  months,  about 
the  time  of  thb  first  quarter;  and  in  summer,  at  the  time 
of  the  last  quarter.  In  the  latitude  of  50**  north,  the  time 
of  the  moj^a's  rising'  i?  Observed  to  vary*  oifily  t^vo  hdurs  in 
six  days. 


i^^ 


\  NORtHBRN  LIGHT. 

The  Aurora  Boreallsf  or  Norths  TJgJtt,  m  many  parts 
of  tlie  northern  hemisphere,  Enables  the  mhabitknts  to  pur- 
sue their  occupations  during  the  absence  of  the  sun.  Nd 
$4«sfactoi7  coiijecuture  has  yet  been  formed,  as  to  the  cause 
of  this  phenomenon.  Some  have  supposed  it  to  be  elec- 
trical m-itter,  injbibed  by  the  earth' from  the  sun,  in  the 
3)  2    '       ^  . 


42 


ELEMENTS  OF  G^OGRA^HtV 


warm  Utitudri.  ai^  pajssingo^throutgh4he  upper  regions 
«f  the  atmosphere,  to  the  place  whence  it  came. 

These  lights  commonly  t^i^pear  at  jtw^^ht,  near  the 
horizon,  of  a  dun  color,  apprbaching  to  y«^ov,  and  some* 
times  continue  in  that  state  for ^^«iveral  houfs,  without  any 
apparent  motion.  In  the  Shetland  Islep,  and  ot^  norths 
em  regions,  they  aire  the  constant  attendants  of  clear  even- 
ings, and  prove  a  great  relief  ataid  the  glooAi  of  long  wini 
ter  nights  ;  and  are  there  called  Mtrry  Dancers*  they 
sometimes  break  out  into  ^fr^i^s  of  8tir»ng  light,  spreading, 
into  columns,  and  altering  slowly  into  thousands  of  di^- 
ent  shapes  vanf^ing  their  colours,  ficom  alji  the  tints  of  yel* 
low,  to  thv?  most^obscure  ru'sset.  They  ofllen  '^cover  t^ 
whole  heltaispherc,  affoifding  a  most  brilliaiit  (irospecU 
At  other  times,  they  assume  Uto  color  of  blood,  and  mak» 
a  very  dreadfiil  appearance.  They  have  generally  a  quick 
tremulous  motion,  which  continues  tillihe  whole  ianiabsflb.. 


if 


>1EAT  AND  COLD^ 

The  |>nesclnce  of  the  sun  is  oi)«  ^  the  pn'ocipal.  source^ 
^  heat,  and  its  a|»(;nGe  the  cause  of  cOld.  Uut^  were  the^l^ 
tlie  only  sources  of  heat  and  coid^  there  woidd  be,  in  Uie 
t^me  piirallels  i^  latitude,  the  same  degree  o^  heai/au4li 
cold,  at  the  same  season ;  which  is  not  we  fact  ;!'fQr  very 
hot  day^  are  fre^htly  felt  in  the  coldest  climates,  and^ 
very  cold  weather, ^aiid  even  pDer|)ctual  sriow,  is  found  in', 
countries  Under  the  equator..  -^  x-, 

•  "One  source  is  from  the  earth  ;probally  arising  from^  u< 
mass  of  heat  diflliscd  through  it,  whi^,  imparted  from  tho»^ 
earth  to  the  atmosphere,  tends  greatly  to  moderate  the  ee* 
verity  of  the  wintt-r's  cold*  If  is  probably  from  this  in- 
ternal Keat,  that  snow  generally  begins  to  raeltfirit  atthe 
bottom.  Another  source  qf^at  is  the*  condensation  of 
vapor,  which  warms  she  slifrouhding  atmosphere.  This 
condensation  is  frt  queritl^  formed  by  the  attraction  of  an 
electrical  cloud :  and  Jietice  tlie  great  sultriness  oflen  ex* 
perieri6ed  t>efort;  a  stcrm, 

As  tH^e  earth  IS  a  source  of  heat,  so  distance  from  it  is  a 
$ovirc3  of  cbld ;  and  It  is 'found  in  asCenoing  the  atinos* 
|)hcra  Xh'4t  Uie  cold  increasea.    Ths  tups  of  the  h%he«| 


!'  >'■ 


ELEMENTS  OP  GEOGKAPHf.. 


tIW 


nountainf,  eyen  i|ndW  the  ^quattMr)  are  continiially  covers 
ed  with  Miow, 

The  sanie  cause,  which  makes  condensation  a  source  oi? 
heat,  makes  evaporation'  a  source  of  eold  t  as  it  absorbs 
the  fire  in  die  latter  insGm^,  which  it  gives  out  in  the 
iotmet. 

The  instrument  made  use  of  in  meamiring  the  diiTt^rent: 
ilegrees  of  ^at  and  cold  in^  the  atinosphen,  is  oailed  a 
Tniermometer. 

JThe  action  of  freezme  is  always  mstaritaneovs.  Ice  it 
li^iter  than  the  same  bulk  of  water,  and  Uiis  isthereasott^ 
of  its  floating  upon  the  surfaice^  Boiled  water  is.more 
easily  frozen,  than  that  which  has  not  been  boiled ;  and^ 
that  which  is  a  tittle  agitated*  ihan  that  which  is  cntkeljf^ 
-fit  rest;  ■;,-■'  ^• 

POLITXGAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  EARTm 

The  habitable  parts  of  the  gloBe  are  divided  into  what: 
•are  conunonly,  though  very  inaccurately,  aalled  Fouir 
ttUARTERs,  which,  according  to  their  magnitude,  maybe 
.fanked^as-fbllows ;  America,  Asia,  Africa,  Europe. 

Of  these , divisions,  Europe  n  the  smallest)  bHttUemosf 
improved- and .  civilized  ;  Afrioa  tlie  moat  barbarous,  an(i 
Che  least  -  l^wn ;  Asia  the  wealthiest,  and  the  most"  an* 
ciently  hihabited  ;  America  ihQ  largest,  the  gnandest,  as  tai 
lb  mountains  and  rivers,  the  least  populous  and  wealthy,, 
tiie  last  exj^oFed  and  inhabited.        '  vu 

Subdivisions,  .These  gr  anddivisions  of  the  ^lobe,  for  th^ 
purposes  of  govemmeni,  &c.  are  subdiviued  mto  innume* 
«able  dktricts^  or  porti^ins,.  of  various  extent,  and  under  va<>> 
fioos  nahi^  ;  as  Empiresy  Kingdoms,  Republicsi  Stutes,  De» 
joarimentSy  Principalities,  Dnkedomsy  Dutchies,  Ccuuiies,  Ci- 
iiesy  I'o'wnships,  Parishes,  &c.  Different  nations  have  dif-* 
l^rent  names  for  these  divisions,  but  they  mean  much  th# 
aame  thing.  . 

Several  countries,  or  principalities,  with  different  goTi* 
ennnents,  confederated  under  one  sovereign  or  hiiaa,  19 
called  an  Empire  ;  as  the  German  Empire,  which  is  com»^ 
posed  of  about  SOO  principalities ;  and  the  Russian  IBm- 
pire,  which  includes  many  extensive  countries,  that  are 
divided  into  ^2  different  governments-,  combined  undeir  J^i 
Emperor,  who  is  the  Iie^d  of  the  Empire* 


I 


m 


i  --III 


>i''ll! 


«* 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEQORAPHY. 


^~''TIie  territories,  subject  ta  one  monarch  or  king,  fbrm 
ff  Kingdom.  SucV aro/ Great-Britain,  l^pain,  Portugal, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  ^c; 

A  number  o^  separate  states  having  governors;  cOnsti^ 
tutions,  and  law9' o£  tiieir  ovp^jo,  confederated  utidtsr  onib 
generr!  government  with  ani,  elective  head,  are  ctttleiit^  a 
IIkpublic;*  a  A^f 6/70^  according  to  oth^n^  iti^guverni* 
ment  hi  •which"  tho  executive  power  does  not  lie'  in  the 
hands  of  a  single  person.  Such  is  the  government  of  the 
United  States^  America.  \        ,, 

States  SLtkA  I>epanmer^t8  are<com^nent  pWs  of'^ublicB. 
PrincipaUiiesi  Dukedoms  and  Dutchies  are  branches  of  em- 
pires* Wild  kingdoms/  CountiiSf^Gifiest  Totvnships,  Parishies, 
4kc.^ai*e  less^wvisioaS)  common  toYepublkss,*  ompires,  king- 
doms, and  states.  In  some  parts  of  the  southern  states  of 
Annrica,.  a  partM  answers  td  a  county.  In  the  northern 
6ta^;  ^ao^Amiliil^ai  district inctdrporated  for  the  purpose  of 
supporting  public  Worship. 

4  V«wo^»  are  diairicts  orvari  commonly  about 

4ix  raiias 'Squareji  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of  choosing, 
^presentativea,'  and  mMiaging  their  own  rntemal  a%iif» 
All  such  districtsy  vHtferbut  regard  to  the  number  of ^h^mses 
or  inhabitants,  are  called  Towns,  and  sometimes  Txncnshms, 
in  the  New* England  states.  In  the  southern-- states,  this 
name  i»»^given  only  to  places  containing^anun^r  of  houaei|jt 
less  ornttore^.  compactiy,  built^ 


f' 


IKHABItAKtSr 

■-        '  ■      ,;  ^ 

The  btntian-  ittiikbitants  of  tii6  earth  are  composed  of 
ai)  asiona^ing  number  of  different  nati^i^s^  of  various 
colors,  features,  languages;  reli^^ons,  customs,  and  occur 
pations ;  and  subject  to  the  va^rious  forms  of  >clvH  and  ec- 
clesilistical  governiiient. 

There  seem  to bie  about  «iir^  varieties 'in  the  hiiman  spb'' 
cies,  each  stronglyvmarked^'  and  indicating;  littl'e  mixttife.' 

■The  J?r«f/ around  the  polar  regions.  The  Laplanders,* 
the  Esquimaux  Indians,  the  Sa»i<£id  Tartarsi  the  inhabi- 
tanu  pr  Nova  Zembla,  the  Borandians,  the  Greenlander'^y 
and  Kamschadal^s,  may  be  considered  as  one^  race,  rif- 
sett4)liQg  each  other  in  stature,  complexion,  and  custonis; 


ttlEMBOTS  X)f  OSOei^AMt. 


49; 


<^lrh«  iediiM  t?^  ^f*>^^  in  l^i^  htAhilii  i^&&i  H  the 
T«rtttr  ric6 ;  wnbM  ««iihOr^  6€)ii^||MPelieNb  h  griiat  vtfft  of' 
Asifi;  and  consemiently  ifiteMiet  i  )MAEil)er  of  AiiiiOM»  of 
irttridin  Ifbbni  ana  ctftn^l^t^Mili;)  bUtj  hb^et^r  dliR.'rent. 
fhun  0adt  dHhet)  thi^y  a^^  iifi  being  ifolike  iJtnr  olSie^  |i^o* 
)^.   f  e  ftHi  Ttfo«  is  t^tlf^iiM  thie  ChiKeflb  «&d'tt6  J^paik^^ 

A  itJ^tVtf  tdl^etjfk  the  hMiti  Dn^ibt,  ||  the  l\»uA)^h  A- 
iiatieg.  Thfe  i^atiOns  of  the  Pieiitnstilar  Iik<£a»  seem  to  be 
thd  stdck  #lv0ii(»e  ilie  tolandB  scattet^d  &ir  the  Indian  Oc^ka 
teiv^  been  pe<^1ed. 

Hie /ouW^  variety  in  the  ^timtti  i^i^  is  the  ni^o^ 
which  inhabit  the  sottt^em  <Mirlfe  ef  Afrleit^  frdUn  18^  K*. 
to  the  Cape  of  ^ood  Ho|^e^  _ 

1  he  Aboriginal  Amencanl^  'Ir  %dians,  constitute  the 
j|/9A  ra^e  of  mankind. 

.  Tix^Mh  tail^y  of  t)ie  hiliihi^^  ii^deft,  ift^e  Euibpe- 
»hB,  snd  liteir  4iescdJidaritft  in  Ameriqat  afeb  -t&e  nations 
bordering  on  Europe,  including  the  GeorgianB,  Ck&H^' 
^tant,  «uid  Mi^Mi^rtelliaii^,  ^e  it/habioahts  of  At^i  Blhki^.  'and 
l^e  nfirth  df  Amca,  iw  fait  <iC  the  ediiii^ils  ^(t#ifefiweai 
l^f  Ih^  Ca^^  frea. 

FOKMS  OF  GOVERNMfe^rft 

For  thdr  cominoii  secsirat^  and  w^}^^  (he  intuAitanis 
-<ef  the  earth  haVe fbrmed  tiieknaelviii  fjatncouuo^tii^f,  and 
institiited  gwertffntntf  varying  iir^itB  fcnitfi.  Tlk  fevera» 
4heniK  of  no  two  m^ha,  perhaps,  is  exaoify  viiriihu-.  *Tbes^ 
4arie  btk  three  kinds  of  siinMe  K^nis  of  {piverinnent^  M^foor* 
<chy,  ^tistoi^cy,  tead  Drato^sacy;*  All  otticr  gevoriH 
vents  naust,  of  course,  be  a  motniee  (^  Hiese; 

Thei^arl^i  fbtm  df  government'  was  a  sa^cnte  of  Mon* 
m-dh^t  called  FeMurt^al  govermnexit,  in  "tdndi  the  <l^f 
magistrate,  po  far  as  related  to^^ovenunent;  sustlified  the 
authority  of  i/b^Avr  ov«rliis  people.  This  Ibnto  <pf  govt 
ermnent  is  said  to.  home  existed  in  Chini^  fiiir  %  Hmi^  Mtti* 
cession  of  yeans.,  .  ^, 

Vi^n^  the  sovereign  power  it^^exercii^ea  by  one  tmm,  that 
l^ernment  is  citll^  a  MoMtrehy.  The  cKii^  nu^tratc 
m  a  monar<^hial  goveiloidiart;  is  styled  "'WnaaAj*-^Khig^ 
Mofiarch,  JB/^nperory  Sovereign.  MonArdiiea  are  c^diffisreSl 
luBds,  diekpotic,  abiolute  or  arbitraiy^  Innted  or  nntxeQ,' 


ill 


I 


,'■■■0 

\f.% 
'■'"if 


^% 


l!    ' 


111 


1  ■:;!& 


40       „  JUtEMENTS  OF  geography: 

according  to  tht  d^ree  of  power  nested  in  tke  toverelgB*- 
Tht  Turkiih  ffOTernment  it  an  example  «f •  the  fonnef : 
that  of  Great-Britain  of  the  latter.  .  . 

Atk  Airistoeracy  ii  a  govermneqt  of  <  nobW*  Of  tUs  Jdijid 
waithe  goyeinmont  of  Venice,  till  its  revqitutiokft  i?  J7Qt. 
Governmenti  formed,  by  a  free  people,  or.  by  tiifir  pr<^ 
er  repres^iitativet,  mid  administereid  hy^  oflScera  of  thiBir 
own  chpiiqe,  and  where  the  executive  power  it  not  vetted 
in  an  individual,  afe^  t^e^Demctcraciu  or  RepuMia, 

The  fundttmentai  laws  of  a  state  or  country,,  which  se- 
cure the  rights  of  its^inhabitaott*  and  regulate  tJbe  condui;i 
•fitaruleni,  ai^e  cajled-ita  Co^^tituxion. 

EEUGIOKSi 

;  Mankind,  IB' respect  to  religion,  nmy  be  divided  inA> 
tiJtjri^iam^  Jem,  Mah(m€tans,J^ei$ts,  wcAlfag^mvr  Hea^ 

CHRisTi4if^.    All  who  pTiOfess  to  be  the  disciplet  and 

followerajof  >ixs«s  CHRiST,  are  clJled  PAristians.    l^lite 

greater  |w^>^  the  inhabitants  of  Euri^e,  and  of  the  A- 

iiiji^rksanyiiiiMl^lSf^leit  together  with  those  inthe  Snanitft^ 

parts  of  Souti^'Attt^iiga,  l£e  Wt^Ind^^iHends^  and  sc*«-^ 

few  parts  of^Aiiia  and  AjEriqa,  are  of  this  denonotinatbn.i 

>  Cntistiaa't  are  4ii^ded  into  \,  Roman  Catholicst  who  have 

Va  Pope  at  their,  head,  aiid  are<^nce  often  called  Pcqms^ 

i'hess  area  numeroust- sect  of  ClmstiaDS,  inhabiti]^  tht? 

-iKmiheri^  aiidf  interibc  i^     til  Europe.     The  Spanish, 

■FViench,  and  Porttiguese  settlements  m.  different,  parts  (^ 

the  world  are  moistly  of  this  Sect,  '^  >  ' 

%  Proteatanis.  a  name  given  in  1529  tto  all  who  renovinc* 
'  ed  tht  RomaatCtoolte  r^gi^n,  and  embraced  the  piinoi- 

plesoftllHei'refbrmatid»i/4    '' 

Pi|9testaiji1;is  are  divided  into  Z.»/^<?raff«  and  CahinistSf  aa 
they  eo^racethedoctrinespeculiar  to  LuTHBR  or  CAi^viN, 
twojorth^  first  and  xhost  cpiispicuous. Reformer., 

l^utheVans  and  Calvinista  are  subdivided  into  JSpticom/i* 
anSf  J'i'eib^eriaru,  tJongregationalists,  IndependentSf  v^aa- 
baptui»t  comnnonl|r  called  Baptists,  and.  Methoiuis ;  and 
these  are  agaip  divided  iiito  Moravians,  or  United  Breilirmi, 
Calyinists,  Arminians,  Arians  and  Socinians,  or.  paimMriflW^ 
|[niiy!lK^ittt|  JJtIennonigtSj  Tjuiker?,,*c..     v%  ■>  v   - 


\ 


ELiMENtS  or  CEOCRAPHT. 


47 


Under  the' hei^  of  ProtestantH,"  may  be  ranked  alio  tlw 
TfcTekds/  commonly  caHed  Quakers f  a  respectable,  peaces 
fol  and  industrious  body  of  people^ 

' S.  The  Greek  Chunky  wnich  is Ihereligior  •>f  the  Euro- 
pean part  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  of  ^  pare  of  Turkey  in 
Eur9pe,  resembling,  in  nia;ny  particulars,  the  Koman 
Catholic  religion.  ';  Its  professors,  like  the  Catholics,  keep 
|«ent  anid  i^any  other  days  tyf  fasting;  they  have  numer- 
ous ceremonies  m  their  wor*!up — have  hqlif  mter^  &c^  , 
The  great  sanctjlfict^onqfthe  wa^frx  is  performed  at  Peters- 
burg, t#ice  in  the  year,  in  commi^oration  of  the^baptism 
df  our  Saviour,  in  the  most  spiiendid  and  magnificieut  man- 
ner. They  differ  fi^m  .he  Roman  Catholicsj  in  that  they 
have  never  acknowledged  the  Rom!an  Pontiff,  or.Bope. 

Of  the  Christian  sects,  the  Roman  CaUioUct  are^xhe  most 
numerous;  next  tjlie  Gredc  Church  ; /Kiext  Pr9te8taDt8* 
llie  former  are  decreasing,  and  the  latter  increasing. .. 

The  Jews  are  the  see  i  of  Abraham, .  or.  the  descendants 
tff  the  Chosen  people  of  God,  li^ho  Tormerly  inhabited  Ju- 
dea,  -^ut  are  nqw  dispersed,  and 'have"^  became  a^ovr/^,  in 
iiiitelmehtof  scriptnfe  ^f^phcdieaj  in  idmost  every  nation 
under  hi^en.  They  n^ere  to  the'  Old  Testament  scrip- 
ture-'brn  reject' the  New.  Their  number  is  not  known, 
Some' have  conjec^rcid  that  they  amount  «to  about  three 
iniBioos. 

The  Mahometans  derive  iheir  nameomd  doctrine  from 
'"Mdk&met,  a  native  of  Arabia,  who  Nourished  fcom  Uie  year 
600  to  622,  .afler  Christ.  The  book  .wliich  contains  their 
Wligion  is  called  th6  Alcoritn,  and  b,  file  same  to  a  lilahom^ 
etan  as  thi^Bt^/^  is  to  a 'Christian. 
*  The  Mahomij^t&nsa  as  ^ell.  as  Christians,  are  divided  into 
Svj^eat  variety  of  secto,  under  different  names.  ^  ^ 

pEists.^    AH  iuch  as  assert  Ihe  sufficiency,  universality, 
^nB  absolute  perf^cti%  of -in^mi/  religion^  with  a  view  to^ 
discredit  and'^Uslcard^all  extraordinary  revelation,  as  useless 
tmd  needldn,  are  caded  CltEisTs. 

Lord  Herbert,  in  the  fTth  century,  was  the  first  who 
reduced  lief sm  to  ajsyst^m. 

Paoams  or  Heathens.  Those  people  wjio  represent 
thd  Deity  under  various  forms  or  images,  o^  who  pay  di^ 
Vine  worship  to'the'-sim,  fire,  beaste,  or  any  of  th^  crefr 
pofw  of  GiKi;  are  called  PAGAir»>  or  ^b Athens'/ 


'^ 


pi 

n 

jii'.i  '• 


IH 


1 


«ii  Ih*!! 


I 


:p^c  Pa^pwi  1^0  inor«  nwi^fivom  than  a|UoMieP  V^g^ 
jecto  Collected,  niiaJlUng  it  is  mppo^i)  «|  nHipy>  m  iMP^iec^ 
4hirtiettM  of  mankind. 


•re 

ituns. 


The  Paga^fi  inhabit  i^l.  <^er  j>arU  of  fl|^  .gt^  which 
B  not  ip)iia|i|ted  ky  Chriiftiw^  /ev^,  Pe4t^^  (f  MeliQiner 


Thoy  are  di?^e4  into  ia^i^imerpble  iecti,  ntottof  «hi(^ 
have  diffeipeftt  ulpls  or  objects*  tp  which  they  j^  ^iv{h'e 
iwoiship.  Tl\e  tfonhip  yCthe  C^ra^^f  Lai^a  k  the  ^oit  ex-^ 
iensiye  and  f^endi(|  i^ode  of  PaeaDJ^. — This  i|»ec|ef  ,ie 
jprofesjigd  by  f  large  proportion  of  the  people  pf  Afif* 

The  Grand  Laipa  it  a  name  j^en  toitne  )^igh  IVim^ 
of  the  Tolhetian  T;iMl^rs»  who  resides  ^t  PatoU*  a.yast'pal* 
ace,  on  a  nApuQtaiiii,  i^isar  t^^e  banliv  of  the  riycfr  wanfi;^ 
pooter.  A^  the  fqsit  of  thii  iii«if^tain,Tesji|(|le  20fif)0  tmiu 
or  Priests.  His  worshippers  ai;e  ^eiy  i^meirej^ii,  wd  cpqie 
from  far  d^tant  cymitne^  The  eo^cir  <^  C^m^  9Cf> 
4mowle^^^  Urn  m  h)^  reHgiovM  capac;%« 

The  Grwptd  X<av|a  is  nevier  "tp  %e  «e^;  >m  ||i  ^  S(?cri|t 


|»Iaceinhis  pa^CO  "tUQi^st  ^$f^  9iiiQ)ber  of  lamps,  alij* 
ting  crpss-li^i^ed,  v^J^  •  c^hipn,  Hfid  deck^  '^,  Oifejl 
witn  gpid  i|9a  ^recipus  |»tones ;  whe|:e  ft  a  ^x^bts^t  im 
people  prOfjtVi^te  them9,elye8  be&re  hl>n»  it^eing  ^i^ivtffiik 
for  any  «•  mu<^  '9IB  tiP  kijj/is  hifli^*  |)ie  returjgu^  ^Qt  t||e 
least  eiign  of  respect,  nor  ever  qpeaks,  even  to  the  greateql 
prlaces  ;  bi^  pijlj  )i^a  l^js  hand  op  their  heqfds,  and  they 
are  fuiiy  persuaaed  tl^ey  j^ecei^e  frpm  tl^evicea  jThU  fpr» 
giveness  of  {dl  ^heir[^iii|.  . 

-  It  would  be  eiidl^*  Almost,  ^  efm^^;ate  fll,  t]^  Vl^j^ici^ 
«nd  modes  of  Pagan  wors^p. 

Ot  TIJtE  DIVISIONS  OF  TIMB. 


\ 


.The  idea  of  time  ip^  acqii|red,hy  cP9s|deri|^g  tlfe.|prtft,<)f 
4^i:ation,  as  passing  in  ^^ccesslon^  ^d  sepaifat^  by  inter* 
tals;  the  idea  of^  a  day,  a  mPn^>  a  year,  &c.  fs  c^tain^d, 
l^y  oJl)serving  certain  wp.^aranoes  iinifpnnly  re^nung  at 
regular  periods,  including  equi^  ^S^^  *  ^^  I^^H^t^U^*^ 
and  cprabining  the??*  ,WP  ^procure  ^li^^nt ,  mei^V^  of 
timet  fpr  insftahce  a  Pay  fs  a^]ir;^on  of  l^me,  iui^ur^ 
by  the  appearance  anqdisam^earAnoepftl;i|e^.^ 
period  is  or  ti!^P,lMivdi^--4krt^ci9l^  a^^ 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


49 


The  artificial  dai/  is  the  time  of  li{^ht»  or  the  sunV  ap- 
pear aiice  above  the  horizon :  in  oppOsnion  to  which,  the 
time  of  darkness,  or  of  the  lun's  continuance  below  the 
horizon,  is  called  night. 

The  nitural  or  civil  da^f  is  that  space  of  time  wherein  the 
inn  completes  his  circuit  round  pe  earth ;  or,  to  speak 
properly  and  astronomically,  the  time  of  an  entire  revolu- 
tion of  the  equator.  This  period  is  the  positive  appoint- 
ment of  infinite  Wisdom,  whose  prolonged  operations  we 
call  the  course  pf  nature. 

The  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  causes  a  sei*ming 
revolution  of  the  sun,  and  thus  forms  a  measure  of  time» 
which  we  call  a  day  ;  this  is  evidently  founded  on  naturey 
and  is  the  consequence  of  oiir  observation  of  the  sun  :  but 
as  the  sun  seems  always  alike,  and  never  varies  its  form, 
or  general  aspect,  the  eye  does  dot  derive  fi-om  him  the 
means  of  computing  longer  period^  of  time;'ibr  this,  it 
turns  to  the  moon,  ^whose  appointment  bchtg  to  enhehten 
night,  and  who '^nigfatlv  changes  in  her  circling  orb,  the 
BOtice  of  these  changes  d .comes  the  register  of  a  period  of 
time,  longer  than  what  can  be  gathered  from  th)e^tm. 
There  are  four  particular  instances  of  the  moon's  co\irbe, 
which  are  so  peculiarly  marked,  it  is  impossible  to  mis- 
take or  confoimd  them;  ^rst^  when  it  is  just  visible  in  a 
small  crescent  inHhe  evening  ;  secondly^  when  it  is  exactly 
bisected^  having  the  light  to  the  right  Jiand  ;  thirdly,  when 
it  is  full ;  and  fourthly,  when  it  is  Cfxactly  bisected,  having 
the  light  to  the  left  band.  Them  correspond  h^ly  to 
every  se^renth  day,  whereby  they  furnish  the  measures  of 
that  period  of  time  we  call  a  xueak,  and,  united,  form  the 
still  longer  period  of  a  month.  By  months,  was  long  the 
prevailing  mode  cf  reckoning  ;  as  requiring  no  trouble,  no 
calculation ;  simsly  an  inspection  of  the  nightly  luminary, 
and  a  correspondent  memorandum  of  her  aspect. 

Months  and  weeks  evidently  began  together,  being  reg- 
elated by  the  course  of  the  moon  ;  hut  nations  acted  with 
great  diversity,  in  fixing  the  beginning  of  their  days ;  some 
comp  iting  from  the  rising,  others  from  the  it'tting  of  the 
sun,  others  from  nooA,  others  from  night.  The  ancient 
Babylonraiis,  Persians,  ^^yrians,  and  moi»t  other  eastern  na- 
tions, the  Greeks,  ^c.  b2g3n  their  day  with  the  sun's  ris- 
ing ;  the  ancient  Athenians  and  Jews,  the  modern  Aus- 
E  V 


«■■ 


*    I' 

1 

t,.'!ii 

! 

■.I 
1 

!■! 

i   \ 

'  1 

i 

^ 

li'.'H 

^f  i 

■'■&:  I 

■J 

1 

SO 


ELEMENTS  OF  OEOGIIAPHY. 


|-Ir 


I.  ^'   I'i     i.f  -.  P. 


■"WM.t    I 


trians,  Bohenuana,  SileauuM,  Italians,  and  Cbineie,  fltim 
the  sun*f  totting :  (^e  ancient  Umbri  ami  Arabiana,  with 
the  modern  oitrouuuien,  firon  noon :  the  Egvfitiant  and 
Itomans,  wKh  the  modern  £ngliah»  FrenohTiijutch)  Ger* 
mani,  SIpanlarda,  and  Portuguese^  from  mi^iugbt. 

A  year  truly  contains  S65  days,  S  hours,  uid  49  mia- 
utes  :  but  the  mof»t  ancient  kuni  of  the  year,  is  that  which 
divides  it  into  360  days. 

£pocuii  are  certain  fixed  points  (Vom  which  oomputa-  ' 
tions  arc  begun,  aiid  to  which  calculations  are  referred* 
By  compping  transactions  with  the  epoch,  and  tracing 
their  distance  from  it,  we  ascejrtain  the  yewrs  in  which  Uiey 
happened,  and  assign  thciri  thdr  jdace  in  the  juccepsioa 
of  time.  But  it  is  evident  this  can  respect  only  the  epocli 
toivhich  thev  are, referred,  as  the  epoch  of  one  nation  ia 
disremirded  by  others.  The  Creation  qfme  toorld,  the  Dd^ 
uge,  the  Qlympiadh  the  Building  tif  Rome,  4lld  Ibe  Bifiih  ^ 
wii^,  are  all  celebrated  jer|ii  in  watory. 


MEASVEES. 
■t 

Thx  meesusest  most  commonly 'made  use  <^  in  |;e<^ 
graphical  i'*  oks,  are  mUti  and  leagues.  The  English  and 
Americcin  miles  consist  of  S  fUrlongs,  e^ual  to  1760  yards* 
The  m  irine  lei^ue  contains  3  miles.  The  Turkish,  Ital- 
ian^  and  old  Roman  mile  difiers  but  Uttle  firom  th^t  of  J 
Ihe  EngHsh.  ^  The  Dutch,  Spanish,  and  Polish  mUe  j^ 
about  b^  En^ish.»  The  •Gecman  is  more  than  4  ;  the 
Danish  and  nungarian,  more  than  5  ;  and  the  Swedish 
neariv  *l  English  miles^ 

Thi^  marme  pr  geographical  mile  is  longer  than  ^ 
common,  or  English  mue.  In  a  desvee  of  the.  earth's  cir« 
cumferehce,  th'er^  w?e  60  gcognffccal  nulea,  which  v^ 
equal  to  ^9^  Enghsh  miles. 

In  calculating  Uie  distance  of  plaeea,  by  decrees  of  lon- 
gitude, geographers  generally  assume  the  capital,  or  some 
other  remarkable  place  of  their  own  country,  as  the  fixed 
meridian.  Thus  the  French  reck(Hi  tlieit  longitude  from 
the  meridian  of  Paris,  and  the  English  reckon  theirs  fircnii 
Greenwich,  which  is  the  seat  of  the  Royal  Observatory. 
In  the  present  work,  ibc  longitude,  where  it  is  not  other- 

I 


CLEMBNTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


ifiM  expretted,  is  calc«ilated  from  the  meridian  of  Phila- 
delphia, which  ia  75"  8'  45"  west  from  Greenwich. 

The  kngth  rfMi^f  Leagues^  8^,  •ncient  and  modertty  in 
i  Mnglish  ^ards, 

•  *  Yafdi. 

1610,948 
201,2995 
161,0348 
lli,S 
212,713 
2415,523 
4f»31,044 
4M»l,044 
6441  ^ISJ 
fi663,08rt 
8230,846 

S4M,718 

16m,4<» 

1409t,0i945 

5898,75 

lSo9,05l5 

6«41,343 
8051,74 


Anelcot  Rortian  mile  , 

Olympic  ■taUiuinaiif  of  ancient  Roman  mile, 

StadiumaaUlOth  uf  aacienc  Roman  miU 

StadiuroMto  the  1 100th  part  of  a  dtpret 

Jewish  rhio,  of  wliich  7iw  ancient  Roman  mile 

Oultie  leuMwll  ancient  Hom^n  mile 

Cfcrman  raat,  or  eomtnott  Icagtie  in  Fnnce^m'i  0*1  leuct 

Itrrtiiitt  pjgrwNknpmti  G»ltic  leagtiet 

li^'ptun  •Ii«ncaw4  ancient  Human  mil'S 

()«rmAa  leafue,  or  that  of<^ndinairiiiM>'{  ranN 

The  mile  ot  letguc  of  dermanTasSOO  Hheniih  Tarda 

CTmt  AraMiu  mite,  wed  tn  Ihilestine,  in  the  time  of  7 

the  Ouaadei,  rated  M  14  Mcieot  Rbaum  milt        | 
Modern  Romam  mi^» 

Jilodern  Greek  mUe,  of  7  Olympic  etadia 
modern  IVench  Ieasiieiqp3500  toues 
Mile  of  Turkey,  and  the  common  wet-it  6t  Ruiua,? 

•uppoiing  it  7  Olympic  ttadia  5 

League  of  8painflB4  ancient  Roman  milfa 
I«rgc  league  of  fipaioaaiiS  ditto 


OF  THE  LOG  LINE. 

A  Loo  if  a  piece  of  board,  in  iImd  form  of  the  quadrant 
•f  a  circle,  having  its  circular  skk  loaded  with  weights,  to 
^ake  it  swim  upright.  To  ihw  io^  is  fastened  a  line  of 
abotii  150  fathoms,  called  tifie  log-line ;  this  is  divided  in- 
to equal  spaces,  called  knots,  each  of  which  ought  to  bear 
the  iiiame  proportion  -to  a  nautical  mile,  as  -^  a  minute  be  crs 
to  an  hour.  They  arc  called  knots,  because  at  the  end  of 
each  of  them  there  is  fixed  a  piece  of  twine  with  knots  in 
it ;  and  these  are  subdivided  into  tenths.  Now  a  nautical 
miles=6120  feet,  and  the  ^^  parts=5I  feet;  now  ^'  ;  1 
houi- ::  51  feet :  6120  feet,  or  a  mile  ;  therefore,  if  51  feet 
of  the  log  line  run  off  in  y,  one  mile  will  be  run  off  in  an 
hour ;  hence,  as  many  knots  as  are  run  off  in  an  hour,  ity 


'%■ 


m 


ELEMENTS  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


AUUiT  iniles  the  ship  sailo  in  an  hour.  But  atf  the  ship's 
lun  IS  found  to  be  more  than  that  ^ven  by  the  log^  owing 
to  the  log  being  drawn  forward,  they  generally  auow  only 
fif$y  feet  for  a  knoll;  veA  some  commanders  allow  less. 
And  to  measure  the  time,  they  have  a  sand  glass,  which 
runs  out  in  half  a  minute.  ^ 

The  line' runs  off  a  reel,  which;  turns  very  easily,  an4  the" 
log  is  thirown  from  the  poop^  or  lee  quarter ;  and  they 
generally  let  it  run  12  or  15  fiithoms,  so  as  to  be  out  of 


the  ships  wake,  ^id  then  begin  to  count. v  There  is  com- 
monly  fastened  a  piece  of  red  flag,  to  show  where  you  are 
to  begin  to  reckon.  Care  must  be  taken  to  have  the  hour 
glass  aod  log  line^correct>  otherwise  an  allowance  must  be 
made.'     "C^^>'.>^-'         ','-'', 

If  the  log  liiie  and  the  time  of  the  running  out  of  the 
glass  be  bom  ^t^ed  in  the  wune  proportion,  the  number 
.  of  knots,  run  outjn  one  glass  will  jsdll  ^ow^  the  number 
of  miles  run  fn  an  hour ;  for  if  the  knots  be  40  feet  fmd  ^e 
^lais  jriin  out.  in  24*,  then  24"  :  30^ ::  40  feet ;  50  feev  if 
Slat  50  feet  is  still  run  out  in  half  $  minut^ 


■    \ 


i' .. 


yrf    t^  *#  .*><;  *<»'*< 


^MEIllCA. 


©F  tlic  grand  divi8i(an{|.of  the  earth,  America  is  much 
the  iarj^at.   ^ri>*nj  its  fe  iijfe^over^  1^  t^  inhabitai^ 


may  jiMt^ 

eartli)  kl  |3i8  >  twiH5*<a«  and  ti^yJ^e^^^  its  p^roduc^  and  the 
mte);aitin^  cons^til^Qi^  i^  hm  fdready  |m»dMeed,  and  is 
i^iil  producuij^;  wjm  respect  to^he  nations  of  tJi^  worid. 

iyifttaiion  and  li^xknt,  The^is69iti^em  iimil  of  the  Aniiericati 
continent  i^iiin  l56*  swth|5fetitude,"«^ie*ice  it  extends  prob- 
ably to  tl)3  north'ppltji;.  Qit'/tfie"  northern  IjmJtihewever, 
^ve  ci»T»iat  speak/^sMiively>  las  do  discoveries  have  1)een 
maid^  fcrayoiid  7i{  ot^  decrees  oi  iwrth  latitude.  Its  length; 
from  noi'th  to  scrilth,  )Bitty'  be  estimated  at  9600  mites; 
-It  sprcatls  from  >the.  35th  t«fc^66th  degree  west  longi* 
tude  &orh  London.  Its  -breadth*  is  veiy  unequal^  Jkut  sup- 
posed to  average  1500  miles,  thougtiin'^e  northern  part 
itisjknow^vto  exceed  4\5O0.  ,-^f-^*\«;^  -  .^ 

America  is  in  no  part  joined*  by  land  to  th^  oM'  conti- 
•ent.  It  is  separated  from  Kurope  and  Africa  on  the  east 
by  th 2  Atlantic  ocean::  the  Pacific  ocean  divides  itfix}ra 
Asia  ou  the  west*  It  contains  upwards  of  14,000,000 
gqaare  niiifiB..  ^  " 

jyimdoni.     Though    America  forms  properly  but  one 
continent,  yet  there  it  a  division  so  clearly  marked  by  na»' 
tare,  tJuit  tlie  propriety  of  its  being  considered  in  two  sep- 
arate  poitions  is.  universally  acknowledged.     These  two 
regions  called  Norih  and  Soidh^AnicricA,  are  joined  toget^j^- 


m. 


AMERrCl^, 


P!.i! 

m 

i 


4 


etrby  t^e  hthmm  o/i!>ipw'ap«,  which  in  its:  rta«rowe«t  part,  S» 
about  27  miies  in  witJlfty  some  say  60  or  70.  This  isthmus 
19  ni94^  -'y^  of  low  siqkiy  ysSX^o^t  and  mouiatains  of-«uch 
st|iip^adbus[lls>ght,  th^  thiey  sofH^';  to  foe  pliiced  bv.  nature^' 
as  eternal  Barriers  betwe£!ii  the  Atiantic  and  Pacinc  ocean,, 
which  hero  apprdach  so  near  each  other,  that  from  the 
mountains' both  may  be  seen  at  the  same  time.  ,     ^ 

Face  of  the  Country,  In.  Amertca,  the  face  of  the  country- 
is .  distinguished  Hby  a  peculiar  magnificence  of  features^. 
The  -  astonished  eye  here  meets  with  mountains,^  whose> 
tops  intercept  the  clouds^  i^  their  progress  ; .  and  riverg! 
with  which  the  sti^eams  of  the  old  worlds- cannot  be  com- 
pared either  for  length  of  coiprjse;  or  the  body  of  water^ 
which  they  <;Qf»rey  tp  the  ocean.  ."Pic  lakcjs  of  America 
igil^rnoleBS  eoQ8pi<mQais  foF  gt;^idjeur,  than  its  mountaina. 
^dc'riversi^'' '  '■-■■-i^'-l  r^:-.^' '   -'i  ■-    '-^  ■■■'■!  ■       ■    W 

The ,  lv^i?aiu!.e  M  ^  ve^et$H&  creatiQn  is  also  vety 
gr^ati    In  the  souttiern  provia^e$,  wliere  the  raotsture  of' 
^4i9  earth  is  aided  by  Uie  warmth  <Q^  the  sun^  the  w^ods  are 
almost,  impervjoas;  and  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  hid* 
4en  ^der  a  ^qk.  cA't^ing  of  &hi^b^  and  herbs.    In  thft* 
i|orth^rQ,pr^4Acet|}  ^ou^  tlie  fcn^taa^e  not  incui^beredi 
with  th^  same  w|i<]i  luxwciance^of  yegetaJ^ion,  yet  the  trees, 
lire  genera  ly  more. ioilty,  and  o^n  much  larger,  thanara> 

©een  ui  any  <j[^ier  |iairt*«f  the.w^rld..    1 

In  the  production  of Mi^the  foKfit*  Amewca  is.gteatly  stn 
perior  to .  Europe. .  Ft»m  a»  memeOtt  of  ■  ^  Eitcopeim  travs- 
eil^r,  it  is  ascertained,  that  ii|  Europe  there  are  thirty  $evi. 
en  trees*  which  grpw-  to  th^  li«i^ht  of  thirty  feet ;  of  whichi 
ojghteeii^  farm  thg  matjs .  of '  tlieir  forest,   and ,  sixteen  aro  ^ 
Ipund  in  evpry  part  of  Europe.     In  America  tht^'e  are* 
ninety  species  of  trees,  which  exceed  for^  feet  in  lyeiglit.r^ 
They  dre  all(  natives  of  tJie  forest,   and  sevtnty-two  are 
common  in  all  parts  of  l^e.  linijUid  IStatcs.    la  Eurojie,- 
only  seven  are  f it. fop  archUecture^  ia  Amei-ica-  no  kss  thane 
jRfiy-une.*-  ■.  ■;i^c^'3:.v 

Population. .,  It  is  impossible  ta  ascertftin  the  exact  popula*. 
tioii  of  tJiis  imm^iv?e  division  of  tllfe  globe..   Sonne  autho^g 
have  exagger{»ted  it-'  beyoiid  all  credibility  ;  and  in  calcu- 
lating the  populatioi)  of  th^  whole  world,   have  afesigned- 
liO,OOJ.OOy  to  America,^.    If  we  sui)pose  every  part  of  tb©/ 

!  •  R«E.*a  Cyclopedia,  American  editicn. 


^ 


xntsMCAi 


C0ntment  ti^  Ve  «i  populdas  as  the  U^itt^d  SlH^,^fbeiRhbIe 
iwmber  would  iwd  exceed  &tfiOOfif)e,^HaaM,-^hm  ta-' 
Wesv  fixes  the  immb^P  at  2f  ,^97,0W.     T*Wb  :^ttiajfe  if 
dmbthsM  too.  luv:;     The  i^aT  ia«ifllMt^>iV'^fjftr<6bl^jy^  ebout 
S5,iOOO)000» 

Inhahiiants.    Th«|ire«mtitiilffl^itl«htir<»f  Anl^ 
divided  into  two  geiiera)  c\a8t>^V[U  'the  MfMri^iial  iiihab^ 
li^tfi,  generaHy'  called  Indhm^  or  ihpi&  whV  d^cetided 
from  the  fhrst  iett}etfti^  tho  cdttttnetiti? Y^.  Those  virhyv 
have  migrated  or  been,  tr^nspprted  to  iAllieRca/'miic0  iIil; 
diicovery : W  CoIi^mhUg^  slid  tfieif.  d^^MetidaBtg.    This  lat-  ' 
tt;r  cl^^&Ht  ii»9r«t particukuE^diftcirihed,  when  treating' 
of  the  difltreiir  portions  of  the  di^itmettt,  which  thi^  inhiib- 
iU    At  present,  ootreniaijts' Willie  eofllw^  to  the 

Aboinginut  JnhokUdnii,  Thtat  tntfp.he  ^enndere^  as  dividi^ . 
ed'into  thr^tee  distinct  clatser:  L  l(^  South-American  lin^. 
dians.  2/  The  Mexicans,  and  ofi  lite  Ito^Kunr  soutH  of  the>. 
lakes,  and  west  &t  the  Mississi]^  S;  The  nortK^il  trSietr « 
inhabiting  Labraikr  %it<)iiGua£iaiui,  siidLthe  idjitce^^ 
tpies^^'  ■_■    ^\-^'  '  ■ 

The  South-Ani€?li  ^  ladians  a*«  g^iiertiH^  of  an  oliv^ir' 
omnnlexion,  of  different  shades.  <  Theil*  Mature  is  abcut  tb^* 
middie  siajp,  but  some  nations  r&ttk  among  the  taliest  df? 
the  human  b-pecjes^ 

The  men  and' chi3dt£n,   in  the  warm  cHmtiU^^  and  in? 
flftBnmer,  in  thei colder  regions,  go  quite  nakec^  :  The  wo- 
men Wear  no  i)»ore  cov^rinjg..  thau  the  mo$t  rek»X!&il^lhx>de6-  • 
ty  seems  absolutely  to  require..   Th«  clothing,  of  stich  ats 
make  me  ot  it,  is  me^e  of  the  skins  of^  hciists,  of  fecthers;; 
sewed  together^  and  iiv  the  southern  nsitions,  whefe  they 
raise  sfai^ep,  of  wiool^man'-ifafctured  into  stirfts  foid  blankets*  > 
f     With  respect  to  religion,  soiue  of;  the  Ihdians-  fatie  idOla*v 
toi^..   Theyv  af^pear  to  Imve  some  notions  of  a  Su^n-eme 
Being,   and  h'^^Ueve  in  future  rewturds;  and  punishments  t--. 
hhxt  generally  their  ideas  of  rellgiw:)  and  governmertt  sre 
very  rude..   Some  nations,  or  tather  tHbes,  iive  compactly 
in  towns,  and  cultivate  the'C^th ;  ethers  hiEive  no  settled, 
habitation,  biit  wander  over  tilie  country,- Eubsictip|^  oh  fii^h; 
and  ^e  wild  animals  of  the  forest.     Tlie  Peruvians  aro- 
supposed  to  have  made  greater  pi'ogVess' in  civilization., 
^^an  any  otbor  natien  infaaStingthg  new  HKH-ld. 


m 


K 


mi  II 


Is*''!  'f. 


if 


i 


lllioug^i  mppi^^llife  nationbar»  i^pregentect  as  iCRiel 
aire  geneim' i#^iitiWaiid^  ;iaA4«%  ie&^ 

The  secottck  'eh0k  >i^,  i^dnrrical^  Jbid^s,  ^p  in^flbi^ 
i^exicd>  a^d  life  C(i<'\\try!aatrtli  0^^         lakes*  imd  wost  of 

ftQiTOAii  bj8iiig6;,^|iiaB  iM[i]f. of  3the  nations  o£  Sbut^^Amevieay 

'  The  Abbe:  CiavJgeK^  a^;^^<:doii]9'  add -^^ 
iiiforms  ud)  l;hat,;  ^r.attenUVjelj^  elbam^  ^^  charaoteri . 
tjte^^tniiis,  tiie  a^oieiit  jbiiBtipiqKy, vje«Uj§;ion^t  iiiid']^d9i^«RlHient  of 
the  Me:|U(^nS)  he  d^  not  hei^tat^  to  dteela^e;  that  ^ii^ 
iiifiRtal  q^aiy>t|^:  aiia/  laot^<  in>  the  least  degree,  inferioi^t  to 
those  of  the  E^opeans ;  that  tht^v  are-  daj^le  of  all»  evetir 
Ihi  most , abstract  icienees^^; and  tbar^ix  equal  care  affd 
j^ns  were  taken  ifl«0ieiip,ediju:ati(:»n,  we  shll^ahl  "^e  rise  a** 
mong  thenij  ||liilo^ber%^jmiti^^  and  divines/ 

lirho  would  riViil  the  n^t  in  £uri^.  But  4t  U  not  po88i<*> 
ble  to  make  great  pro^Rl^'  in  tHe  scieni^es,  in  tbi6  midst  of 
a  life  of  misery,  servitude^  and  o|)pre$sion.  Their  ancieat. 
^overnhient,  their  Jaii((Si  and  their  arts,  evidently  denionit- 
fitrate,  that  they  jufibrednp  want  of  genius.  ,  ^* 

They  arcti^Oif  a^gond  Btatuft,  r&tber  Exceeding  the  middle 
size;  well vproportioi^  In  all  tiieir  limbs  ^  have  a  fine: 
«Uv3  coni^^ile%ion;;.  narrow^  for^eads-;  black  eyess;  their, 
tiieth  are  ncm^,  white,,  and  reguliurt  tlieir  baic>Maf^»  o^arse; 
R  id  ^ossy..    ibey  are  .neither  very  beautiful,  nor.  the  re- 
veivba.     iJiay  are  inoderate^  eaterst,  but  addicted  to  intem- 
lierance  in  drinking^;  which  ap^pears^  ta>be  a  general'  char^.- 
act«;ri.«tic  of.  allf  the  American  Indiansr.    They  are  patient 
of  injanes  and  hardships)  ands  always  grateful  for  benefits*, 
(jfen  irosity  artd  disinter^^te^iJlnesg  are  strikuig  traits  in  their 
♦haritJter.    Their  reli^^ii  blended  wiUivumch  supersti- 
tion,  and  some  of  them  are  very  prone  to  idolatry.. 

The  mure  nortliern  IndiaoSy  wnom.  we  b^ve  included  int 
the  second  class,  in  their  complexion,  size,,  and  form,  are 
not,  in  ^^eral,  unUke  .the^  M jcxkans.r  Jn  social:  and  do^'^' 
Kies^Ic  yjirtues,  invagneuUu^e^  arts,  and  iiianufkotares,  they 
are  far  behind  thoMexicdtji^,;  in  their  hospitality,  equal  r 
and  in  their  eloquei)ce  in.  council,  and  bravery  in  war^  per- 


AMERICA* 


Maps  supenor.  Th«ii:  mode  of  life,  and  the  state  of  socie- 
ty among  them,  afford  few  objects  of  the  display  et  either 
theii  literary  or  political  abilities*  They  are  brave»  when 
an  enterprise  depends  on  bravery ;  education  with  theili 
making  the  point  of  hono?  to  consist  in  the  tlestruction  of 
an  enemy  by  stratagem.  An  sIn€^an  wilt  def<^*!d  hims^ 
against  a  host  of  enemies,  alway»  choosing  to  be  lulled,^ 
rather  than  to  surrendek'.  In  other  situations,'  also,  he 
meets  death  wi^Jh  more  delibifration,  and  endures  tortures 
with  a  firmness  almost  unknown  to  religious  cmthusiasin, 
He  is  affectionate  to  his  children,  and  his  affection^is  extend- 
ed to  his  odier  connections.  His  friendshq>  is  strcng  and 
faithful  to  th«'  utmost  extremity.  Their  sensibility  is  keen  ; 
even  the  wari't'>r8  weep  moetjiittesly  cm  the  loss  of  their  ~ 
children,  though  in  general,  mey  endbavor*  to  appear  suf*- 
perior  toiiuman  events.*  .  - 

The  tliird  class  of  American  Indisfias^  who  inhabit  E«^ 
^uimaux,  Labrador,  and  die  ,  counties  adjacent,  are  muck, 
less  known  than  either  of  the  classes  above  desciibed^ 
They  differ  in  size  andshap^  Aroin  the  other  Americans^ 
and  are  said  to  resenible  thie  L^landeni  and  SMnceids  of' 
Europe,  from  whom  it  is  conjectured  they  descended* 

The  Esquimaux  are  distmguieiied  from  the  southorn 
tlribes  chieity  by  their  dress,  their  canoes,  and  their  inrtru;- 
inents  <^  chase*  Further  to  the  northward,  they  decrease- 
in  heigKt  till  they  dwindle  into  the  dwarfish  tribes  that  in^ 
babit  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  or  Frozen  Otcean^  and  the- 
maratime  parts  of  Hudson  Bi^. 

^  The  Arctic  countrien  of  America,  as  well  dS  those  of  A- 
(^,. have  few  inhabitants  ;; and  those  are  IT  the  dwirfish 
kind,:  scattered  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas,  sub- 
fisting  miserably  upon  fish,  and  the  flesh  of  those  animal^, 
that  inhabit  those  frozen  regions,  with  the  skins  of  hicb 
^ey  clothe'them8elve6.f 

Thejint  peopling  of  America.  This  is  an  interesting  suh« 
ject,  and  has  caused  much  discusfiion  anftmg  several  wri- 
ters ;  but  the  places  from  whence  the  first  inhabitants  orig- 
uiated,  and  the  manner  in  which  they,  as  well  as  the  quad- 
fupeds  and  reptiles,  passed  from  the  eastern  to  the  w^!^ 

*  JsFFZftsoN'a  l^loto  onYirglnift 
f  Capt-£i.^y|,  -■■'.■ 


ii  1 

■••Of  I; 


cirnooMiMRt»  are  <|aettkm,  whidt  prebably  cim  nev^er  1^ 
•atisfactoitiy  decided*  ,  . 

It  it  the  opioibn  of  many  le«med  neA,  that  the  two  con- 
tinents were  formerly  an^ted.    That  thii  earth  has  experi- 
eneed  great  Odiaiiget  since  the  dehige>  will  hot  adbnit  of  a 
doitht.     ^'.thquakes  haw  swallowed  up  large  tracts  of 
land  in-aonse  p)aces~-«iihterraneaus  fires  have  thrown  up> 
others — ^the  sea^  in  r  <-^*e  places,  has  be^n  forced  to  i^treot 
many  milea  from  t\     shores— ink  others,  it.  has  mads  ei^ 
croachments^  ssid»  k.  inany  instancea,  it  has  separated  tef- 
ritoiies  whtc^  onca  wese  united;    It  is  possible  that  the 
aqaittbxial  countries  oT America  and. Africa,  wete  (Mitce  con- 
nected by  an  isthmus,  the  remains  of  which  ains  seen  in  that 
chain  of  isunds,  of  whidi  Cape  de  Verd^  Fennxido,  Ag» 
cipnsioa,  and  St.  ACithewB   make  a  part«    I^  is  also  possible 
that  the  peninsuta  of  Kamschatkfr  may  haite  joined  the 
ncrirtheastem  parti  of'  Asia  t0  the  northwestern,  parts  of  A- 
mcrica,  which  are  now  .separated  only  by  a  very  narrow 
atrait.    Adn^ttmg  this,  supfkosition  to  fe  tvue,  titea*imai»' 
peculiar  to  hoi^ountctea  passed  over^Jtie  isthmus  tliat  once 
coanedbed  SmUdli-Ataoriea  with  Afric»;  and  dune  of  c^d^ 
climates  migiated,  &6m  dio  northeastern  paiBta  of  Asi^ 
As  the  Esquimaux  and  Greeaiandets  peiwetiy  reticle 
eackotfier,  and  both,  tetemble  the  Lappe»  or  'Laplanitera> 
of  B«rop«>  It  is  randered'  probable  l^at  they  o^iaatcd. 
firom  thenc^r ^  But  a^  thia  is  tincertaim        ;j,^ 
v  History  i^ih  ^sewiri/^.    The  first  dis«»>vei>  ^  Anieiicai 
has  generally  been  ascribed  to  Ckristopheb  Colcmsvsw 
"But,  H  being  now  uni«evsU^y.:.^admitted  diat  Greenland. 
Ibrtjssa^part  of  the  Amerkan  ||^  dte  date  of  the  first 

ttlacover^  must  be  oamed^ack  to  l^e  year  982,  when  tha 
Norwei^ians  first  visited  Greenland:  \sif  the  vear  lOQS 
Ihe  Norwegians  alsa  discovered  a  country^,  wIbgIi  they  caii*^ 
ed  TtWan^/j  where  they  plantedv  a  colony;  This  is  suppos«^ 
ed  to  have  betoa  on  the  coast  of  Labrador;  but  all  their 
attempta  to  establish,  ct  lonies^.  proved  unauecessfiil,  and 
tlie  knowledge  of  the  country  was  soon,  lost. 

These  partial  disodvenes.  of  the  Nocwegians^  however> 
do  not,  in  the  least  degree^  derogate  from  the  merits  df 
Columbus ;  for  Behuim,  who  was  the  roost  complete  ge- 
ographer of  his  time,  evinces  that  there  wais  no  prior  dis- 
4ft)y.ery  upon  the  route  followed  ay  that  great  naiiigator. 


AMERICA.  51 

The  cBsowery  of  VineUmd  could  scarcely  lisre  b^  knowB 
io  him ;  and  that  of  Ghreenland  was  so  remote,  that  ther* 
iwas  no  roon  for  a  su^|e>tion  that  it  formed  part  of  a  pro- 
digiouB  contiiient.*  Ckrfumbus  haa  therefore  a  fair  clawa 
to  the  glory  of  discovering  the  Nbw  Worlj). 

Colnmbus  was  a  native  of  Genoa ;  fbom  « long  and  close 
appKcalion  to  the  stuchr  of  ij«ography  and  navigation,  ho 
had  obtained  a  knoi^cige  of  tS&e  true  figure  of  the  earth, 
much  superior  to  the  general  notions  of  the  aee  in  whicb 
he  ttved.  That  the  j;enraqueous  gld>e  niiekt  be  properly 
balanced)  anu  the  Sand  and  aea  prG|>ortiooea  to  each  oth&r^ 
:hsi  conceived  that  another  continent  was  necessary  ;  this 
continent  hp  iiupposed  io  be  connected  vith  the  East* 
Indies. 

To  proivd  the  -truth  of  •hig  System,  lie  found  H  nooessary 
to  obtain  the  patronage  of  some  of  the  European  powersi. 
AUter  several  fruitless  applications  to  :the  goveraments  ojt 
0enoa,  Spain,  Portugiu,  and  others  of  Iciss  note,  ^  '^pro- 
cured assistance  from  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  <whu  then 
governed  the  united  kuoodoms.ojf  Castile  and  Arra^n;  A 
•quachron,  of  three  amaiU  vefi$els,  w  fi^ed  out,  victufdled 
for  twelve  months,  and  furnished  with  ninety  jn^n.  Of 
this  s^adcpii  Columbus  was  e^pointed^admlrai* 

He  sailed  from  Pales  ai  ;8iH^,  on  the  ^  at  Aiurust, 
Ilf92  ;  and  steered  directly  for  tUb  Canary  iriands,  ^ete 
he  arrived  andTefitted)  as  well  as  he  coula,  his  titnty  and 
ill  appointed  fleet.  .Hence  he  sailed,  Sf'ptember  6thy  a  due 
western  conre  in^  an  unknown  ocean. 

Columbns  now  found .  a  ::thousanct  .unforeseen  hardships 
,io  encounter,  which  demanded  all. hitf  judgement,  fortitude 
and  address  .to  surmount.  Reside  ^^  dimcuHies,  unavoid- 
able from  tiie  nature  of  his  undertaking,  he  had  to. struggle 
with  those- which  .a^iise  from  the  ignorance  and  liimidity  of 
the  people  undor  ih.is  command.  On  the  14th  ^  Septem^ 
ber  be  was  astonished  to  find  that  the  magnetic  needle  in  th^ 
.compass  did  not  point  exactly  to  the  polar  star,  but  varied 
towturd  the  west ; 'labd  as  they  proceeded  this  variation  in- 
creased. This  new  phenomehon  filled  the  companions  of 
Columbus  with  tetror.  Mature  itself  seemed  to  have  sus- 
tained a  change;  and  the  only  guide  they  had  lefl,  to  point 
.them  ^  a  safe  retreat  {xom  an  unbounded  and  trackless  «- 


*  PiN'K^STON. 


%• 


ICA. 


;*-, 


•ean,  iraf  tthw^io  M  (Sieni  OolwAbui  wltii  no  lest  quicfe' 
nt^.than  ingei)ui^»  aastgtfkl  a  temm^  foriihii  (Mmeafuicei 
wydi,thQugh  it  m  not  tttkfy  tuMtft  ieoiied'^  fllnigi^ 
We  to  theia»  that  it  dh^elled  ti)eir.f«ara,  or  giiencei-  tbeir 
munnuri.  On  other  trying  ooG8«ioiili>  Im  t^HreihtM 
that  (Tool  detibenition,  pradenoe,  -lootlung  .admn^  ^and 
firtsii|es%  which  «re  noc^ary  for  a  peivon  engaged  b  a 
dbo^ei^  ^aipofViliterestiiig  to  l^e. world  of  any  ^ovsf  mp.- 

sOmiiieJl^'ofOeUber,  14^2,  wt  lt>^%loek  in  tho^evei^ 
ing,  Columteiif  ^oitt  tho  fQroe^BttB>.deJM;i^d'aJig  At 
two  o*«Uii6it<|]i0xt  corning;  Rod^k  '^^bna^dleo^ered 
laud.  The  J^jiAU  4idiiigi  weiM)  #ii^kW  QompHiiiieat^  to 
the  other  tbi^  The  inor^iiif  light ^ftfirme:^  the  reik^l 
and  Aejj^fti^^.erewa  imaiediati^  bcgaEl^  ^f  Dmm^iik* 
hjjm  of  thaiiksgiving  to  Godi  fltid  l^g^ted  their  f^raiiet 
j|iut,  tears  of  Jov,  and  tran^pcnrt^  of  x^gr^hi^om  Co^ 
lunbuji  Hchlv.  ibresKdi  with  a  drawn  sword  iir^i  hand^ 
w|t&#&Jrs|^Eim4i@aa,  whki^^^^^  New-WorM 

which  he  ha4  dwcoirered.    The  islluid  on  whi<|h  he  .firit 
landed  he  jcalkdSif.  Soli'Mforr  «n0^  of  thatrlinrire  cliitte^ 
IcQoiim  by  the  natne  of  the  XucitgrafW  Bididina  Islet.    He^ 
"^  '  ^^  -'  -  "oral  of  the  islarida  in  ?the  lanie 

1  <^overed  the  il^iiids 
-  .  ,   iiAauited  iby?  human  -and^hoB*. 

4^Uabk»  feapU,  >  He  r^umedi  and  «mved  at  i  PahM  in 
Mti^t  n^nce  hejad  aaiiad^e  jearbeloiie,  on  the  i5tk 
rf»l|6rch«  1493.  /  i 

Ift  iSej^temlbr^  140t;  CJohusibus  $ailed  iq[>0B  htcr  :second 
!V(^ritge«o  America;  daring  wh^d;  he -dieeoveri^  the  isl<. 
4iidi  ^  ]>enuaica»  Martg^dam^,  Ouadttdt^y  Antiguat 
I'oilio  Ei<»»»  aiid Jamai^ «  liiid  returned  to<  Spain,  14^; 

t%ii^fjke  sitled  a  .thkd  Ihile  for  Aiiericat  a^d  on 
ihe  fyrai'Ot  Amaat  diacorered  the  CcnersirsMT.  ^e^ea 
i^oaft#d  wegt«rard»  maki^  other  dteeovcrite  for  260  ieagnee 
to  <^a|^  Ye^^i^iice  he  crOfted  o^er  to  Hispaniola,  where 
he  waa  se»ed  %f  a  new  l^aol^  goyetaor,  «iid  aeiit^oiiid 
in^ch^iW'j  -''■  ■:h      '  :    -  .--•■■.v./  .^.,^.:,^^.-W-jy.i..  ...j;.:: ,] 

ln:l&3^,  CdttiBbu«  made  hif  four^  Toyage  to  'Hispan-^ 
lola ;  thence  he  went  ovor  to  the  continent^  add  made 
tuany  tieir  discovMes,  parttcviarly  the  harbor  of  Pprto 
Bdlo,  and  the  Gulfof  Darieov 


p<^ 


pi-.. 


■  -^ .,;  -f  ,■ .;  ■  ji_-. 


'tf; 


.    •    /^ 


■''V; 


.rn*X 


■•     ':      J  - 


J. 


v 


■  '^7 


c^'fiiiAMI^,  A^Kliqrftil^  whom  IN^lSlNQi  iMid  aroiiitt^ 

*^W  '^^  nmytwia  c<»90i^  4  6H  iittJlQai^  ytWi  new  ouar- 

H^  ^  suppbatea  fliat  of  Cdtbmbas^  0i^  ^infcfiir  lie 
T^  teP^^  •^  "f*  **^  injustice^  wKieh,  ht^^uirli?^  (Mn^ 


'  xiir  ] 


'^'. 


-*?, 

**■-,, 


fWiii^ 


?H:: 


'im^ 


'^-  '>.--■ 


\f'-- 


_   IJ^Wt, 


''*>•..  ■' 


i:.'->- 


m 


is^Mrmminick 


v-r 


•y  ,, 


•v. 


jirifice  of  lolbaccd  to  l^o  q^rif  of  tKe  Watif . 
^  ^  foniuf  l|^  fiilh  Hsk  in  tb&  gr^  oi^ 

It  i$  iiituat4<|  b#r^  48  iand  44*  U.  & ;  abo^TaOO  ^M^ 
In  ciJ»Uinfti^de»  jcommuiitcftt^  Erie  by  Ni- 

^M^^  ^'    '^^  wate^  of  'tJ&  i^e  itf6  ^p^kf^  H^to 

SrE^^ce)  i^^^  the  ASkSSb  4«^  ^ 

m^m^  df  tl^ IJnited  StiN)  ind,  i^ 

Willi  jui^iftei6i^^ 

^J«t  5N^  ^Clcli.  *nd  i^tiM  iiiio  Hio  Gtdf  or 

.        ^MKin^y  i^toiit  8P  ffieti  f»rtiring4 
and  moit  flettpik^cittact.  ,  -  ■ 

;^«ia6tiij  1^  S  I^M^^^i^        into  ti^^ift. 

MMiii^cik   ft  fk  ttSd  t6  be  Wm^  ISOO  ^eZ 
wm,^  iits^  jitnctlon^Mfc  the  Miiii»^ 
'«#!» rivets;^-'  -■    ^■-^.-  '•,■■'■  :/>■■■'■■■-■  ■,^*,    -■      :  •    "  V. .  :■■ 

f%  0hi<?^ii  w  n«^  j^^ 
<Ad  IixyiiBa  and   I^ln^lV  tetrito^ei   »d^^^^^^^^ 
Kentucky.    It«l;4irf^l|  g^i%  itt  %i;fe^  mk  iti  bo- 
^oiti  (imo^  8ii4  tmhdkeri  by  rocleii,  a  siiiM^  iltttoc^  fe^<^ 


a 


;." 


KmtH-AMBEIC^ 


m 


Wpm  UbVi  body  of  wal«  into  .the^  Atljrtliu  www  »t 


f  iiW  iiw  niMw'  Q«h«f  Iwg^i  riven  in  Ninc»»A«^5«» 
ggmitm^  whia /«mRtl«*  i»kp  the  Piicific  ^wgfBttii  in  ^f. 
♦6  10  if  oiithe  nwilhW  the  JMo  Bwo,  which 

miitiioike:mtoBneik^  Amap  Nelwn,  ^tod  Chajch- 
iatifefi,  which  empty  ^  Hudton  Bay  j  CoeR«r  Miiie 
fcn*  Mcl&nisieV  riveti,  which  fWpty  hiti>  the  n^Mrtbeni 
0C^(&i }  «nd  others  which  M  initp  the  Pat^tfic  ooatn,  oC 
whMshlitile  It  yet  knowp,'  but  4fieir  nmoeik  .  .  ^  ^ 
,  MoimtuiM^  Between  the  A^l«^<:>  theMlitta^  and 
the  Iiik^, '  i»  8  l0i>g  tham  of  inountaina,  made  ^jA  a  num- 
ber of  ridgegJ  These  n^untaint  exteiod  noitheasterjy  and 
southwestei^y,  neariy  parallel  to  the  tea  coast,  aboUt  OOP 
mi^es,  ^^d  ar^  from  60  to  200,hroad,  Tracts  of  tine  »Jt- 
ble  and  ^aai%  Inidiintervene  between  these  ridgep*  .  .. 

•RieieiAoimliiins," taken  collective^,  jure  called, AeAl- 
legftny,  mountains,    "Pie  various  ridg^jRfps  by.  dment 

iiaroca,  a^tlieBlueftidge,  4e  Korthuttidgef^  m 
'tiU%6f  the  Laurel  Ridge,  Ja^ksoiS^s  Mountams,  end  Kitta- 
^lii^ymountains^   All  th6se  iftdgeis  fi^cept  the  Allegany, 
ere  s^arate^by  rivers,  whidh  ajE^pl^  to  have  feFced^tW' 
Way  tnroi^hsmidtocks.  .      .  -, 

Pn,the  wjestern  side  of  this  continent,  a  range  of  mAun- 
taiins  proceedi  froni'Mekipprin  a  northern  directipn,  m^^ 
Joins  &e  ridge  called  Stony  Mountains,  which  extend  neiNr- 
ly  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  The  Stony  Mountains  ero  said 
to  be  3500  feet  above  their  base,  wluch  is  probably  3000 
^et  above  tti«  leVfi^  b^theaea^ 

'  Qathe  northeast,.  Greenland,  Labrador,  andt^e.  counr. 
tries  around  Hudson  Bay^  present  irrcg.ular  masses,  cover' 
ed  with  eteimU  snows^    iv  -       -  ^  . 

,  On.  the  western  coost  volcanoes  bfive  been  observed  by 


"^^!SI3^  JJ  ^^^^^  that  0n»  w  ^o%«w  ftft, 
^hi*^^^tSI  ^^^^  of  the  Sean,  ia^,<, 

Sw,^  *^osei^w**d^  withm  thW  iiiiitf^  o£  pJiw 

SS^f^  ^  ^^"^^^^^  '^^^  fei;rihea  in  Ihenr  V 

iji^^^^^^'^  )S(hen^rth-Am«n(»  WW  first  visi^^W 

.  W^fl^  it  mipt  l^  regarded,  extsept  Jdexico,  ai»  dne^ 

^,^g^en^,fo|5^  animalfi,    ai^a  hy  a 

1^  1?5^'  S^*^**?  *^  subsisted  by  huntini 

Zi^^'  v^'S^-  ^  t¥%^t»ble8  and  jam^  i^ 

^und  t0  tie  of  di^eent  specSi^  igdm  those  of  ^le  dW  trorW. 

*^f^.L^^  *^  **^  P*^  iJ^^     <>^f  evergreens, 

^|J^<Wfeie  to  the  ^  oif  th«  <^ouiitry^  theja^ei^ 
^Sb  ^<*afie  M^jte  the  black  bear,  the  inusk  ox,  the 
W»Mo,^th6po()»8eore|k,i^^  specfeg^ordeer, 

tt^^ler  kinds,  vfeltied  chiefly  fiar  their  lur,  were  ed 
mx^maitwa,  as  ^y  cbntrnjie  to  be,  where  n^n  hat 
*ot  -encroftdied  ti|»on  ^eir  hauittts.    The  beaver,  t6e  rap.. 
^*;Z*^^®^  <P^^  Ipny  species  oC  the  weasel  e^^ 
^mmme  v^i^^  the  pqrciipine,  several 

itetokiifjwey  oTthe^ikin^^^  aU  tjU 

BBttftdtv  and  acth^ty  irfi^iei^fe^^^ 

i«^  -;]^^'.  ^V^«»f«:»^^  by  J<>hn  C^. 

^f^^f^i^^y^o  dbtmned'^a  jp^ant  froi^  Henry  m. 
«t  ls-ng^«,  t^-disepy^r^^i^^  and  winex  them 

croj^..    In  149(^  he  dlscoverfed  the  eoast  of  td- 
ty  and  m  14(97,,  Newfoundland  Blandi  and  ^aversedl 
^#jst  from  tihe^ce  toCiipe  3PkMd^         !  :. 

^th^r  Europ^aJi  jppwera  grafted  patjenls  to  navigators, 
ipp  e*plorfed  the  continent;  m^de  settlements,  atid  iaid 
^l^l^^h^comi^^  V 

In^wfloi^  view  exhibits  tb©  cbrpnological 

5<ter  fn  wbi^h  the  fitet  permaocnt  8«tttea^  wire  macta^ 


f     A 


^^t^mi 


m 


^'-^mm,:. 

-■  •  ■   ■  •  ■.,■'■•        ■  /  ■ .  *-■ »         ■ '  ■, 

;  ;  ■  '-;.      '  •■.,;•    .  .  .  ■■    \'  r       ,....■  >  ;. 

VemlomidihniiitiiD*i  I  IfflO^  llf  <3aw«inior  John  Otikf^.  - 

"  tici*..  ''  ■,•.,■■'■  ■'•',    .^1^ 

By  a  unall'  EngHah  colony,  near  thf 
iiio#h  of  iHfcata^a  ri?^. 

16^   ,B]F  dapt^O^iKlieDt  aii4  Co. 


I'ljriftoutl^, 

Kew«Haiiip»hir«». 

D«Iaware^     >   , 

Peniy^v^iija,  J  .'^ 
Massadhuse^i  Jib]^,, 

GoBnecticiit, 

Rhode- Islaii^, 
&>tie^hr  Cartel 

jt'eansyiynoia, 

]>)aisianai 


^m 


'^l    -tbeiftatttliof  Co5AkfiiBUtri»ei'.    * 
}^    By  Mr.  iL.Wi^i|^i»a»  a&iiJat.folkivr^i. 
ies^    $y  CJov.  Sayle.  . 

'^^.-    ^iWl  :'^^ktw.-      '    ^-~  ■  ■;:  -:  f  .„.. 

iortl».qaioIina,abott  „,o  p>  »;;^*r  ol  P-Ja^»  ^^  ««. 

-  Aod  aboot  11^    JErectfedlnto  a  separate  epiKer^niMih 

jCMgta^  t^lfe  .  3^Geo*faiOgIetlirt)p,^     T 

Tennewee,  aboot  s        1750    ^  GoL  Wood^^  and  Mliem 
Kentucky,  ,  ;tt75    J9y  CH  Dani«l  Boon. 

v»*n»n»  <ihm.»  "* /?     iTfidlBy  csnigwuiM  frpm  (DonnectkM,  tali 

(^o,        ,  «  li^T^   By  ihe"wib4nd6Uiercompaai^^^ 

««9glinilt-icj|A  cpiifiiKe^r,  We  shat^c<Mi$id<^r  ii  m  four  i|d(mrate, 
gittilil  ^irisiootS;    -^lid,  to^reserve^  ai»  nesyrly  as  jg^p^ibi^  a? 
!r<!!gtt}ar  geogi^pM^i^  transition  frpm  one  |)fovince  to  &»• 
otner,  st^describe  them  in  the  Mlowlng'  ordel^  i 


^' R^stAN'' AiiiWiii^/^  e^^         tl^  islands  of  3pi^ 
"liergeh,  lying  K  E.  of  (jf^efiland  ;  and  the  Nortbwip^ 
^J^ty  &oml*gi^ck ^arboriiorthward»  -    . 


AminXomAt  amMic^ 


y" 


•Vo' 


J.  Aborioimal  Ambi^ijca*  ot  llaitive  Trfces  and  tmc«iji(» 
crusred  (countriev,  itfChi^iig  Greenland,  Labrador^  and 
the  Nordmest  Cq98U 

5.  BttiTisH  AMERicfAy  iacluding^  the  BritSi  Evinces  o<t 

,;  the  Continent,  atiid  the  ialtu%ii^  th^  Gulf  of  St.  XaW^ 

^,Kenoe.,_         -  '       ' :      '  ,       ,      '■■ "  ■ 

4).  I;spEPBNi>ENT  America^  OP  the  United  Stato^K 


RUSSIAN  AMEBrCA.: 


SPlTSBSRGjBN  consists  of  one'terge  dnd  nflffiy  smaBi- 
errjslands,  lying  i^put  1^0  miles  %  of  Greenland.  ^  Itaft- 
a  frozem  barren  spotj  uninhabited,  and  is  a  inere  resting 
place  fiMr  fidtennen.  ?T5  ' 

The  NorthwefttCoast^  claimed  by  the  Hulsians,  extend»^. 
from  Portlock  harbor,  between  N.  tat.  58**  and  59*^  north- 
ward about  2300  miles,  including  the  islands  on  the  coast/ 
l^e  number  ofnativ^s^  wh«  professed  obedience  to  the 
Russian  government,  in  1784,  according  to  Shelikoff,  iras< 
50,000.  All  the  settlements  otv  this,  coast,^  contain,  aor 
iCiording  to^liasftelf  800.inhabitant8». 

ABbftlOTNAL 

UNDER,  thb  general  head,  we  include  idl  that  vast^ 
portion  of  the  American  continent,  wliich  lies  north  and 
west  of  the  British.Provincesand.tlie  territory  of  the  Unitir 
e^  States,  extending  northwkrd  to  th6  nwth  pole,   and 
westward,  to.  the  Pac^c  oc  \^n..    Our  knowledge  of  the 
various  nations  and  tribes  inhabiting  ^Is  immense  tract,  is 
not  suqh  as  to  admit  of  ver]^.  minute  descriptions,  or  eveii  ^ 
to  pursue  a  perfect  regularity  in  the  arrangement.,  W& 
tfiau  commance  wiUi  the  northerly  parts» 


'# 


i'»ii*;ji' 


•\ 


..V  - 


»tt  atagtJlar  tiact,   the  itouthem  foral  ^g  '^'^.^f*^ 
Case  Fatewefi;,  Ke^  In  %  60tftr  d^refe  rf  iw*^_^ii^ 

JtL  distance  ;fti^iMi^  ana:  U^^ 

&ave  ever  lieen  explored.  ^        .       „  .  . 

Climate,    Greenland  my/ ^fhpwW^tjr,  be  ^called  ^A^ 

empire  of  cpntintaaa  printer,  'mcm^  »?  F'"™?  ^"J 
Febraary  and  MiCrch,  that  the  rod*  ^t;  lee -an*  frost 
penetriife  throi^  the  chirtHey^i  %itott;  hwing  fliiwecl  hy 
tlb  fire  in  the  da^  tone*  ,      .     *       ^  j   t--K- 

Their  8h<»t  sunun^,  which  b^na  m  Juro,  *iidci«^ 

inR  the  wMtttaer,  tl^Bie i*  no  i^ight  in  Oie  coiM#* ^^^ 
tS  66th  de|red,^tlte  *»»  ^<>^r^\?!^^^*^a^ 
Jtewiiiteiv  ««%**!«  p«H?^rtion«h^  ilwrtt    TNr  *«»»• 
^  liel^  diver^  the  gloomy  wintsaf;  ^  i^  s..a^ 

General Appifardnce and Productims,  ThelAmm^vm 
ilhrh,  rugged  peaka,  either  black  and  naked,  or  infernstted 
1^  icelSd  abov.  III  the  aouthern  parts,  Iherte  i;  a  jm- 
tv  aiid  puny  vegetation  of  trees,  shrubs,  grass,  and  plants* 
'Animals'  The  quadnipfed«^  are  reift-dkr,  dogi  tesern^ 
bling  i^olved,  arctic  foxes,  white  haar^S,  PPlar  b^,  an« 
volverenes.  Bir4s  of  prey  and  ^  fowl  artf  nui«ero«f» 
«iM  the  rfiorea  are  frequented  by  the^  walms,  and  several 
gueciesofiea^.  These  a?id  the  fish,  con«gtaie  tjie  wchei 
of  lie  country,  and  the  chief  sustenance  of  l3iC  poor  na- 

Inhabitants,  the  Gr^enlaiiders.  are  a  brandi  of  the  Es- 
duimaux^  of  amajl  atatu^^,  ignorant,  stiperstiuoua,  and 
SmaUd,  but  bamOeiJb  andlngenious  in  the  coi^ctionof 
Seir  canoea  and  fishing  utensils.  In  th^y  «#tt  «kflft, 
inadeof»kin$,  extended  by  ribs  and  covered  >  with  a  s^- 
brane,  which  ^ws  close  about  their  bo^ea,  ntfnirtwA 
,witli  tt  nicely  constructed  dirt  arid  line,  *n^  clothed  m 
water  proof  gvment^,  they  wiU  pa^f^rl&igle  to  »^«  rw* 


»%^c 


'/;'" 


I 


H 


0I^!IS£KLA^ 


est  monsten  <»P  the  deep.  atteck»  luid  «eiierii%  tace^e^b 
toalciog  them  dseir  prejr^    Hum  li^  ofhwim*  hawetiptf 

Jce^  their  tntmben  nMijud^^  p^'^i^e^  o^m^, 
mm  ificl^«nciet  of  the  cGNiitie  ^iaf^  m»iff  to  vinsS^e* 
ly  end.    The  Danish  govempieBt  h&ve  a  coloin^  of  eiVO 
.seuby  jdanted  in  vihis  country  A    llie  aaiiyei,  itti743» 
were  estimated  at  24,p00.  ' 

.  Rdmou,  With  r&sp^ci  to  ri.:.^fon,  ■tbi^><Greeni»nderi 
are  saia  to  believe  in  the  dof^trine  -CtP  the  ttaflaroigration  of 
ionli/ «bd  ^ir  notiosa  Qon<;eciu'^  ^^  future  state  ai^^ery 
lingular  «id  iromantic.  The',  iirlQraviiuw;^8nd  the  {^i^m 
airport  'mianonartel  at  Liciiteh^u;  -  Ke«r.Hernhtkl'  and 
Xticbtenfels,  in  Greeohrid'  i  aikl  their  hjbfn  h&ve  been  t^ 
tei{<^  with  etjat  iueoefls, 
h^tor^.    It  fanai^ady  been  mentioned^  ,|hat  Gre^* 

^  land  wAa  -diacoyered  a3>cL  colopiaed'  by.  f^  ^  Norw^gitoir, 
Al^ut  the  year  982«  TWa  eoleair '  bestowed  pn  tfie  ooun* 
tnr  the^name  of  Qremdmi,  w^bo^  aidt<^4p^ .thap.it  appear**^ 
^', »  hssk  si  YeidiB^  tdi  men  who  wtt«  M^suilom^tl  td^ 
iMithern  «M^:^    The;  fert.  coniriafMk  t^ .  C^ljtiJMy 

'  1^  titf^Momi^,  tent  #3»er  by  the  c^ebrt^d  &m  «htf 
mat  Korwegiatt  aoiDaard^,  who  embracea  the"  d^istiani  lie* 


Ai|^  4lkNiME^kkg  (|<i  miig^  ^  to  possess  ehurehe^  ^ 
»onasterii(hr#4'i^e]i «  pajh^icM^aikd  ^  suctie^sfon  of  bish^ 
€ps«  the  colony  .suidc  under  famine  and  diiseases,  imd  1^ 
few  traoea  of  its  fbnster  existence.  NawjgaiQra  imd  whi^* 
liienqmde, occasional' visits  to  die  western  coattS,  aiidthe 
Danes  established  a  conmteicee  #ith  the  natives  j  but  nd^ 
a^tempta  were  made  to  dOIpniae,  M  a  Lu^tan  cleigv- 
man  of  Norway,  named- Egede,  ini^ired  hy  anard%t 
seal  for  comnntnicaling  tlio  oene0l»  of  the  Christian  re*^ 
ligion  iind  civili^w^  to  this  deserted  dmtrf^  lepairedi. 
iniTSJt,  t«  the  Western  «oasC»  witha.few,60(tter[|,  and  vin» 
pbyed'  m^ny  yfars  in  hia  pious  Uibors.  TM  cause  wai' 
taken  i^by  the  society  of  Hernhutters,  m  MonsviaiUi 
and  alterwatda  by  lih»  t>mmf  with  siiecmBi  and'ae^i^ 
settlements  have  been  fbrmed  1^  thei%  and  peopled  with 
converted  nationa»  wbe^e  conSition  haa  |M»ja  g^mr  'W 


tdyBii©<*|^#^  1* 


ierritonr^  ivintg  l»stireen  the  eaisrcoft^tof  Hiidbeii  Bay  ant 


^^' ' 


•V 


:^  Ip^^^lihe  iireii  an#  ^ra^  «if  ?<lio  ^^  ei^ndau| 

JJe^rli^^Jmd^,  jNI  K^  JBMi^^^^^     On  flie  wnrOii 
tbjB  Wy  is  boi^#l  W  iip^pidted  regioiis.  .        r. 

The-«h(^e  jf"  ilt^  ccMintri^^^  tid^4c4e<^V^%>  ii&b^ 
«ireeii  4#  and  70  ^gi^  north  laiincke,  810  n#«l  toiijg, 
ai47'SQ  bn>a4i  and  afie  toin  tii^led  1^  thi^  fCB^aS 

name  cf  Kitw^B^iTAiir  |  a  nanke^  h<w(l«^r,  t^fck  Iwii 
not  h^  adi^^  htb  fiapii^   ^J^Y«t^  !«]|o^  €ai^  tN 

t^^aiP«|i^t8Qfi^^  Bay. 

as^%ue<$^pa|[^^^^^«^^  e<)ict  andiutoleridrie.    |t  k  f| 

gular,  hut  wdir  i^iiib^ed  &ct,  that)  whil^r'tither  do    ^ 
tvehi^^i^SKil^^  n^ld*  the  QAoHthi^' 1^  of  ^i^ii^ikia  ur 

fa^iconiiig^re  inhofii»hi^  1%e  col»  is  wuiph  mimik^ 
verei  th^  in  J^e  corresponding  iatitudes  on  the  ^nrfij^ 
an  coiitiiieiit^.  iJveff  in.  latitude  :57^>  the  icje  on  the  rii^ 
i(ft.«i^  %t  tM<?k9  iind  bii<>i%  coiu^lates,^^^^^^^^^  7^ 
hw^  iritli  a  hoiriMe  noiiti  >e^)Hta  to  tibt  ^  heiiVy  artHfl^ 
ry,  and  Ui6,i|flinteil  are  tiuro^to  adtaxna^ing^Us^  - 
MoeK  A^  1^  haloB  are  Jre4^<mt  in  the^  nortliem  «li« 
vmitM ;  tiii^  «%^{i8et  iuld  teti  ifnth  a  large  cohe  of  f^ikm' 
i^  %ht;^    ^^^  vtoiegited  «ple»> 

dor»  ;^cK  eqiiala  Aat  of  th»  full  moon;  and  the  6tair6 
sparl^  with  a  iier^  rdb^ss.  In  the  shortest  day,  the  sutt 
rises  ahov^^^wnamutesft^  nine>^  and  fitts  five  minutes 
he£a«re three.  ''^V;     '■!     ..,.;..-■-  .,■■<•■; 

Face  (^ihn  C^ntrif*  The  eaitern  c<mt  is  barrbi,  past 
the  eifiu^ta  of  cultivation.  The  eui^ace  is  ev^ry  ^  wher$  via* 
even,' and  covered  with  masses  of  Stotin :  the  vallles  are 
fidlaf  lakes,  formed,  of  rain  and  snow^  so  chilly  as  to  b^ 
firodttc^'ve  «tol|r  ^«  fevf  siuall  trout.    The  mountains  ha^ 


=^.. 


4 


;■  ;'>^^**v^'' 


i 


LIbrador  ttoue^  a^td  to  have  beeb  fint  Hliscbt^red,  in  «ail- 

dis^OTi  «tog,  rein-aeer,  oejwil^  tJgera,  otters,' raarten«i  11^7^1^ 
wi)b^  Gi^  a^  |i^^%  T^  coast  pres^uti'  isaiiiiEy 

-d^^'ducH'  -It  is' ,^ >f tm»!||^|i}g,^ p^^xmmV^$f  ^^^^im^^ ■  ■  of  ' - 
the  baa«^  and  twip  p^:Mm  ffl^m^.  tioNfgh  0;  ^stWnt  ^ 

c<to.:»w^«M»^i^..'#w^  ;wint«a%: .,-  :^'  --t:  ■"■'"■  ' ' '' 

.  :^^'^itmU^M]Mf^it^^^^^  ■■v,11jj^:;:ii^^rtan,te'^^oswK  th€i' 
inobw^'^  A^"^  l*^M$M^    aliina  the  oaafl|s,.th@3r, aire  fe<ju^- * 
..ii9jpt,;'th'^.  R44wb'»or,t,of  |I.epJae^>viti^.t|>e■  ^^e^iOaitc^^^.  ,^ 

sm^mimc^    ,T|ie 'B|0v^^vj''vr>.s  Jiav-e  ftiiiiiot^ie8';!^tt^ 
fy^jm^,  **»%:^^  puraumgp  mit  lt^0&»  amanjg  the  poo*' 

Mistorgt  S^lemntst  *c.  l^abradoiiFaa^iitfover^^jm 
^v^'t  wfaicn^befrs'h^irnanie*  . :  ,  -■.'-.:■:■    a 

f>r  that  iwimei  v^  l^lo.    tlie  coiw^  <!ia»:|^  ^  ^ 

«$  ihe  ixi  ^nsh(e  roggl^n  a?^  |.^a)»^|idar^  cannot  h^  ^c^^^a^tii^ 
cf^09^|«^  by  Eittopiii^  B^to.  There  ire,  ^wp^,  jikmh^ 
^t#t(mj»dr  tra^ng  Roirta^  )j^4Jongjn^ 

cotppany,  which  was  ^8tfi|^iiiaM»4  in  W7^,  m^m  ¥m&P0d> 
ai,&9f  c^mmstce  ana  |(l(|»|ation.    |^^ 
and  ^oose-Fort,  qn  Jasties  Bay  r  t^ij<^9*|I^«^s^^^ 
M-emity  of  Hiidibn  Bay  {  §eyernr%uy|eV  at  J^ e  i^th  w 
Siwe^priirer  ;  Y^rk  Fort,  on  J^csls^'i  riiFel ;  fq^  jCborcb 
IH-F^  on  Churchill  river^  which  is  the  .nipst  iM^efly  ^ 
their  poatt.    These  a^ e  ^m^j  hops^  iqhiih^^  by  the  per 
ra^itsitf  the  ownpany,  1% |cade  wjih  J^b  n§tn^  j% 
frhiq))  are  often  o>rought  troin^grecdC^staiac^  wi|^  hi^ 

*  Periodical  KcouAUQf  thtficctbrMy  HorSQk 


^ 


P 


Sic 


le. 
ofa 

1 
Ma 
Md 
Be« 

,i 
rei' 
mid 

,    of 


Xffi 


»-  <.  ■      .■■,..,.'■  ■■■  >  "  - 


INtERIOR  COt(N^ItI$;& 


■A.      ' 


>  ',hb^ 


V        ■     '.■  ■»»      *,r 


CONCERNING  the  interior  farts  of  Nortb-Americii, 
iifde  WB1  known,  till  tlie  difBcOlt  and  laborioua  eiiteiipriiies 
4f  Mf    \(  .ckenzie,  performed  in  17B9  and  i79!3.^  ^F^Tious  )^ 
ix>  ihmiii  iiowever,  Mn  Hearne^iad'foltdw^  Goi^^j^jyRn^ 
river  northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.    The  lik^Hnm  c£  tM'^ 
river  were  iiAabited  by  Esquiaaaux, 

Mr.  M^keiud^,  cmhafked  at  Fort  (Hh^pe^SUr  on  the 
Ld^w:  of  the  Mjlls,  in  htitude  SS*'  0' nv>rth/  lojiigUude  no 
30  vv  f^t,  in  a  ^ahoe  of  birch  bark,'  with  ten  associatea.  His 
i^nntm  wae  natthwesterljto*  seek  the  Arctic  Obeim.  Mpwi- 
taioA-aiHi' vaUies^  dreary  wateiv*  and  wide  «prea4ing  fQt0^ 
8uece€id  each  other ''in  his  description.  Sroatt  bands  of 
wanderinff  savages  were  dbe  only  people  he  discovered.     ' 

After  leftving  the  Xake  of  the  Hifls,  ie  cattered  $lave 
river^f^rom  which  tie  pf^ssed  to  Slave4ak«)  near  latitat  61 
and  62  north,  and  longitude  1 10  *o  ISO  west.    The  coun*  ^ 
try  arpnnd  we^.m  barren  aspect,- but  produced  berHe^' 
.large  trees  of  ^>r^ce,  pine  and'white  birch. 

Fron^ this  lake,  Centered  a- river,  jrhich  he  called  Mac- 
kenzie's river,  a  d^P  and  spacious  stream.    6n  its  banks 
he  found  encampments  of -Knistiiieaux  .Indiatrs,  a  wandec^v 
ing  trUie»  spread  Qver  «  vast  extent  of  ^oimtr}'.    H^tt  lin- 

Sua^e  is  ^et  fame  as  that  of  the  natives  on.  the  iraters  of 
le  St.  Lawrence,  "and' the  coast  of  Labrador^L   ITwy  are 
of  a  modei^  statitirc,  well  proportioned,  and  arctivel    Their 
djresB  iff  simple-f- their  counteifance  open,  and  their  eyes 
,b)%ek.'    'T^eirifom^ai^  the  most  $:omdy^8avagi»« 

The  otlier  principal  tribes/  il^abiting  the  west  side  of 
Mackenzie's  river,  from  ^Jave  lake,  are  the  l^trong-b6v> 
Mdnntain,  and  Hare  tnaians  j  those  on  the  east  are  the 
Beaver,  Inland,  NathaBa,^nd  Quarrell^rs.  i 

After  proceedhig  down  this  river  to  latitude  69®  IV  ^e 
reached  the  tide  waters  of  the  Froten^  Ocean »  but,  in  the 
middle  of  July,  was  unable  to  proceed  farther,  on  account 
of  the  ice.    He  returned  to  Chopewyan  fort,  sQm  an  ab*.^ 
dence  of  102  days.  ^ 


'^ 


^^EgN^ti^MllAKU^  > 


I-  ,' 


in  Oct**,  1798,  h.  ptoceeded  m  •/ W*  „*»  ^ 


Sw^^Vl&ag  wore  doB^rtuble,  f^f,  >^  ^^  ^ 


^^S^^eltia^;  and  al;  fl^^i^e^  €%J^- 


e  to  tli0 

d  by  the 
e  Mud  to 
barbairout 


^1 


.^<tt«K|i^' 


^■-  .-■>• 


nOHTHWBtfF  eOAOTv 


iji 


lt^»1I^S# 


> 


'■'•» . 


,as 


f^nmipjr  bf  tHe  nortiftfei^  pari  of  AiMBridm  ^fi% 

Cki  ^  ^tcifie  oisetti^  und  tfxtobdiog  lOtXih  n^rl  to  tfie 
$OjiJ»  djagcee  qf  n<«^  lititudC,  i«  kaown  by  t&e  ge&eria 
nanie  ofTHE  KoRTif  1ST  Coast.  * '^ 

:A^dlf(&tt$  lo  t|ie.  aecototo  of  variout  iift!v1gatlDrt»  llk^e 
icgioBt^vi^  little  d^tiott,  hate  tlic  a|)|t^«u«nce  of  cOH- 
tftimeli  ii#eats»  J^eit^  eovered  ^ith  t>>^9»»  dder»  biri%  a*d 
viEffiotti  fchidtOf  uBOijrwood.  Tb^  vullies  mid  pl|un«  pro- 
4ttoe'coitaoli^  go(^b«rnet,  nuj^berries^  imd  tumeroua  flow- 
^^nm  iSsifvb»*  ^  \  /;v ''■■■>'•, .li^-'-.-"  ■ ..  -:../^~\:-^^:t'^. 
:  ']il9  d^aeke  on  tbivtideof  Xt^  i^^ttk  it  iSuilderiban  tbat 
m  itm  <jl|6tem,  49  die  aame  latitiiid^  Sotitb  of  45  di^g;re«8 
It  la  Mid  to  be  one  of  the  fittjpat  cliiaattetf  in  tbe  world. 

On  thecoasiire  miuiv  apaBooa  bftyt,  ootnpnodiOoi bar* 
b0ri>  and  woiiftt^  i»vi|abte  ifxera,  among  wh^  Noot- 
ka  sound,  Admiralty. Bay,  Port  Mtilgravo,  Pnttc%3^ki* 
\iata*s  Spmd,  and  Cook'g  blet,  are  the  principal.  The 
peninsula  of  Alaska,  extending  westward  between  Brtitoi 
Bay  and  Prince  William**  sounds  is  the  most  westerly  point 
of  the  continefit  of  America*  ■     /' 

thtc66sttU  iiOiabit^d  by  btitiicitifuSt  bOt  smittl  tHiM  of 
Indians :  eacb  tribe  ia  independent,  and  governed  by  its 
own  eWef.  Jhey^ilfer  ftcnn  e»di  other  m  langm^e  and 
eiratoiiiis^  and  ari^  fr^uently  iti  Wr,  Thei#  tbcNst  im^ular 
piraetlgo  is  that  of  sKttiiig;ttte  fttider  Iit>,  id  as  to  git^  them 
the  fif^peiiniaoe  of  hie^^  #^  ^sourar,  S<nile  if  ^ese 
tribes  msguise  ^mselyes/  i^ENr  the  ihaili4er  of  di&lo^ieht 
Sc^ians,  m^iiiift  Ofv^bi^ftifii,  wfth  Oie  heads  and  Hmbs 
fitted  oh  th^  dwtti  Iti^e'  hipti  iHiey  ulo  in  ^e  dliife, 
iochr<»itiiyent  fbe^^Aalrofl^^^  v  ,v 

the  nv.  iibe^of  inba^ftanfir'm  im  t<^  U  tmlkimkt 
mti^WmfiMA  $h^m^^^k^  tho^^aftd> 

l^lmr  Nay^ibidid  to  Cook'i  iidet^  ai  element  Of  Y<MO 


from  noows  wuno  to  vooks  unec^  an  exienc  at  pxnt 
ihiUis,  '^  Bh^lisb  tme  a  sttttll  cotony^  at  Kootka  soiii^ 
A  cok^  f\l«m  tlie  tBited  Sffates  arid  Canada  it  aboaf  16^^ 


,H<2.!^Vt^.^^^MM^^Wl^  « '^ 


■  rt-"*^^.', -••.  -n-M-  , 


; " .  •* 


I'; 


76  HORTHERK  ARCHlPfeDAG^^ 

iBt  prindptH  fiver  thml  has  iieen  obsci^^d  on  this'  coftll^ 
ii  Ctflumbm  river.  ca^M  also  the  Oregon,  or  Great  Rive» 
•f  the  M^ett.  wtiich^Bterf  the  ocean  in  46*"  18'  north  latii'' 
tadji^    It  is  half4kH(ini»  Wide,  20  miles  fitfn  tti  month. 

The.chief  object  of  civilized  nations  in  navigating  thhf 
coaat,  is  to  traflu;  with  the  natives  for1\ira»  which  they  give 
in  cxeh)ni|pe  for  nieces  of' ir#n,  nails,  beaOs^  i^iim/ and 
other  trifliog  trinkets.  The„.  skine  obtained,  are  those  e$ 
the  sea  «itter»  r^oo^r  pine  OHuten,^  kmd  beaver»  nian;^- 

i'he' -Rnssiani^  were  the  finst  diMowrers  «f  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  America.  In^l74|,  the  celebrated  liari^tor 
Ijeering  was^ei^atched  by  his  government  t6  make  ois^ov- 
eriie»  «n  the  east  coast  of  Asia.  He  sailed  through  the 
i^tQUghts,  now.  cidled  by  his  name,  i^hidi  part  the  Asiatic 
and  Am^ric^  coatljifints'.  He  passed  down  the  north- 
w«&fe  cda6t4>f  Ameraoa^  as  far 'as^^Satitttde'^^  north.  Mount 
StfEIiaS)  and  Veering's  bay  wtn«  so- called  byv  Um^  llie 
discoveries  and  replxrts  of  (hose  who  accompaniect  him 
iadiiced  mfny  individual  to  embark  in  ilie  fur  trade, 
viihfch  >is-now.  proaecut^dn  by  aoveral  nations^  with/grei^ 
$uccfaa.. 


NORVHERN*  ARGHIPELAGO;. 


COKillSTING  of  sesreral  groups  pT  islands,,  situated 
b^(we(^n  the  ea«itesrn  coast  of  Kamtschatka  in  Asia,  and 
the  western  coast,  of  A^merica,  may  properly  be  noticed  in 

^thiaplace.    .  ,.•■/■••'■■;, ';^;-  ■:   "■ 

The  Fox  IsLASDkr  one  6f  the  pWncipal  groups,  ace  so 
caHed.fro/q  the  great  numbec  oi'  Hlack,  grev,  and  red  foK- 
ci^  .with  which  they  abound.  The^  areall  fr&qufnted6n 
4CC;o»»Lof  thwir  valiiabl*?  fuBB. 

llie  ni.oist  ni;ifect.e^uailty  iasaid  to  reign  among  ^ese 

:IsWoder|.    They  live  m  the  primitive  patriarchal  mann^ } 

iand.evdii:y  p^erson  look^  upon  his  island  as  a  possession,  the 

progfarty:  of  which  s"  common  to  all,  tlie  individuals  of  the 

sameLSOcii^t^^    In  capic  of  aa.a((a«k,  thc«Qcietiea.iQ\i.tUf)ii)^ 


BlllTia»  ANfitlKSli. 


*f 


torthl«tii« 
Ath. 

itbg  thii 
they  give 
livmi  and 
I  th9ie  of 

Northwest 
nftxigator 
ke  Oii^ov- 
rongh  the 
he  Asiatic 
the  fioxtb- 
l«    Mount 
Wm^    The 
anied  him 
fur  trade, 
with<g»e4 


r^ 


is,,  sitttatcd 
A  Asia,  and 
e  noticed  in 

oiips,  are  so 
and  red  foK- 
■equunted  6n 

among  4he8e 
tial  Rj^ner  j 
tssession,  the 
iduals  aC.the 

>tie8..i^\ijtia^ 


.|Milit.«ach  other.  Vitm  m^fmymiimtm  ^'*^^'pm 
rOeiidlrlv  iMlsn  |he  inbilritinlft  4irM^  m  imm 

tbpae  0?  another.    Vmj  are  mpreiented  it  O0M  m:Ill^ 

wJerent  in  wt»t  of  their  tfelioii*?  hil  Miil^ Ap^itiiiia  h^ 

•dpidion,  ai^  nmoh  addfoMll  uriutdle*  ^iilM^<<>## 

thev^i^wtih  gveit  f9H<>'edt  iMttimitjrif 


.  T 


.       .^.  ■  1  -;-.*..f,.  ■  ■    •  < )'- ,   "■        ■■' 

•  .    •  ,. 

Ittfii^^  ttr(M{^,  Ilk.     1:  t;^ef  Cat 
Cinadk;  I.  lfe#i.Bra[flg#idB;    4V%#V|f.| 
Ihese  DTOviiices,  the  islimda  orK^it^^QUpdlaqdl, 
ea|^  Brvton^  and  ve^nM  iaiMNdr  mkH  ^'1 
Lawrence,  beloog  to  the  British  domiiir^ ' 

Brici^  Aniefica  is  tbpeilmisiGide^  l^ia  o|!pfff<» 
Governor  General  of  the  four  mtl^  JiN>^<i^  In'' 
Aroerioa^  wlip  ik  coiitniaiiisaer  ii|  iAii^ 
frot^iri  the  fbvit  provinjc^ey  And  the litands.    H^iMtl 
has  a  U(^iit^»8iir  goverhof ,  who,  ia  tfeeia^ieh^ '"*"' 
emor  genera);  1&  all' the  pOwer|re((i|Mt^  to  a^ 
tni^,  so  flu*  aa  resnbcts  his  paitidtfjiir  prdvhi^^ 

This  British  igmementsC  nt  all' ^OrmrAt^l^i^^ 
to  Ha^isd,  cout^  onty^4,4%icrpdhitai^    1^^ 
Ariinuch  hdow  iJifeir  reaf nuirib<arr         -        ■\'\- ''■  \       «  ^ 

WeshaU  take  a  seiNUrale  vle#  pfeiKsh  6$"^^^ 

SilwtH&itf  BmtndimifSy  Mxteni.    THE  iiroffhjce'  ef  tf ||*ew 

Canada,  formerly  called  the  upper  a)tsiftij,  ^i^endknik^^ 

[4^  30'  to  S^**  SO'  north  latitude?  and  ttfl*r  T|*  t^W 

W.  Ion.    Ifi^  lengtli  it  109!^  milcs^    iti^  bi^eaclthr  £Ni|ii  1^^ 

ko  south'  i»  about  523  imleff.    It  isbo^dfi^d^^vgot^  j^d^ 

pnltied  States^  eoist  by  Lo#fir  Canadlk,  north  hrlfc^^ 

■    -     -0  2  ■      ^.    ■. 


^m 


j,»'f  1M#JW«1Nl*W«**'.'  *...).  «l»-',4»t,ff'ii».H,S.«* 


1» 


QtPBir  CAil^llA^ii^ 


ii 


t-' 


.      Bfvwiofiifr    W*  piovfiloe  it  dividted  into  ISf  oountfeiSL 
ivhidi  9re  f^ibdtvided  into  towiuhipt^  gcntnUjf  l^mUef^ 

.^jfa20o/tkf  VamUrsfi  MyifU  This  contitnr*  In  genewa 
i{||FtmjF«Ui4  l^vfli  mmimy  ^Kirca  itia  but  Tittle  ekvated 
tmva  the  laket,,  TW9  lur?  many  tww^pst  but  wiicr« 
tie  land'  it  dry  it  it  good>  and  iom6  of  It  excellent  In 
the  vtoiBiti  ofXake  Superior  and  the  Lake  of  the  V^bpdt, 
ace  extentltre  fdaint,  destitute  ,of% wood,  excepting  tcattered: 
tuCb  oftreeai  Thete  niaint  auB  co^^ered  with  luxuriant.. 
•  «pira8set  alfordiiig  tubsimoce  to  Ibiniense  herdt  of  buffa^ 

fhrodudioni.    Wbeat,, Indian x^, ^4 fl^x,  ai«  p^odac*^ 
bd  bfre^  i^at  abundtof e;    Ho|m,  "gra|^  anp,  f^r^ 


of  betriet,.  are  the  t|Kmtaoeout  producti«nt  of  w 

'il^<Hre  hat  been  found  in  great  ^uwtitiet,  but  little  of 

H  hat  b^n  wriMi^L 

,  jMkes,  Thet6  arei  numeroutt.  The  ^eat  Jalips.pnterio, 
XJ^,  JHturon^ma $ugmviir l^irdu^b wluchpjuwiiatliejiorth^ 
^lumndiOT^of  the^]^^^  all  he  p^lyin.thit 

iil^tincf^!  1^  other  moti  co^ijfierable  lakes,  are  tlm^ca 
:^,  Bak^'  5im<ioe,  Nfppisingi.and  Temiscanningy    ,  !      , 

iJVW*-  ■  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  already  described,  is-i 
iUtefronk  dntaifiOt  in  this  provinoe.    Ottawas.  is  a.  larg€^ 
fiver,  istuing  frdn^  hikb  tendiscanni^  and  eniptiet  into 
t1^  j|i  Lawrence.    Grand  Riyef  fiat  ita  tource  m  l^e  St* 
l^e^  and,  passing  tifirough  Bice  Lake,  tqin^^  with  the 
watert  o^  Ontario.    The  Thanhs,  a  considerable  ttream, , 
ri^  ii&to  Lal^o  St.  Clair  iroin  the  eastward.    Niagara  riv« 
©r,  on  wWclrJattje  cataract,  herekfter  described,  connect! 
^e  Iakes1lri0  and  Ontariow^    l^M  abo^t  30  mile»in  lenjgth: 
and  form^  a  part  of  the  i)o»»ndary  b*?tween  tlie  United  . 
States  and  Canada.    All  the  waters  o^Tt^s  province  are  : 
rldily  stored  with  fi^;.  ~        » 

,j^pr^igitf,r  'i^ere  m  fteyeral  t#t  springs  .i^  thiticountry, 
li^s^ioiBiojrw^^  '     ;; 

Ywo  «ailes.  above  the.  ^[iagara;*alk  is  a  sprint  whicb^ 
cmMtai^tly  Oinit^ .  a  ms,  oj  kfdaiinpable  air,  which»^  l^g . 
c5w?^.»^  a  plWrW.  boil  water  M 

G«r»>«»^i>*.    B«|id|9%  the  above  menti  which 

e^gJtit,  pi^rlwlsj;  witt  p^ropriijty,  te,  mjiptifin^d  under  thm 


UPPER  CAnAt^A, 


19 


Iliad;  the  Fallf  cf  Mhinra  rirer  are  the  greatett  and 
mutt  •ublime  curiMily,  whkih  Ihli  or  anv  other  country  at« 
fcMfds.  They  are  7  or  9  inQet  eoiith  of  fake  Ontario,  llie 
liter  here  it  aboiH  74ft  yardi  widei  and  ip^tcbes  otera  tock 
1 50  feetf  in  {^rpnulicuiav  heights  The  noue  produced :  hj 
l|^i6ataractbtoHMtiiiiee>heard4eor50' iniki^  A  heavy 
fog  is  conatantly  aaoeoding-Aoin  the  ftiHii  la  whf^h  rain<^ 
h^  may  alwi^w  |>e  teen  when  the  euj^ihines.  There  ia  . 
§\iBdet4:$pac9  between  the  perpendioullar  rock  and  the 
ooluoin  oip  water  for  people  to  pasa  in  perfect  safety. 

N^ar  Burlington  bay  la  a.itoicauo>  subject  to  iixsquent  e-- 
raptioQS,  with  a  uQise  like  thunder. .  The  Indiana  aacrifice: 
to  the  Bad  &pmi  at  this  {dace. . 

Townt. .,  There  are  no  Y&rv  large  towns  in  this  %rovkica, . 
l^|^k)|.^9l»Jlll!d.westbank  of  Niagara  riTer,  near  lake  Oni 
tario,  contains  about  60  hoosestand  twm  cburches;foc  Epia^ a 
oopalians  and  iVesb}teriana«, 

Queenston,  .7  milas  above  Newi^k^  and  Kiiigstonf  at  the 
head  oC  Si.  Mwti^noei  .on.*Lake  Ontario,  have  good  ha^i' 
bors,  and  are  places  of^  great  .tradei. 

f¥ork  is  <Situat«d  oA  a  fine  harbor  of  Liake  Oniario,  in  • 
latitude  .43^  45f  north,  longitude  4^  w^t.    li  contains  be-, 
tween  two  and  three  hundred  i^unilies,  and  isvthe  preiunft^ 
seafofftoveniitient*.  ' 

PopwatioH, .  In.  1 806  *  the  inhabitants  were  estimated  at  i 
80,000,  jebieflyemigrantsfrotn  the  United  States. 

Governments  The  gp^rnment  of  this  province  comlsti: 
of  a  governor,  legislative  council,,  and '  house  of  asseniblv« 
chosen.for<ibur  years  by  thd  peonleif  ;thcy,.iaeet .  ano^l^ 
b'^May  for. the  purpose,  of  legislation..  The  province'  la 
not-8ifflijectc<t<^tax8tion  ^  the  British  pariiament;  and  th« 
whpi^  expense  to.  the  bivil.eatabiishmeot. is. borne  by  the 
'  government  of  £n^and».  ''  i  *•  '  '  -  ;      :•'        ^ 

Weekla  courts  are  held'by  two  jU8tieel>^f^the  peitea 
tbtougb  me  province.  A  di^t^ct  court  is  held  every  three 
months  in  which  <me  jitidge  presides...  Another  court  ii^ 
held  by  a  chief  justice,  and  t#o  associate  judges,  who  niake 
an  annual  circmt  through  t|i^j>rovince..  The  {leople  regu<^ 
late  all  local  :«fiatt^s  in  the  iowns^  as  in  the  Umied  :  Statefi». 

H^iHa,  The  militia  in  "the  several  districts  meet  annu^ 
aHy.  All  male  inhabitants,  excepting  Friends  and  Mep^ 
a0PBtS|\.^q|9i  sixteen  to  forty-five,,  b^r  arma. 


19 


^'^/Inf^^W--^^^^  ■  ■'^^^^VWnffl^^T'iJp*'^  ■ 


W'-: 


•'■>- 


;£0lnB&.:'^^i^. 


•s. 


%lMew-Bniiif«ick  and  ^  Uni«diriSie«ii,^iB«t't»i^^t^ 

ImiiMmu^    TOi^  prov&iee^  is  ditided  inta^sk  digtnctsi 

, ,  CUmm^   WmteH  condnuet  liero  witb«u«fK0i)Mi^fi^ 

'  The  mbwMr  max^me^  tpoim^w  'W^  ilfe^dw%tiftiym|, 

^ fmum   Bai  tfi»  {^  'm  m  mm^  M>d  ^knu^  iib^^er 

J«B(l  lK««idMer;iiQ|iiMdt^  nor  uopleaittiitu    T^t  %j^  opeiM|. 
iidid^v  «iftd  i^bg«4iiMi9ii  i^^^  slin^ 

p#r%dNii|i|Mcd^  «3ieef«ti^t  «f  art  6r  i^  li^^  ettUiM^fa^ 

4iui>  Bii»  woodvv    TKe-  forasto  iiev«B  ttliaii't9  tbeluxi^iii 


:'         k 


;■#.'■   ;-.'.•/- 


\ 


hcm^vi  cAvtrnfi,, 


m 


Wttkdt  and  Rivers^  the  princip^  of  "iliete  \uxf9tSifenify^' 
WwikeA^ixAed,  Tkedt.'  Eawrence  pnses  thrcnigh  tbit» 
mviiice,  lind  faOt  ijitto  tjie'  oceiur  by  a  moitth  ^  9uli|i 

Pvpuktifm* :  Ttie  provsiiee  df  lAm&  Canscb  .eoiittitt;e4 
iitn.84,  llSiOlS  toids.  In  iSiO^;  150,006;  and lii^JSlH 
ti>^  were  ^sthniEited  at  Iiet#ec«i  IKXHOjp^  luid  9O0»pO!O»       .^ 

ReUgioH,  Nine  tenths  of  the  inhabitants  of  Low^i^Can*!  - 
ada  itfe  Rdma^  ^atholios ;  the  rest  are  £piscof»alian8^. 
Presl»y '  natta^  «|ii4  •iili^  of  almost  iever^c  sect  jv.  Ghristian^^. . 

Mquiu^  (ind  C!mi^.  Thes^  are  consHi^n^ly  tinctured 
with  Frei^ch  gaiety  and  urbanitjv  The  Friench  women 
iajjower  Canada  can  .gaieraUy  read  and-wtitSt.  andare 
tl^  superior  t6  tho  n^en ;-  but  both  are  aunk  in  Jgooritnce 
and  Superstition,  and  Mindly  detot^^  to  thf  it  ptiesii^ 
The^F^nch  language  is  spoken,  ^^cept  liy  s^tllfurs  frobs 
OrjMt  l^lain  and  tiM.l/nited  States. 

7V)toiti.    %vEBuo  i»ih$  capital  of  this  proviBi:e,;#iid  pf 
all  Bsitish  America,  being  the  fesidence  of  the  govepo^ 
general.    It  is  situated  at  the  confluenoe  of  the  St^Lftw* 
rence:  and  St.  Charles  or  Little  river,  SSK>  miles  from  the 
aea.    It  coiittfued;  in  1806j  15,000  habitants,  two  thirds 
9f  whom  were  French.    A  large  garrison  issuppprted  here*  • 
l^he  hoiadiB  are  commonly  huiU  of  stone,  small,  ugly,  a&d  in*  - 
conyenieni.  T^>ie  market  is  well  s^plied,  imd  the  Httle  car^  . 
aire  fr^^^ent]y  drawn:  by  dogs.    Tile  ri^yer  here  is.  foul*;  w 
five  leagues  broad,  and  the  haven,  opposite  the  toW%l»«^ 
and  commodious.    Thu  city  wai  ta&nu  bV  the  British  in  > 
VJSh  wfafei>  geEfj^rai  ^2VWe^  who  commanded,  the  aniaiy.Af 
the  besiegers  lost  his  life.    In  December,  1755,  itw^aiK  at- 
tadked  by  thu  American  army,   u^ider  Ut^britve  general 
Montgomery;  who  was  slain,  and  his  army-repulsed. 

Montreal  the  second  city  in  rank^  stauds  on  au  island- 
in  the  rivef  St.^  Lawrence,  170  miles  above  Quebec,  a«d 
308  north  by  kest  <rf  Bostoa.  It  contained  in  1809,  16^000 
inhabitants.^  V  *.;      '^    \:^V'^  ^ 

.   Manufaduri^  and  Commerce.     The  exports  consist  of 
wheat,  flour,  bijBCuit,  flax  seed,  Iuinb«:T,  nsh,  pota»h,  oil^ 
gin^en^,  and  other  medicinal  rcots  and  hei;bs,  but  clii&fly 
offursj  and  peltries.    The  imports  "ere  rum,  brandy,  m^^ 
lasses,  coffee,  sugair,  wines,    tobacco,  salt,    ^royisions  j^c* 
^  troops,  and  maoutactured  eioths  ^om  ^pglo^d- 


fimtfjf,    Wft  «oiiBtrv  wa»  ditcov«red  by  tlie  BngVi^ 

•euton  of  it  UH  1760)  whcta  iff  wi«r  ladceH  >9^;  t^e  BrHiiiL 
iPileonfirniM  to  llie  «r#«a  tC  fiaf^MiA  by  tll»  t(«i%  w* 


ISLAND  OF  CAFE  BRE'K^. 


mis  fiilWicK  ()oi(  «Mti^  6dll^c»  of  illii£^  wi^h  H^ 
lb'eMt%u6fi^  titwt  Ihey  ftte  liiually  d^Mlnihsd^el  h&t  o^e)^ 
IrttBitieiired  tb,  imd  foytns  a  poit  of,  the  j^vince  of  L^er 
Canadik  It  m  betwAen  4iS«>  2B^  std  «7^  Si^  MMh  Uiti^ 
tude,  andl  between  Id  aad  15*  6MI  loiiglfvdis  ^idiiiPWSi-^ 
^MflHia^  lOSr  mlies  long,  add  fkim  20  fd  84  brogd.  lit  i» 
tNlp^ttttted  lk<om  Natft  S«i»t!a  l^  aiift»o#  s»ai4,  datted  tlUa 
Scvtof  Caiiso)  wllieh^  is  die  communicatioti  betwei^  the 
Atlantic  <k!eaii  and  tbe  gulf  di  St*  LiMrrence. 

^be  ellmatie  here  iis  very  cold  ;  oWinsj  fffotiably,^  in  aMtie 
dl^greO)  to  the  pr<»drgio(ii  ntiMtiber  of  ItUies,  tliat  ooVer  half 
tfl^i^and,  and- remain  ftozetl  a  loinf  time  ;  tttldJllM)  toike 
J^restB  that  tfocaliy  intecc^  the  nty§  o§  the  san.  The  ef- 
Ibotoftllesuni^lili^wiiM  diifikniihifed  by  almost  (Mf^etual 
^jouds.  The  durfiicci  of  th6  ooffiitty,  aicept  in  tHe  hiHy 
j^arta,  has  but  liMte  ^UdHy.  Ther6  ar«  some  tolei^aMie 
iaitiit«8;  and  it  abounds  i»hardwood>  bieeob;  bh*ch,  mi* 
fie,  and  fir. 

e»iMa  idbuld  arte  i^out  3000  itihiabitants,  «#o  tiMl  «f 
w^m  are  Fren<^h  Acadians^ 

iPhe  goternment  of  the  iatand  is  i^  the  han^  t>fa  Keu^ 
MHuiflt  gotemor  and  eouik;il,  iviio  sate  app#nt^>  yf  tfie 

The  chief  towns  ai  e  Sidney  and  Louisbure  ;  fh^  HmM- 
kr  (^#hieb  is  the  eapiCii},  IMI  the  latter  has  the  best 
larbiyr  iit  t^  idand^  Loui^ilrg  may  be  Considered  $» 
pelisey  to  Canada,  and  the  i;<aluab)e  fishery  iM  its  ne^- 
iarhood  depetidii  fyt  iVK  ^t6#tK>n  m  ^  fosBi^«i«B  ^ 
•fkia-lAMMl. 


Shich  stbout  ^000  difii^MM  Iwe  anuui)^  Mk«i»    T^mim 
4n  i&eoIi#Mara^l:  i«ad(»  kk^^Mes^tuid  Imps. 

"f^os  ited  w<aJs  di»oover^  ttii  vdrv  ettrlv  p«M,  iNjp 
<Ae  iretU'b,  auiel  was  reeorte4  ^%  «  rew  fiwKmiMn ;  M 

icept  It  til M  74^6)  v^'hea  it  was  captuped  1^  flie  New  £ng» 
liBid  militia,  undc^r  gcscral  W  repper^,  asd  Qiafinncil 
ia  Ovefit  ^f^lam  ^  Oie  |reai|r  «f  17^ 


N^W-®8I55«SW«^ 


ill  the  year  1784,  tt  fori)^fd  a  ^j^  of  tijig  |^^:4^c«  dT 
Kova-Scotia,  when  it  was  erected  inta  a  sefi^eunae  govern- 
ment. It  lies  between  45  and  48  degrees  north  latitude, 
and  between  7  and  12  degrees  ealt  longitude. 

The  number  of  inhabitaiite  is  about  40,000. 

The  coast  of  thi|j[>f»yi|aif e  if  in4«li$<ed  with  numerous 

hays  ^d  harbors.    Th^  principal  is  the  bay  of  Fundy,  be*; 

tweea  New  Brunswidc  and  Kova-Scotia,  renmrkabie  for 

tiie  ri||eof  ItiS  tide*  which  i|i  ^jm^ftixne^,  more  than  60  feet 

{terj^il^culipie^t  extends  £[0  leagues  into 

iliie  coiun^i^.    C^  baV^  is  the  north^  extremity  of 

;Fua(!^'^tya£^   $ls\s^^  bay    borders    on   Mmm, 

l^haleur  bay^  is  §  W^oi^  of  thp  ^f  of  St.  lupffence, 

Aowmg  betWeen^ms  proviiice  onlhe  sou^i  and  howex 

Cat^ada  (^  tl^  npr^.  '  ..      ... 

^   St^l^nVWfii^  lihjpi  jiiHoTmce,  ^'ng 

intotliebaV  ^l^fiay,  ap^  a  coq^e  of  nearhr  SSO  nt^ep. 

It  isSs&vii^te  l^r  scoops  ^  mtiei^  and  nnr  Nftt^  md, 

Th)^  nc^le  hver  and  its  branches  water  and  enrich  a 

ia^etrlietof  exGclHeint  country,  whiclj^is  settled,  andim- 

Droying.    The  Cqresta^  (^onsist  of  spruce^  pine,  hemi0dc, 

^aechj;  bk<^,  fqagl^/ %iid  8<^e  a^     "[nie  pines  o»  ihjs 

fiver  are  the  laif^  incill  British  America,  and  alM  a 

graet  siq^iy^  of  masts  ^the  J^glish  navy.. 


/ 


.•~w. 


li-t'y  ii  in iiiffiii  v^m'  '  4  V  "^ ' " "''  **  iv^*"^ 


rm 


mri^cyfik. 


rJBu  Croix  nt«r  fiilli  inttl  Pawtanittquodd^r  ba^,  ondiftitel 
•f  tbe  b^mtdmy  b«|^een  ,New*Bruxif^ick  ai^MaiDf' ,  :\- 
'Memnudu  Hvet  fidlg  ioto  a  bay -df  th^same  aaii!i«vOi^ 
Eirteiak.qoast'O^  New-BruojriFiJk.    A  sq^Ol*  dufu^ 

itfcftBtwiiy  it  divid«»  itt|o  tim»  ^-ancshi^  mi  MM! 

I&r^g^  a  ftrtiie  intervale.  There  is^a  cod  lUkd.faipMip  it^: 
«jry. at  «}|e  cooiflueQce of  thi»  rwV  and  Aebjgr*     ,  ,        K'> 

^AmoMg  the,lai^je»  o£  this  proviaee,  whiph-  are  niimerotti«{ 
19  Orand  lake»  near  ll^tj^^olnVfl^river»  3^  mUcfs  U)ng,  8>V  10 
wide,  and  in  some  placet,  '40'fathpivuBr>.deep. ' 

rhe  city  of  St*  John,  situated  on  hf^u  laiid,  at  tba 

moutfi  of  the  riv^  St.  John,  is  the  capital  of  this  provipee* 

Th»i  8tr83ts  -are '  |{^cioMf  and  regular    •  It  *  has  tipwardf .  ^ 

^Oa^!^ '  abitants,  and  JQoa^y  %eill|  bailt  li^usea,  a  li&ndio^ 

-^diiurcli  a»^/i  city  hail*  /    - 

•EpEiiSRicT-QveM,  the  present  seat  of  gqvenuii^l^  li.3^ 
miles  4t  Denver  St.  John,  at  the  head  of  8lo<^  ^'^^^ 
tion,  and  cdntains  ^out  500  mhabita&tSi  In  p^yitml^ 
^f  thi^town,  severa)  valuable  traeta^f-Jfind  are^pproi^ 
^tad.f©?  the  support  of  a  coUega,  ^-         j- 


^mAWsrnA 


-between  8  so^  14 .4egree»«ast  long^tudet .  ^xce\it  Amt* 
rctw  tract,  which  botdS»H>n  KeW*Brui»sw»clt  t©  |he  nortlg^ 
^est^  itis  surrotpded,  onall  sjdes,  by  4»^i^«»t  poflions  # 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  abou*;  80a  iii0es  loiftg,  aiid  t^ 
broad* 

The  climate  of  -the  couatyy  is  unpleasant  r  the  atmo- 
Mih^e  being  clQud«d  wkb  thi<^>$>g  during  *  great  jpart  ^ 
the  year,  mA  the  weather,  for  fou«  «r  five  months  being 
intensely  coM.  iTte  soil  in  gfea'eral  is  thin  and  b»^i^» 
though  not  unifbnni^  )^»  A  gieeat  j>art  of  tl*&  ^^pp3«ry  w 
Covered  with  wood.  ; 

This  province  is  aocoinmodated  wiA  manyjs^acibus 
harbors  and  bays.  The  bay  of  ^uady,  ^ready  meo- 
titmed,  washes  its  northwestern  shore.    Ch«bucto  bay  ife 


III 


irOVA-SCOTIA. 


85 


tjtiLthe  southetstr  at  the  head  of  which  it  situated  the  town 
ofHali^Xy  the  capital  of  the  province* 

The  face  df  the  country  is  diversified  with  numeroui 
lakes  and  rivers.  Of  thel  latter^  thi^  of  Anm^olis  it  the 
most  considerable,  aiid  is  navigable  15  miles  n>r  ships  of 
100  tons.  Salmon  river,  which  empties  mto  Cheunbucto 
baVi  is  femfurlcable  ^  its  fisheries. 

>d^Qva^Scotia  exhibits  an  urifavo;able  appearance  to  the 
ejre^of  a  strainer ;  but  die  ^gradual  immrovements  ia  hus- 
bandry aifov^pl  Teasenable  expectation,  tiiat  kwill  beceone 
a  flourishing  colony. 

Coals,  limestone,  plaster  of  Paris,  and  iron  ore  are  dug 
o«l  of  <^e  eearth  in  Kova-Scotia. 

HALif  a;s,  the  capital  of  this  province,  is  delightl^Iy 
uitttated  on  ^e  west  side  of  Chebucto  bay,  commodious 
fMrfithilig,  and  has  a  fine  harbor,  1000  houses,  aud  dOOO 
inhabitants.  The  other  towns  are  Annapolis  on  tibe  ea9t 
side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy,  which  has  one  of  the  finest  har- 
bors in  America ;  and  Shelbume,  on  the  south  of  the  pen- 
insula, built  by  emigrants  from  the  United  States 

The  whole  population  of  Nova- Scotia  amounts  to  be- 
tween 70,000  and  80,000.  The  great  bod/  of  the  people 
are  of  £Uiglish  oragin  ;:  after  wh.ch  the  Scotch  and  Irish  are 
most  numerous. 

The  exports  froni  Great  Britain  to  this  country  are  chit^IV 
ly  articles  cf  clothing,  a^d  rigging  for  ships.  The  imports 
.  are.  timber,'  and  the  produce  oi,the  fish^iries. 
.  History.  Notwithstanding  the  forbidding  appearance  of 
this  country,  it  was  here  that  some  of  the  first  Earapean 
settlements  were  made.  The  hf^  grant  of  lands  in  it  was 
ffiven.by  James  J.  to  hir  secretary,  Sir  William  Alexander, 
nrom  wI:om  it  had  the  name  of  Nova-Scotia,  or  New-Scot- 
land. It  has  since  frecjuently  changed  hands,  from  one 
private  proprietor  to  another,  and  from  the  French  to  the 
English  nation,  alternately.  It  was  confirmed  to  the  En* 
gllsh  in  1713.  Three  hundred  families  were  transported 
herein  1749  at  the  charge  of  the  government,  who  built 
und  settled  the  to^vn  of  Halifax. 


H 


jr.JiWW"'1' """*'l   'I'   '!.'«  '      '''■Mil'     I      ,, .,. 


'''iL 


m 


MLkmoi^srr.somi- 


'*?% 


I5Li*.ND  OF  ST.  JOHN. 


,  TIIIS  islaiul  li^  in  the  gutf  <tf  St.1L.»trretic^  tiear  iM 
OOrtliOTii  qi>M^  df  tlie  firavince  of  Nova-86otia,  and  is  tibo^t 
IQO,  mites  loiig,  aqd^ora  10  to  85  broad.  M  has  ceTerat 
'fine  fiveM/ a  rich  soil,  aodis  pleasantly  situated.  Char- 
■toT^r.-pQ'n^.^^  i«  its  jprincipal  town,  and  is  the  residence  of 
the  Itutenailit  governor,  t^o  is  the  chief  officer  on  the 
irian<?.  "{lie  number  .of  the  inhabitants  is  sA>,out  5000.  Ttfte 
imrcA  »>f04ulces  corn,  and  quantittea  of  ^beef  and  pork." 
The  Frmcti  inhabitants,  amounting  to  about  4000,  Burren- 
•  >%  in  174^,  to  the  British  arms.  |t  ik  attaiclied  to  the 
gd/en«1iiei(t  of  Kova-Scptja. 


IJIEWFOUNDLAND  ISLAND 


fjS  sitiUited  set  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between 
46*»  i5'!and  ».  Si'  of  north  latituide,  and  between  15?  28' 
and^2**  S?*"  '^V  longitude ;  separated  from  Labrador  bj 
(^  Straits  o'  ITclleis^,  tuad  froiin  <^9nfiii^,  by  the  bu^  of  St. 
•l^awrefice;  being  381  milbs  Jon^,  a^d  ^bm  40' to  2&7 
m^cabfoad.  The  coasts  ^ue  very  subject  to  fogs,  attend- 
tnl  tpttt  ilmost  coijtinual  storms  of  snow  luid  t^l^it,  the  sky 
being  unialljir  overcast.  From  the. soil. of  this  land,  the 
Ih'itish  mop  no  great  advantage,  for  the  cold  is  long  con- 
tinued and  severe ;  and  the  aunon]^  heat^  though  violent, 
waipRssitnot  enough  to  pr<rJuce  any  thine  yaluabio  ;  *he 
^oil,  at  leapt  in  those  parts  okik^  isianil  which  have  been 
explored,  being  iroeky  and  barrtn.  It  is  '  J^tered  by  seve- 
ral rhrers,  and  h^  many  l«irge  aixd  good  harbors. 

The  dtief  towns  in  -Newiountiiand  are  Placentia,  Bona* 
vista,  and  St*  John^s. 

^Tlie  popalarioB  lii  1805  w^s  24^22.    The  Indians  are 
oansiderably  numLrous. 

The  admiral  on  the  coast  is  the  governor  of  the  island, 
under  tlie  governor  general  of  the  British  provinces. 


Vf^''" 


MimaxmAisLAvi^s. 


wr 


'Vft^gteat  fishlrv  on  the  hsBoka  oS  NenrfomMiMna  >pM 
tbMt  tSe  lOCb  of  Wfey,  and  coniinaes  tUl  Oie^end  of  Sep- 
tember. Tlie  niimbers  of  cod^  both  oi»  tb^  gi«iit  ba&k  and 
the  lester  onet^  which  Ue  east  and  south^- of  thi»  Uiind, 
are  inconoeitable.  Several^  other  medm  «f  fiah  m^  mo 
caught  hero  hi  ^tmdaActe.  Tho  mb^,  %  coiiiputo*  to 
vield  about  300,000/.  a  yea#}  f^om  the.«^  sold  i»^  Catho- 
lic coiiotrtef;     . 

Hkiftiallind;  albr^artoiufdlqmtes  iri|l|lhe  I^i^oeh,  wcis 
iiiife^  cied^  to  the  EngliA,  hi  171$ ;  ,lhBL  Fifeticlv  h^v- 
ittigfmitmoa  to.  drjr  their  oet9  on  the  southern  dhbires : 
aiid,  in;r?[(S8,  tb^were  pimiitM  to  fish  in,  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrtncd,  OB  tin  condition  that  tliey.shoutd  not  ap* 
ttor<Ktch  intHia  three  leaguos  c^any  jjoaat  belonging  to  Eng- 
knd.  By  the  last  treaty,  the  f tench  Bi6  to  etojpy  the 
furies  on  the  north  and  west  coasts  of  the  island ;  atd- 
the  tTmted  Stated  arc  allo«red  the  sa«iie  j^rile|e«  ia  ^i* 
ing,  as  before  theit  ind^Jendence.  Gr^t  JBriljain  and  tJie 
United  States  employ  ahnuaiiynot  lesB  thail  ;$pOp]  sail  of 
small  craf^  in  ihls  fishery^  :  :  /    ^ 

^he  other  islands  of  note,  in  -the  Gulf  of  St.  La#ironc«; 
are  Anttoosti,^  near  the  mouth  of  St.  Laivrence,  126- 
railes  long,  aisd  32  broad,  uninhabited j  the  MACDAtEW 
IsLB^,  in  12*^  29' 'east  longitude,  and  between  47  andxSO^ 
fwrth  latitude,  inhabited  by  4  few  fishetraen  ;  Juid  Ists 
P]eRC  KB,  about  15  miles  south  of  Cape  Gasj^re.  I|^i»  a 
perpendicular  roclc,  ^ad  is  pierced  with  two  natural  arches, 
through  which  thcvsea  flows.  C?ne  of  these  arche*  is,  juf- 
high  to  adiuit  ta  large  boat  to p:ass  fireeiy.  thjoOgh  it. 


HME  BERMUDAS,  OR  SOHMMS^ 
ISLANDS, 


FEX-ONG  more  properly  to  North- AtneriiBJt,  thaU  to 
the  West-Indies.  They  are  about  equally  distant  froni  the 
West-Indies  and  Nova-Scotia,  and  riOO  leugues  fhrnt  tne 
coast  of  Carolina,  Ijnrtg  in  'iS  degree^  north  iatitusle-,  ond 
about  1 1  degrees  of  east  longitude  ihiai  Fiiiiadeiphia. 
Ti^  reeoiyed  their  first  nomtt  &oux  Jthu  bti^rxaadas,   a 


itl'llll 


■»»ll"i' '  II' 


M 


teimd,  tliefr:  ^nt  discoverer ;  md  HMii'  ^dledi^  j|j#iimi«r»  ^ 
;«iN^«%  ftin^  lto'rofl4iirimq«iL/4^at9aMi»i^  f  |«^^  ntl^Hl 

«po{)  two. thirds  of  w^otn  are  bla<^  :v     i  ;^f|iiioa 


■J  I., 


ir^i■i-K, 


•i-j. 


^■j 


\  I 


piHinifsrieii ..  Alii  tli#  territori^e,  ttowvuntl^  'l^t' 
ralGov«rnment  of  the 'United  States,  ere  Uera  M 
under  t^e  general  liead  of  Iif  d  epens  e  n  t  4  me>  icX>^ 
terrildries  ar^  bounded  on  the  north  By  jftritBh  Athene ', 
^ot  by  l^ew-BruJ^wick  iM  the  Atlantic  oceaii  i  sdtkth  [% 
]^oriii  and^er  Crulfof  Mej^ico  ;  west  by  New-Me*4i^, 
n^' a  ridge  of  flao^ains,  generally  aenommated  tile 
Si^inin^  Mkmtaimi  \^hich  divide  the  western  waters  oP  fne 
J^sfiidsip]^  Uromthos^'tl^tfioW'Westlva^  into  the  Pao^c 
<Mian^:'"*r-^'-  '*''■''  ''■;■"        '  %-■',"'':'-'-'/'' ^ 

MHmfi(»^  aitdExtenn  Tl|is  feoiintry  life*  bettj^een  fB  and 
5€f  degrees  north  latitude^  and  between  9  degrees  east 
and  14  degrees  west  loriftitude.  Its  extreme  len^h,  fi'din. 
east  to  west,  is  upwards  of  2000  milfti,  and  its  gr'«atest 
breadth  about  1500.  It  contains  about  ^»006,OCO  eq^jare 
raSes,  and,  excepting  the  Russian  enripire,  is  the  larg^t 
territory  On  the  earth,  whose  inhabitajats  Htc  iJiBd|r  Cifi^^ 
general  government.  '       -  '      '  y"      -' •   ," 

Divhinn.^  and  Names,  Independent  America  consists  ;ibf 
seventeen  Statfs^9Xi^Jbnr  terr'itorial  Gov^rrintents,  exclusive 
©f  :toulaiana.  Each  state  has  a  government  of  ibs  oWn,  in^ 
dependent  of  every  other  state ;  and  all  are  united  m^r 
o«p  gener^  government,  and  thus  ^rni  a  grjlfed  liajtioimi^ 

repiSllc.'  >■  '^1 /.:;.'-...  '''■'"':'  ■*";,  Vi'^'^r'^ ■"■:../''  /■'   ^.V^'^Av-: 

iChe  states  arid  territorial  gcvernmente  may 
iaf«ur  grand  iviwons,  caUed  iV^' Am,  '0imi£y  Hsfiu^i^ 


UNITED  StATEk 


81^^ 


.md  }r<6sUrn  S^otM.  Though  these  jiMiiKdnt  ar«  nereljr 
nomfrtaft  and  may  h  liabk  to  some  (>b]de|lQint,  y^t  thit 
ooiif4}nignc&of  using  It  t)  appellations  fto/Mem,  tnidiMe.iMOiUh'' 
^rn,  and  western,  okwriVim  vu^d  converaatuuit  4s  COi^^sUvftMl 
H^  a  siUHcient  reasoQ  for  achipUng  this  c^asiii6cd^. 

The  finit  division,  or  Sor^i&rn  Siate%hiAf--;ilhe:,%i$p^li^ 
which,  in  lG4tl»  r^diyed  -the  iMuno.o£  Mm^Mng^mt  m 
compreheiuii  V  ;- 

Dbteictof  Maiae,  (helocpEtg,:,  Massachiisettf  ;(^Oper) 

to  Massachusettil)  j^         ^   I^^ 
Kew-'Hampshire^  t      >       Utmiu^tki^  ^ 

Vitjraiont,  -,  ^ 

The  BeGonddimiow,  »»Mi4idld  Sitaeit  coviprehencb^^ 
Nfew-York;  Ohio,  , 

Nfew-Jersojr,  Mia%an  Td^rritoiry,, 

Bennsylvania*:^    -  .,  latdiafia  Territory,  - 

DekwaJcci  ■  IlUnois -TeiritWy. 

Mainland,  > 

The  third  divisioir^  or  Smdhem  )Sffaffi,  coasittt  dD^ 
^lukbia  Tetritory^^f*    :    ^l      Tenneusee/ 
yirginia,,,  ;        South-Carolina, 

Kentucky,:'  Q*wgie, 

Kdrth  CaroIind^S    ;  ISRssiaiijmi  Tettjtory* 

The  fourth  or  JT^^em^i 

This  division  of  the  United  State*  is  alread^  divided  isito* 
th©  new  state  of  l,o2ei(«iancf^  apd  several  tenitMfioJ,  gipvefiv> 
inentsrisBearfy  equal  in  extent;  to  all  the  test  of  ^U» 
xitited  Stat,e8 ;  and  willf  probably^  at  no  very  distant  p^.io^  * 
l^iTide«i  into  several,  in^pen^eht  states.  •         "       ' 

t^^er.  ih«: present  iiea<^,':vd''fthall  confine  our  r«^ai|f  to  ^ 
tlwa9to|»ie8,  which  ip  common  to  all  Uie  states^  te*. 
ig^ries,  reservii^  airioc|il  objects,  such  as  Baysr^  Lakes, 
Rivers,  I^imtaiiis,&c.  to  be  noticed  in  their  aaeroppiitte 
diarisicms/-.    .  ■..  ;  —:','■  ' 

Qlimate^    The  climate  of  ffieUuited  States  %  Subject  ta  > 
gpcat  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  and  to  frequent  ^d  sucW 
den  changes  ©^  the- weather^  and  tempeirature  of  ^a^  . 

•2"»  »*>^<»'f  "«•  P««*ly^'^e^A^<*««  and  partly  UxhMSmlmr^ 


w 


H 


Hi 

ill 


I? 


I 


I  < 

1 1 . 


ill 

I 


90 


imiTED  »TATES. 


1 


Tlie  ji^e^ther  mim  yiipabUt  in  Uic  northern*  th4n  in  the 
^  satUherttAtaletr»oiit»  m  the  north. geuer»lly  come  on  in 
"  October  r^ev<5?0.  com  conmienceg  in  December  and  lii«ts 

till  Mi|rcE  .  Poring  thlg     nc,  the  ponds  and  fre»h  water 

riy«^s  are, frozen  over.    'liie  climate  went  of  the  All^r 

iw  iiM^t^inB}  differs  materially  from  ^at  on  Qia  oiMt^^\i> 

^^jftfo,  in  t^e  temperature  of  tlie  air,  and  in  the  quanttl^  of 

.  rSliotir  and  rain  which  falls  every,  year.    The  air  is  ackiom 

so  poidor  8p  hot  b^  sev4?ral  degrees,  as  on  the  eastern  side 

of  the  mountains,  in  the  same  latitudes. 

Seasons.    Autumn  is  the  fmest  season  of  the  year,  in  die 

United  S|ates  ;  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  tiien  most  a- 

tceeable  |tnd  the,,  weather  is  serene,  and  settled.    In  |kw- 
*hgland  winter  la^  near  half  the  year;  in  tlie  SoiMhern 
Statesi  it  is  milder,  and  continues  not  more  than  three  or 
.  four  months,    in  spring  the  woather  is  most  variable,  a 
\v:arro  anpd  pleasant  day.  bciag  often  succeeded- by, another 
that  is  cold  and  stormy. 

f!t>cp  <lfjkfi  Country,    Th«  territories  of  the  United  States 
are  happily  variegated  with  mountains  and  plains,   hills 
and  valleys^i ,  Some  parts  are  rocky,  particularly  the  north- 
ern states,  and  the  mountainous  tract  running  southwest- 
erly .Ir^m  i^ud^on  fiver  to  Georgia.    In  the  aoutheni,  states, 
the  c^i|i>,|0^^  between  he  Atli^tic  i^cean  and  the  mountains^ 
4.tiact  &onv  60  tQ   0»  3  nles  broad,  is  level,  aftd  entirely 
^  j^ee  of  9ton^«    Ber    en  'he  mountains  and  the  MisstABippi, 
*  «wre  vas|  X^oi  rae(rii.k"^.?,  and  the  borders  of  tl^at  river  are 
; either  8pa,ciou8  low  kids,   annually  overflowed,   or  c^- 
.  tinued  forests.     The  newly  acquired  tract  of;  Louisiana 
Cf  i|^|IS'Some  of  the  tno9t  pleasaiit  and  fertile,  spots  on  the 
fice  of  tji©  gJiob©s  . 

Bpianif,    The  natural  history  of  ^he  United  States  is  in 
I  it»j|^ai^^.    The  vegetable  productions  have^  not;  yet^  been 
w^u  described  by  any  author,  in_a  work  pi:;ofe8sedly  flbr 
^  that  |»urp^e.    " 

,     1^0  country  (^rrds  a  greater  variety  of  indigenous  plants, 

',z|iiny  of  which  are  distujguished.fer  stately  growth  and 

"lieauty.     It  is  particularly  rich  in  trees  and  sktubs>   many 

<^f  them  differing  in  genus.or  species,  from  those  in  the  old 

worSi.    In  the  wood*  are  sevtrai  new  species  of  oak^  wal- 

Wh  PftPi^»  **^^  ciaplc.     The  sugar  maple  abounds  in  ma- 

'^^%*piuri«  of  the  United  State«,  vaii^bie  on  nccount  jjf  its 


T' 


I3l*il/tt0'  STJif  fcS. 


ii 


n  U^e  caat^ui) 


tha 

1 


inhabit- 


Skj!c^<(>^i»e'juH$6  yielded  by  MpfMiig.  «^hich,  Ikj'bdUkljr  and 
reiinit'.,  attordt & Wlidi^Kltiie  aiid'.|»iitAtAbte  iKt^t  fit  ibr 
all  domestic  U8€».  In  ctH;  Mnithem  «t»tte0|  the  nnignolia 
xisea  to  a  inagnifteence  «f  butk^  w^idti  irefidt  rs  it  tW  n  ido 
ttfthc  iH-jst,  wbBe  ita  flowcta  perilling  ttie  agr  {  mud  tho 
woods  aiFord  t)i '  riohearvan«ly  i^  toiwrmg  flm^t  licd 

y  l^eauliful  tn^s.      N(m-Eii(|la»<d   j^ododi^  i^o»t«m^^ 

ioliii  almost  it4Lnite  number^ or  plants  imd  herba,  uaeifol  ibr 
«n«dlcinal  >ptirpo«es.      Wiid   thiit8»    and   nms  (ii^  ainiosti 

j'  tyery    deacripiioa,    «nrich    tUe  country    ifroni  Maine  i\x. 

;  XJeoigia.  ■ 

-  Agricukure  and  {Cultivated  }^geta6les.   lutigtic' 

y  American*  are  i*^«»|i  sltttled,  and  arc  eagt^tae 
vantages  of  English  expericrieet     The  imniwtai  , 
To«r  was  himself  an  exeeileai  practical  farnitr ; 

coni|)uted  that  at  least  three  parts  in  four  of  the  

ards  of  the  United  States  are  employed  in  agriculture.  This 
free  and  vigorous  yeomanry  may  well  be  regarded  a»  the 
chieiglory  of  any  state  ;  and  commerce  wjM  import  suffi 
cient  opulence  to  enable  them  to  promote  evt^^  possible 
ir.i^rovement.*  Agriculture  floiuffl^es  most  in  liJew- En- 
gland, New- York,  and  Pennsylvania ;  I  ut  is  making  ri^id 
advances  in  all  the  other  states.  Among  the  numeroua. 
products). ore  wheat,  rye,  barley »  buck  wheat,'  oats,  beans^ 
pease,  and  maize,  or  Indian  corn,  which  is  a  native  .grain. 
In  the  soathernpStates,^  rice  is  ealtivated,  and  ii  foUBid  to 
succeed  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio.  I'he  potatoiS  is  a  Na- 
tive and  valuable  root,  which  grows  in  aUthe  stafiiw.  Hops 
(another  native  plant)  are  also  cultivated.  4€ott<in  (which 
has  taken  place  of  indigo)  4ind  tc^ftcco  are  importatvt' pro- 
duct of  the  southern  states.  Orciiar^  arc  fftvbrit^  ob- 
jects, aiid  cider  is  the  coniinoa  dfinfc  df  Kew-^England. 
Apples,  pears,  jpeaches,  plums,  &c.  aire  every  where  abund- 
ant. Xhe  native  strawberry  is  improved  by  ciltjvation, 
andisniocb  superior,  to  the  exotic.  .  The  riative  gi^pe  is 
propagated  with  great  ease.  Its  growth  is  luxwiant, 
overspreading  the  highest  trees ;in  the  forest.  With  prop. 
ercuirjvafion,  it  would  afford  an  aaiple  supply  of  wiii««». 

'^  in  the  northern  as -well  as  southern- statesr^ 

Besides  most  of  the  grapes  of  Eiu-ope,  which  ai^  1i«re 

*  «w!tivated^  there  is  a  greut.  Yan«^  of  o^rs  f#tt6d  grow- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


^■2.8 

111 
u 
III 

Bt 

u 


IM 


125 


|22 
2.0 


6" 


FhotDgraphic 
.Sciences 
CQrporalion 


:<\^ 


\ 


^v 


<^ 


^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIISTM.N.Y.  I4SM 

(716)  •72-4S03 


j^ 


> 


6^ 


i:4;i4t'^it^'bC'i.Xi*r. 


:  ii''*ir***a'  -SS..*)*  »■,-;-**■■  ».>i 


^i.-  f 


V 


.^.  'It^s 


',i  '/.J 


k 


:'iit^^|M!i|;|t;>M«'l«ii>'' 


IB 


M-->Jft 


uT'  ^ 


'^»f^ 


»>-<-Cvi  ;.s 


t<?  ■ 


I^i 


•4- 


'   V 


1 


/I'  n  \, 


Till  l»ilpr|i%  ^^  ;^t^  ^iffiif p|p;^4  «M|h,|S^fi^ 


'  0i^i^MM^iiMt^)^M**MiMmusi>f>->i^^'^'^  ^-- 


^^:%^t'^',\    ^^^^t'    ■■-^^'X   '-'^^y-  ■   '  ''       '        "   "   \    '.    yj 

■■'■'■'if::  .   '^  >^'-^^:?T*^J -••  •'    .    ' 


11 


^!  Dpi^^f  /1*^w^  '.«gpM!*r 


■>^K  ~Yw  ^pi— ■■WW!—  wmiw Pjpy^'y^    "j^       ■<    v«<jy-r«         «> 


h'f>^'';^  \' 


:9  '»iwWwH§..pB^WPp    "W^^^^lj.^  ^^L."  '^..Itt 


'^•'®hi^' 


^■■r'l 


*  a  f^ 


\H< 


;      ..LS      'Vi','5?«*^i*', 


^  ^iw^^mt^-tft  U 


nuii^W^dll  the  tliQae*,  dftfiv^  in|$a%  iMll^»  L 

[    l^e  Iidii.  or  Cbft^^Sii^  I««<kg8eil  ^SKHXftU]^*  lt.}C%. 
nii^  with  BCf«to^  b)tidk)^ttQff*  ^Mt^t^mi^^tB^i^mL 

^^  fix  exi^M  leir«»t  Aa^^l^albfl^yidfiH^^^^^ 
Jig ^(Pbrwii  «lift|>et,  ««  of  i^iiiH  btonrik.  moiM^Dni,  of^  « 

I  A. 1^^  ^  ^  <M|on^»|^g  np^ser;  wM  cut  jitto 


I  • 


nMi^^^^^^^  u..v.tk,**/i-v-  1-i 


k> 


V    3' 


**  ■ 


t      ', 


I!  i 


.ffie^ 


..|i^t^^« 


^mm 


i4^4M^l 


ri'-,,4 


i*"-^! 


'^a^ss^^-' 


.mftffy«^iM»jiyi*t^  irt:iil>iiitiiiirwliiiMiti>i  • 

••^^■^^jf  ^^"^^**»  iT^^^fcT^"^  ■'^^^  ^''^■f^^fp^^^^r   '^'^^•w^^^^^^^^^w^^' 

'  .iiitiM>i|>-iiwi|f>rtiiwiife-; ■:  j%...i^^#^'fV 
fa  mimiiOTlwftfif  •  MftMiMMJ^lMilh*^ 

-HMw  liiiilMpiHiilfi  iir  iiiillrtiiiiliii  I 

^ji^in|i^cti»e9:  Jnjm  i^  other  6Wln«l»^  w^f*  J«M 

im^^im  lit  4t»&mf  «td  t  Ont .  y^dm  i«!  nf^l^  »k$n^i#- 

fbi^Bttr  «#^  of  tbe   es^mat^  $t^  m^fSO^Q0O^,A^II»9B.i 

'  *V0r0u>n  eojRtplete  inforhiatfdii 'of^  the  quadrepcds,  bjfrak,  fsh, 
MMMM^itc. of  MIorthtAiiicriM, ihf  rcadwr  it  r«DBiMd to  t^ 4inMrieiuii 


^-:^-M'^^'^'^'' 


ftiTA'm. 


r  n  wi '<i>WiM< 'If 

gfi^atU^  poetic  ^ 


or  ««mj^g  t&emi  ^<^  oT  il;  ^ 


^# 


ion^iite 


'  Baptists 


•-W 


^^^^^^^^^l^^^lM^^^^^  v>v«j  v  .. , . ,... 


''.,::.-7'^Yr^^'^'. 


r 


(fil'lllill 


I'.-f" 


■1* ' 


il 


il 


ii^'sn'.  ♦*'«»,.■>. 


il^v-  ^-v  «••  E^i;--.,'  ?■■■  • : 


0i^ 


•fbr»ptrtj 


>.'!;<>• 


^ii^:? 


..«*•> 


W»> 


IVH_ 


',*iLjV,,W. 


%:> 


m 


f 


,v-,,f 


'•>i8>.' 


^ 


5r^i^ii|i|N^ 


'^;*• 


;*i*-t*t^'i  ■*•:;'>' ■*»*»' 


It 


Pf^PiPIIWiPiW.'^^^^P'^^ 


irnvt 


1<m 


^^ 


i^: 


%"i». »  • 


■  '■'•if '24 


i^^t^mmm^if^^ 


'-'■'■*      ■'■  -v..     '■    .i,K!i;,,^i?t. 


.  ^  . 


\ 


'y* 


■  il 


'|^,,iAf4iti#f^'^5^i*-'»*'«<''  ■*  -•' *- 


■;   .*:,  ^      -■■-.'a 


lo^i 


l^wlj 


.*'l'H 


/'''■■      •.  ".;.  /        ■'',; ,!  J ■i 

%4BeMeiober,;  aepuiiesrJieQil^i&Mt  ^(^  ^i|^  JipH 
-^-*^ftW^  «^^I^^  «  «FrimA  |<«ter  l«  itii^ 

^  fiQoOier  to  ilie  iolii^ 

|;jegipi^g  of  the>ext  yemm^r^  P**^  ??! 

4Wanthe  feiiitoi.of;Net^^  fttn  Certain  ^e. 

^ITbcweiiird  upon  the  cg^i^ercei  of  th«»^  jqoIo^^..  i|Ji<A 
was,  in J^wreat  measure  supported  J>y  tlie;  fi»OW^  '^  Sooa 
«^r^,lipS|«ffci»^     pasi^.wfcic*  jr«sitra«i«d.  the  Itwifii 


••  / 


k    "  f 


'.$i ' 


Briton 
^ere^uo^^  greftt  -wawt  of  prayiMoDi^   Cl^S^^ 


■ti0mkMMMmM'm^i*^»-^- 


t   ~  <  si 


rT  ,>;  .**■'■ 


^   ! 


4 


tuet  Moiitriilli 


4^pa^«^  .»c6m  ^^%^<  Now  QttfKS^  4- 
^' AmestcfUit  were  olbHi^  :f»#i^> 


v^l 


hnidf^i  tf-a^royftl  gqryieriior. 

Gfi66j«a  Oagaw<?nt  to  Eiig|tm4.  in  ,_     ,     ^      ,      „ 
gti(ip^0cl^d-m  cotiiijialid-b^  general  H<we..         ' '  '^  *    V^ 

/  "  J^aJiiitWi  I^M  entered,  into, treaties,  iv^t^hlo^  olttie 


.1 


'#4 


'■».  ii*? 


.1 


"     y     « 1 


^ilAcli  t^yri^m  ii«^'  m^:  kiIh^  ,#« 


/ 

"  \ 


TiC'j-«*t,-«,.,,    ., 


ifflli^r^*?  *^t*  mcmtfe  of  ArT^fi  ^r^  **^»^  oa 

«^  W  wer^^  inj%  »Moiitf^«: 


fn,  Oft 


Mr  ^.^K^X^itSff 


?'  .■ 


;^i^M*^i 


r — 7i%-%»e  AafmoKai.    lt*,»u&lB  t^Q^T 


.ikllsJtiMMsi^*  yi***^  ^- 


V^i.'.'i-.'it,'    < 


./  -    "^ 


'     '  '-x 


S!te^«4'l 


J<   » 


M 


sbm 


'f 


#^ 


IV' 


immo  jstjm.$: 


•;»■ 


fiM^ treaty  oT  a|Iki$ae MrfWki  tli^eaiid 
fe^i^  thfelato  t^ji^&ufit!$imimti^: 
mci$m  ouniitrjr  were  iiif^iecP:iate^i|  T 

^OgifithaJ^jtqf  fifteen  «?!  or  flbfii^   Wi|»  9^,  l»y 
.  tfe  eeiiit  ^Ji^nu!ic€^  tOMiisi  America,       '    ^  ^    ■  • 

T*  ^'^^J?^-^  derdf  ea  lifeon  3lr  Henry  Clit^    m 

June,  tiK  Bfttij^  wmy  left  PhifeitlpMa,  andmarcM  Ibr 

Ven^YxHk.    Q^tfaeir  march  i»ey  wereannow4  by  the 

Ainarioain  ;  and  «l  Momnototh,  a  irerv  tmi»t  tted^  todk^ 

.l4ffc«^(i»Ke«i||Mrt  <ffthe  ampii^ ;  the  eitemy  >ere  i^iiii^ 

^Unl^  grentlOM  f  and,  bad  «Oeneral  £e6  obeye^liirS 

.^,.»aignal  victdfyinusi  havebeeiy  4bt»Ml   .^  ii^ 

.-«  eoiidoc^  that  day,  General  Xee  was  ei^nde^,  fiH 

9Bv^  iifterwffrdtpermitted  to  jpin  tib  «my.  - 

'l9,  Aiigtilt,  Genena  Si^vao.   with  #»UirM  bo^  «f 
^00^,  attemptpd  to  take  poftsei&in  of  JllhOde^Miiid.  M 

Bedford  m  ft^Huach^setts,  *were  burnt  by  a  p^v  ofTfe.. 
udi  trohii^    Thte:  jame  year,   Savannah,  the    Mm  ^' 
Gjwgia,  w^  t»lcen  b^  the  Brjtiih,  iiadar  ihe^isi«MUMi; 
of  GolQn«i  Campbell.  «»*w"^ 

"In,^eibPowiag  year,  1779,  Oeiieral  titedbi  %m'$i^ 
Igmted  to  the  commaiid  ^  the  aout^rtt  army.  aQ% 
l^J^^  8?r  Geerg,.  C^Her  nuidd  an  iUuM^ 

£*^^^aiid,Korwalfe.  But  the  American  artn^^Se 
'Crjrjrae4wi^8Mcce»raaboIdattack  upon  Stonet  JPoit*. 
whA^  waa  aumriaed  and  taken  by  GeAeral  Waybe  in  llie 
m^ht  pTthe^th  of  July.  Five  W%ed  mea  were  »Se 
prisoner*,  witti  a  small  loss  on  either  sid^. 
,   A  Pf  «3r  «tf  Jfckish  forces  attempted,  thia  eummer  te 

^ber  in  th^  wfabocit^  iw^ta.    A  plto  was  laWU^ 
ftXaasachoactts,  t#  dislodge  them,  and  a  ^nsiderdliia  Wt 
'• .      *%  •   V 


•t 


\ 


lit-...  "    ..  ■mi^f^m^ma'- .-  ■ 

>.feilfekk  nati^m^  lwwi»^  ^^  .Amf^ 
in\d|ii  -AGfewoi  ale  .^.^...^.r.,^, , 

^wi:\fl^&iW*W»  iH*(«jMi  Ae  A«en*«|n,  f«^  .y 


III! 


i  I 


m 


Tliw  sairi  fiunittSr,  tibe  ftflttBh  twm  n»^  <^5W^;I^^ 
C«^9ii3  fr<A»  Jlew*Yoik  iole  New, Jersey  ;.  wfa^ing  wd 
tHNifideridff  the  country.  «  ^   ^      ^''     -v 

.&  Ji#A  prewjh  ft»el*  jmctef  Monw^uti^B  T^mf*^ 
a.  body  *#i«ipd  Ib^f,  ^joa^amtide^  fiy  C^iW*?  *>  R*»«»^ 

^Wihy«irtrt«di#  akrt?n«iiiW  by  Uie  ii»^HiKips  teg- 
^  of  A™ia.  Geneva  WaitoKlam  b*mg.  •dine  bwlr 
ness  to  traocact  at  Wcath«wP«ld  M  Conoect»|ttt.  ^^^^ 
noid  to  command  the  Important  post  of  W«J  ?^  wuc^i 
miatds  a  pass  m  Hudson  river,  flMA«0  ^?r??.^T 
?X  >&ttol^V  conduct  in  ,the  eily^  qf  .%^#Mi; 
nrecedmg  ir^iaf^^  had  been  ^Sfnirttred  ;  «id,tIie^«r^|»Mgt 
he  teceSed  in  conscguecfCei  :bad  given  iaw;Qpa€%  Me 


^<- 


.'!    .     -V 


'U 


-■  i' 


■i'l: 


(<.■'  ^'f^-y'  \ 


■^^^- 


4^        ^-r-v   jT-r_  -^1 


>  -rs 


i<4     AAii'-i 

t^«^  ibm  the  ^el4,  Ife  *^.,«^ 


;  auaageat  and  mf  eatJwiv  ^aWSTT  ^*^    ^^  "^ 

Genera  Ote^n  moire  thim  recav^ed  tW  fe^^e^^ 
i^«1iri&ai^  iBidsucceiE^^  actWat  th^^^i**'  %ings, 


i^es" 


1  f?MWHBftfci|l3 


In 


US' 


'#^e  «i>ieky  of  >^fl 
^  ||jfe..ftt|«|ij^J^  ii^>  em  few, 


'>* 


^t»mjr^ 


*'    '-A. 


,«M^^^ 


'»-' 


^Ip,  ^€ci^  the  «piitP8q&  ^V  9£Am^, 


^*"'v 


wrribw§^, 


/■T 


'W 


«miM  j  lo«t  B^jr  7li«i*  ana  'hnicf^;  ti^aiiifi^^^  tmt  .-—to-. 


%d%1heiunfBrat  ttaieiu  ' 


'•■Hi' 


I^i*'®**^^  %^*®^  ^^^^^^  I  tK#t»«fei»0rk 

c^^  of  wi^mmimmm^&iy^ 


■■/f'{-'--^h 


*  ■■    -  S, ' 


I  ;iv= 


^Uif; 


■:1^ 


^  iii^^dtil 


■1- 


.'■^•'.';^")J' 


/. .  4. 


li     -,:.»         'l>f 


»*y,>. 


1.  »irfll«l»*»«t«  •»•?*•;}• i'^^^'i 


***'''*S:;^i.^Z-»^»m«o«i  gwwthof  the  <!*«»«rj. 

liSiSLirsSrt*  for  >'*«^  »!?f*!  j?*jsa^ 


if  ,1%"' :  l:?*.-*-^  «*-*»>««.*^*irfw«. 


Ia*^ 


&s|:i»SMK:^  ■■"■■ 


Sj1>     - 


^  ■  -■     '"'■ 


0l^^^i!^Wtmakl':i^^~-i^-. 


mi 


i 


§4 


itm* 


isdy^MM^smmi^ 


:mei«  iri@  *^<fi^r  citl^^  idi^  l^tiDdn  hi  €e  lJi3^ 

I^IH  Isi^AKii  mn&B  ^W^  ii«M^'  <^-  Kennebec  thF« 
#.    A  lighk  Wise  i>p  l!hl«  ii^lind  ^  «  re^iniliA^  l^i. 


fi<^  eastlon^i^cli^    Its  shaiie  i»  i^teark 
»dti^9n^^  lie  lei||Ii  ^n|^tl^  lioiIeEv  "^e  J^^ 

i»  tieif  ifl^  1(|6»00D  ffire  water,)  or^^^^aiu^i^es, 
nm^es,    B<^^  tl^  nortli  by  Lawer  Canfi^,; 

l>^  #el^iBtxi£;t  fi^  Maine,  foutli  jbry  MassachusettsJ 

Ito  jii>^€KwnlHi8/'%.' :;  ^  r ~-  • ' '  '^- ' ^  ■' '  ^ '  '•    1 


libcliingliam 

Slridrord' 

iS^lsboreugli 


CheihiM 
CraftaSv 


«&^8 


K      TMal    214v4t 
Whde  niiiailRfirin  t800)    t^»854 


laciease  in  10  years    S0,6( 
' ''-  IMTost  .of  ttie'tcrtrttt.  life  sbc  miks  square,  and  thie  whbij 
Milder  of  towns  endiocatittm^.  is  about  two^  hundred 
fbilftebji.  « 

Fnceoftk'e  Country,  This  state  has  but  about  IS^milfi 
^sed  coast,'  which  idrms  its  southeast  coiner.  The  shon 
il'lhoscly  a  sandy  het:ch,  adjoining  whichj>  are  salt  maihshe 
hitersdcted  by  creeks.    From  the  sea,  no  remarkable  hif' 


tlRW-HAMFSHlftS 


'#,' 


m 


»*- 


10. 


Xnhab«t«»itir| 

Itdtal    214,46() 
t800,     I«3»854 

S0,6( 
r0^  hundred 


rfjOttt 
jcr.  Theshor 
itfe  salt  mat8b« 
rematkable  hif 


nior 


ioteryaii.ftdi  Qiadfv^i^^ 

M<>mtkim.    lA^w.'^^  hj    , 

rrang^  of  mf^lWQf »  the  jprmdwl  nt  wltjic^  if  t% 
,ri4ge»  th^  #fld(n  tbe  J>raa«b^,qf  ^0^ 
.ri»MW,fw^^  «Uled  tl»  in  this  ^ 

the  calehrated  Honai^iioc,  lOQantala  ;,0O  mil^.;i|bri 
which  is  Soiiapee,  md  48  tmles  farmer  is  _ 
mountain.  iThe  lidgek  then  conttnaed  boi^^i^v»  .divid- 
.ing  the  waters  d  Connecticut  nver  from  tho^^of  Sated  ai^i 
AndrosGog^.  The  moA  el^V^ted  Mrnimils  di  ilhis  raiig^ 
are  the  "^^(fWeHpuntl^nsrthihighe^^^^ 
These  aire^een  at  the  distance  oFl^  n^s  on  lani^  and 
,'are  diseovefed  by  vessels  at  aefi  iong  ^f<nre  any  part^  th^ 
copt  Is  .yisihie,.  ^  reason  of  their  ^ite  aftpoir^aci^t 
;t^ey  are  ciUii  iiustaki^n  for  ciou^^ 

SHarbon,  Ther only  harbor  for  Mfti  in  j^is^^tate  jfi  tha^ 
tO^  Portsmouth,  foEmed  by  ^the  i^outli  of  Piscata^ua  riy^;^ 
the  shoires  of.w^ch  lore  i:dckv«  ^V 

%akes,  Witutipiseog^  iake  lis  the  l^rgeat  confection  <^ 
w^ter  in.  New-tHfuniM^  Itis  twtftty-four  mijes  long, 
and  jof  #eiy  imequal  bread^i  from  three  to  twelve  mile^. 
It  is  fidl  of  islaadb,  and  is  supplied  #ith  ..numerous  Rviil£>ts 
fr<Hn  the  svuToundkig  mountains.  ^Jt  is  frozen  aliout  three 
mbh^  inithe  yi^r,  imd  ma||y'  sleiglis  and  tesUiu^  from  the 
circumji|$eot  towns  cross  ii  oni the  ice*.  Jin  sumnner,  it  ^ 
[ii9^^pid>le  its  whole  lei|gth'  ^ 

Tse  ot^.  coosiderable    lakes  ture   1\mbagog,/i||,ithe 

lorthe^t  comcff  of  themte^  imd  partly  in  thi^ jUistrict  lyf 

[Maine,  Squam,  Sunapc^,  Great  O^sipee,  and  Massabesic. 

Miver^.Viire  o{  the  largest  s^ams  in   New-England 
receive  more  or  iesf  €rf  jt^ir  waters  irom  this  state.    These^ 
[are  Connecticut*  Androscoggin,  Baco,  Mel:rim^c,  and  Pia- 
[Cataqua  riveris. 

Connecticyit  iriver  rises  in  jthe  highlands,  wliich  septate 

\i^e  United  States  jfron  Lower-Canada.    .Its  general  course 

is  S.  S.  VIT.    It  extends  along  the  western  side  of  New* 

i|^ire,;8eparating  H^pm  Vermont,  about  170  miles, 

md    then  jiasses    into  Massachusetts      Besides  smaller 

Btre^nur,     it"  receives    from   New    Hampi^iire,    Upper 


'vif*-9-V^';-n>4t<t..-';i-:^'..  .-.V. ,  ,,,,. 


II  ■ 

It  ,! 


l;i 


.^. 


K^HAifFSltolCE. 


Ani!pno(|i|i;c,'.  tmi^%'fb/eitf<S^liM^gm  or  Xotr^ 

Aaiofio^i^  -^^iii^)   l^oll,   and  Aibiili^  m         In  iti 

i  i  jtmeea  Vj^/oei^tmA  tkif^et  Coot  r  the  ttVer  is  rapid  ibr 
mWiiif  Jit  M^t^lii!^  ita  ie^d  renwtr]cabl#  £ir|,  f<»- 
m^l)t  Itto^  bwti^^  0tm  Patlt  i^w  d<giiOiiii» 

ini^  BcU^nri^ ^TaOt.    In  1784  a bridge^tf  timber  wa» 
§9iliiimt^  9(5iS  :fbet  levig,  and  Bupp^ktediii 

tli^  i^iddl^  ;l>j  a  nreat ,  podk,  under,  jrliich  Ibe  highest  floods 

1!bis^^b0|k^(i|ttl  liver  inita  ^dlelengtb  ie/Hned  on  each 
side  w^tti  a  j^ji;  ^^ii^er  of  the  'm«»t  fkraerieliing  and 
pl^iuianil^wtis^^^^^  Unifed  SlaK<^  Inii^whote  eour^e 
It  pp^r^eafa  diitaiice  8&to  ICiO'milesiM  Ute 

'ffartbiac  river  is  formed  by  the  ii^uenoe  aF JPejQoige- 
-\rasset  siiid  Wumipiseogee  rivers,  s  After  the  PenM^was- 
rBctt  revives  the  waters  of  ihe  WinnipiBeogee^  it  taxes  die 
j^iffi(B  of  Meriimac ;  and,  pursuing  a  epiirse  of  ahoHt  SO 
inih^,  fifst  in  a  s^thed^}  ;^^  in  an  eastitly  ^ecti(i»li|  pais^ 
iii^  jO(r^^)i$<^j|l^)^^iniQiB  PautaketfallB,  it  emp 

tieslnto  l^e  ^a;at  Keif^iii^ort*  Bpoin  the  wegt^it  te- 
4ie$^  ^w^ater,  Cont«>c^o<>l^PtscatafJtuoak>  iSon^ 
i^iiii^tia, '  and^  Concord  .livers if rmh - ^e  east,  Bcfwiccok 
Swncosik,  Cobas/  Beav^^  Stoi<^k«t^  "imd  Powoir  riv^ 
^(^liopcMc'h^ads  near  MoaaoJIbc  mfojan^uos,  is  ver^  1^ 
■m,  and  to  0*^12  miles  from  its  mmi^h,  is  l(k)^ards^^^^W 
Jfiall  before  its  entraneo  into  the  Merrimac,  it  tortuu^es 
a|ia  j^Bi^s  a  bea^tiful  ii^nd  of  aboittJKve  orsix  acr^s.   V  ' 

The  Piseataqua  is  the  only  large  river,  whose  idbole 
oourse  is  in  New-Hampshire,  from  its  fbrm  and  the  %it- 
l^itiop  of  its  branches,  it  is  favourable  to  the  purpose  of 
nii,vIgatioii  and  commerce.  A  bridge  has  been  ereeted 
overalls  river,  six  nuU^  f^jove  Portsmouth,  2600  ^t  hi 
iength. 

Soil^nd  Produedom,  The  soH,  in  general,  is  rich  and 
^rQdjttctlve.  The  land  on  the  margins  of  th<i  rivers,  is'^s* 
teemed  best  for  grain,  and  ^e  hills  for  pasture.  Agri- 
culture is  the  chief  business  of  the  inhabitants*  Blief, 
porlh;,  mutton,  poultry,  wh(?at,  rye,  Indian  corn^  barleyr, 
pu!^^  butter,  <Hlieese,  flax,  faemp^  hops,  esculent  plants 


imW.HAMI»SHXEE. 


M 


f*' 


nuoSd  "for  ■ 

i&i,  fo»- 

nnbtt  wa» 

-d  on  each  ] 
ole  <Souf»c 

il^'taket  the 
rf  about  80 

jjlte,  it  emp- 
>e»t^ifc"te- 

r^  SottUega9f 
t,  Bowccfok 
>wow  xiv^ 

I  yard*  ''^^* 
,  it  itpi^ 
I  acrea.  ^  ^  >■ ' 
whoae  ^ol* 

and  the  %it- 
e  ^purpose  of 
been  cfeetc« 

2600  feet  "^^ 

ivii  Ticband 
[  mer«,  is'tea* 
»stiire.  Afri- 
>itant8* '  Bc€f, 
cotn,  barley* 
f  culent  plants 


and  rodts,  airtlclea  iiytiicli  alwa:^\fin4  a  ttuurlc^  i^x  lie 
produced  iii  abn^t  any-qii^ty  m  ih^,  .atatii^. '  A^pka 
and 'pears  are  tfte  nibst  eomtnon  «nd/Uie>pinicii^  ti^iili 
iJ^atase  cit^ttvated.  -        ^  ^: 

Manttfaatures,  The  people  itf  ^^e  caiii^try  gettic^aHpr 
manixfislQture  their  own  closing,  and  eo;aa|derabie  quanti- 
ti|||5»f  low  doth  for  expiMition.  .  Th^\>ther  man^^^ 
lures  ari^ pot  and  pearl  ashes, Hoaaple'^fittgtf,  brick$  andp^- 
tery,  and  8i9me  iron.  \ 

Puhlic  Impfoxreinirds,  vThe  fklls  in  Merriniac  riyefi  froWgi 
the  moiMh  ctfiHe  Middlesea^  canal  to  Salisbury,  have  b^ 
locked,  and  other  obstrttctipns  to  bmt^^vig^tion  r^sinoved, 
which  opens  a  water  coimnunicatkm^'  liy  ooats,:  -with  B<^<^ 
ton,  throttgh  the  Middlesex  canal,  for  a  great  p^rt  of 
New-Hampshire  imd  *  Varment.  A  canal  has  b^i^  Oiit 
through  an  extehsiye  marsh,,  whidb^qpeti^  an  inlaxbd  f^vi- 
l^ation  from  I)ainpt<^  tbrou^^li  JSati&^ur^r.  i^to  ^^%xa<^ 
rivW,  8  milesr  T  ^     > 

Cimmfce*    ,7he  principal  ^Q]t^ 
Happ^irevO^e  pine  boards,  oalc  pla;;dc,  stf^if(^  ^d  l^^^fi^ 
in^,  (siapbo^s  and  shingles,  mdi  other  ^qT^  of  lunibe^ 
dned  and  |>iclded  Ibh,  wl^Ie  oil^  tar,^  flax  seed,  be^,  ny4> 
stOqk>  bricks, ,  ^pot  and  pe&rl  aisbei,  ^c.    The  imports  7^^ , 
'^est-lndia  prbduce,  and  nrticles  of  Et^c^ean  maiBufi^* 
ture,  salt,  st^  lead,  and'Sea-coal.       ;.  \ 

JLiterature,    The  peculiar  attention  wnich  has  la^l 
{laid  to  sehools^   by  the  legislature,  presents  a  pi 
proepectof  the  increase  of  Uteratui^e  in  this  state, 
are  several  academies,  incorporated  with  ainple5.ilKinds^; 
one^  at  Exeter  has  afund^of  80^000  dollars,  imdfrdm^^ 

to  SO  students. ' 

the  onljr  college  in  the  state,  is  at  Hanover,  gitufi^; 
en  a  beautiful  pl^,  near  Connecticut  river,  in  Jatiwe 
4a(«30^  Itia  caU^d  iJ/wf»«oj^/*  college,  after  titf  jtight 
Hon.  William  DartBootith,  one  of  its  principalbenefac* 
tors.  The  funds  of  the  college  are  chiefly  in  lands^  a- 
wounting  to  about  80,000  acres,  which  are  increasing  in 
valine.  It  is  .among  the  most  flourishing  literary  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States*  .      '-^ 

€hief  Toms.  "Portsmouth  is  tlie  largest  town  tft  t^is 
state.  It  is  abont  2  mil«s  from  the  sea  on  the  south  side 
of  Piscataqua  rivnr,  eoritaiuing  about  640  dwelling  hij^jses, 


MS» 


s^vimAUfmm% 


ue  tt^i  nrljilch  aire>  ihrdfS  Coii^i»^tio«}^  diurches,  one^ 
PpliNM^;   on?  JMvi^tnsMttt'^oae  liija^  A  aiate  fa«W, 

.^^S«ier>R  is  15  roilm  juiMthwiest  ft'om  ptnrtshiouth/ d^ilf 
^9ttJ|i(e  be^d  oFnavijgatibn/iipi^^S  Exeter 

river* .  jTt  i|  wel\f  sitiiftted  for  a  in|H)jdfac;turiDg  tedngi*    '^^^'" 
^^ii^  b^ji^in^s  jiu%^^  ^^^^^  CooKlregki^nfll  tnitrd|e*, 
islMill^t  a :^w  a^id  ^aiicbome  Court-house,  and  a  gi^l 

Congo  AD  is  a  pl^asanti  flburiiibing  ivfyaoA  lo#n;  <>ii  ;^ 
Mft  :^n^  ^f '  ^^crmiac  river,  54  ttiites  f\y.  N;  >¥i  ■  firood 
JrOd^i^P^tb*.  ^^  general  c6ur^,coniinonly-^oI^  their  ses- 
-j^y^  l^lre^  ^  #^jpi  1^^  alMdiiff 

|(|kd^  i^untry.  It  will  ^xbbably  86oB  be<^e  tfie  pennaneilt 
l^i^  gQvmtr^pfit*  Much  of  the  tri^^jd^ihe  tr^per  coun.- 
jl^  Ofnttres  In  ^^^  town.    It  had  in  18 10, 2,^3  inha^itt^tit* 

Pc^^i  AmnerU,  Keene,  Choi^IestO^,  Pl^ 
HfKfeHiiUi  iire  tlie  other  jaapsfi  jeoiisidenibie  towns  ^  0^ 

Cmiqn^'  In  ^e  tdrn^ip  of  jCheH^r^  is  ^  0iivi^ 
tmixx^t  ifalfai.niife^^ diameter,  and ijdol^ltij^;  ^a|ir 
ied.^a|ti4^alte  h^^  "  ^4  ^e  south  side,  ien  yiMfds  ^oes  Its 
lli|jW).Ut|^>irtCftf^^  tfijePeyUfs  J)efiy  tip 

which  is  a  r9^(>i9,  pt^jor  twenty  f^tj^nai^,ii|idf^ 
|eet1i%b,  tlqared  i^ld  in^ted  by  a'  regiuaj^'  rockt  from  the 
^i^l^pa^^^^  ojT  iijrht^y  i^  4^*^(^o>>^  ^&^^  eieres^teas^ 
'^fi/t0f.  Ill  the  fdmn  and  the  of  a  pear^  «n4}  when  f  pntoii^- 
ff  %  it  tedr^v  4lirow  out>  sparklif^g  lustre  of  bimcmt  eyitry 
l^t^"^.  J^aii^y  n^tfnl  stories  have  oeen  told  of  tins  jCay^i 
by  \^tf9e  who  delight  in  |be  ^n^iareUous.''  i^jp  ii^^^c 
tUreary»  imd  glte«yjpla«6i^  -  '^      :n^  ^ 

In  the  town  of  jQ^ham,  is  a  rock,  citmiputed  |0  ii^e^gh 
sixty  or  seventy  tons,  which  lies  so  '^f^^  poised  on  Slioith- 
eir  To<ik^.  thlit  It  may  be  mdycd  with  miet'fRget, 

In ifihejEidow,  in  Atkinson,  iy  {^'island  or  fix  or  sefen 
jicret,  that  rises  and  falls  with  the  water  of  d^e  meadoW; 
which  ia  someUmet  six  feet.        :    /^ 

On  the  plain  of  Dar^uth  cintege;  one  hm^d  feetl 

^eve  tJie  bed  of  Conneetieut  river,  logs  of  timber  Jiaye 

been  dug  up>  thi^y  fbet  Ji>eIow  the  sudlice  of  die  erteii 

^  |jt  isauj^posedf  &at  t^i^  elevated  plam'  wl^f .  (niee  we  W 

Dfthenver^ 


ISH' 


■  ■  ■J'.'  - 


tERlSONt, 


„/:i7-' 


Vli 


tiouti  ^om  novth  to  tMm\  irAXHiVi^  J57*  4,«sj.i  .m 
northern  >auiidaiy  line  i»  oirfy  ^  uiilea  jeij^  ik^  ^ 
goutheafait-itbctot  4&%ik8i  litimfttj^  thr^iri 
al^^mile^^  itfwaigiV€?-a»  irrea^^'o^  lO^H?*  %<mm  raSefc 
his  «4wsated;beiween  42  tod  45  degi^l  N.  l^iliide,  a^ 
"^m^i  19  U*  aB4  ^  SO'  E.  loogtito^  it  w  btfupi««l 
fi^^'^J^^^  X:mcam»  B.  by  Conhficacwt  riter,  ifejKirat- 

^  Ji|rom  1^ Jtoipi^  S*  by  M«i8sa«husettJ^  W;  ^ 
Jiei«?¥orlc»    Na  part  of  the  statej^disbtHr  iieai^  tlii^ 

J^  or  90  Q]^e»i<^  th«  Qc&iiw  k     ;  : 

j^.    in  the  ceiitff  by  th^^  Grim  nuiuntaiiir  ruiiiiiiie^aiD 
^w*b  ttF  •0ttA }  its  civil  $yi[iionf  awL  tweWe  G9tt9&^  a» 


lieQQmgioii 

it^lMl 

^itidsor 


190a   v^ 


Cf4e<l«ttiid 
Oxieans 


C^raiid  Isle 


/ 


J3,4lt 

ii;*9o 

l*43t 
M79 
!M;89 

154,440 


:  (Pmstts.ld 

MK). 

1^,89$ 

29,48T 
d4,S78 
r9,99S 
25,247 
18,120 
18,740 
16,427 
5,8S» 

ajosr 

8,445^ 
2jl7y9l5 


St   Albad^s 
GuUahall  - 


-  15[^.»t»e8,?n  Connecticut  river,  ftoraeoutlilo  |toiii&, 
^;«  Windham,  WmdsiM-,  Qr^ge,  Caledonia,  Eitex  t  in  a 
iwiilar  direction  along  Ihe  New-York  line,  are  ^  4tttf- 


>f'' 


i' 


iril 


\N 


m 


mnmmi:. 


i^  of  BcunifllgUm,  Etist^iid»  Ginjad ,  Isle,  AdcUiopy  Cia^ 
tea/dem  in^  Pnuiklin  ;  ^9t;<Nre«n  the  Us^  fu>d  Euev,  lies  tlib 

^«Mlbty:  .oT  Orlieftac,-  W tii0*  ooft&>iii»;of  the  states..  Th«se 
air^  lubdiTided  jnto  iffif«a«cb>e£,$SO|owns. 

Fac^tk^Counp^.  ifj^  face  l)f  the  ^coimtrr  ^exhibits 
V^y  dinrent  prospects.  Adjoining  the  rivers^,  are  exten- 
sile p^os  ;  at  a  sink}!  distance  froin  th^mt  t|ie  land  rises 
i^to  a  chain  of >  high  mouj^tains«  1nte^e£ed^>v:ith  Idhgfnd 
di^  ;VaU«iA|i^v  J^s(^ending  fi^pni  the  mountains^  the  streams 
ai^  rh^s  appi^ar-^in  eVery /p$t|t;of  the  country,  al^^^g 

vife:ptentif^i  supply  of -water.;-.  '"  i*ry 

'  X^akes  offd  mverr.  The  gte^atest  part  of  Wo  ChttK^latn' 
i%jja  t^  It  is  160^ jn^es  I^g,'  aod  12  bfoadp  ci^ti- 

tai^ii^  ,te«^^  i^^Mis..  J^e-  MmphrelaH^Qg  lies  pi^ri- 
ly  in  Yeiriii^nt,  and  paitfy  in  Xx;#er  Ca^i^ada*^   SibaJiL  Jidtes  . 

lor.poadaf  .are  yery-Tiumerous. 

All  the  stri^ams  and  >riyer8  iti  yertnont»  vhich  are  vef> 
iiuii^e^o\«i,  rii^  a9ioi)g.,the  Green , moa^tdapsixdlifout  $5 

Z  riMi  |a#t;iBto'  CInifeetivcit  ri^t ;  25  run  w€Stfpr|y,  piling 
l^f  ftiFlfafute  to.:,lake^ChaiDplaio  ;  aiid  twa  or  4hv^ 

.ttiiig4||(#e  ipmd  di;%otiont  ffili  into  Hudson  fiver.  >Ift  ^ 
ttturthWi^y  pai^>  several  sti^eams  run  N.  ^8charging.||^ 
«ri|t^r$  1{^  lake  Memphrem^gog,  and,  ijtoni  *vakat)^ 
^j^hth^xiy^r  Si.  F«ah^  Sf.  Xa«nn^«i^. 

^  ^  ^11^^  west  of  the  mouotaios,  lailisig 

l|f(ti«l^e  Pu^nplaint/alf.  Otter  C^0<^;  Onion,  iU  Mbilie» 
k}i4  MisiBiiix^ui.  ,  On  ili0,i^ast  side,  tSiC  rivers  jn«  lkoi;^o 
IfTge*  but  they'We"'mOft^  nun^erctus.    West  riiipri  White. 

i^ef/^n^T^uiiisii;,  are'tV ^^(^s^^^^  "^ 

'  illgiiitttom.    Through  th^^^  is  oi^e  df^tiiia^d 

I jEQ^  q|' m^nintaii^i,  which,  fr^  verdure  fof 

ii^ir  tr^eSj  are  called  the  C?r«!p?i  MdwiFaim»  and  pive;  their 
^  nan^e  t6  the  whole  state.    They  extend  J^obei  iJisKet  Cto- 
ada,  through  Yerinont,  Massachusetts, .  ai^  Connectiotit; 
l%eir  ^Oneral  ^direction    is  ^Vom  .j^il^heast  to^  southwest, 
and  thei^  extent  Ji^  pot  ^ss  than  400  niil^s. 
'  Soi/  and  PrQducHom,    They  have  atyairiety  of  excellent 
lands  ii^  .Vermout,  whiph  produce  i^eai;,,  and>  .mai^y  .i>ther , 
sorts  of  grai%  in  abund^ce.    There  lute  extensive.  ]^- . 
tures,  andsome  of  the  fii^st  beef  catt|.o  in,  .the  world  ^re, 
raised  iq ,  this  staj^.'   Miaiiy    kinds  of,;fruit  :g^^   here. 
Back  ^fi-^ithe  riy^?§^^^  %dw  is  thi<ij^  covered;  with- 


les.  These 

rr  ^exhibits 
areextcna- 

h  Idhgfnd 
tbefttriBBins 

btoadp  cot»- 

ig  liei  inii^* 

Slicu#  Spikes 

ch  we' Ve*>^ 
p4b»pe^fw- 

iy^/  ^Ift  tlie , 
liargfafig  |h|&P 

i,  Lb  Moille, 

3  are  tto^  Jp 
ri^  Wlme; 


VtftMt>N^. 


195 


>e      ,     , 

a  vertoe-of 

aid'  give,  their 
Ltf^et  Cto- 
CoM*SCti(Jti^ 
to^  southwest, 


*^<t 


of  exciellent 
.  maiiy  .i>theT, 
ctensiye  INW- 
]ii^  world  ^re, 
gl?oy    here. 


htrch/^lriuip!e|  lu^  biitteroif^,  u^  white  OMf  of  an^-^sc^l.- 
leat'^Ualim'     .,  '."■',,.    '""■,'.  ,'.',;  ,%v  ., v.  .  ' 

:Stm€r!ftfs, '  Iron  and  Jead  ores,  pipe  clajr,  ^iMlil^ilii^  beea 
.wrim^  ib[i(o. dtttable^c^  ^imd  vfldt  qua|imleft   of 

white,  gi^jr,  a|id  vaiie|sate4  mn^ie,  have  beM^lbi^loi 
various  parts  of  this  state.  I. 

Maiiitfac^um.    A  igreat  number  of  forges  i^d  fur|uice» 
w&  erfctttd  for  the  manufacture  of  iron;  in  vrbich  wre 
made  bar  iron  and  naitis  vaiS.  various  artijcles  of  iro|  aiid 
'#teelr->.        .  .•■■'■■  '''  ■,-../•■■',  ' 

The  other  fhief  manufactutes'sre  pot  and  peaii  ashes, 
UpAple  sugar,  aad  s^itd,  distilled  from  ^rain.    l^ost  of^ 
the  famihes  manufactup  a  great  part  aDf  thejc  d<itthing. 

'  TVrtrfip.  The  GonoDnerce  oi'  Verinont  i&cl|iet!lyj^*l^"^pi- 
tea,  Porttaijul,  Hartford^  Kew-Yorlc,  Jdoili^^^  and  Que- 
lle, t6  which  ^places  Uiey  tr^sport  hora^^  JbH^^.^pofk, 
tditter,-  cheese,  wheat,  flour,  kon,  naiht'^'WadvPf^l 
aJhes.  ^     ■  ™^   ■,  ;^    ■- 

:  Likrature.  The  general*  asaembly  df'^ermont'^va' 
e«|abIi^iedftwo  colleges,  one  at  j^urlin^ij^  |u^^  oi^  at  < 
Hiddlebuty.  They^are  Vet  in  their  inf^UiciV,-  but  pt4^^ 
great  usefcdneit^. The '^tt  has  u]^|^€Ui  1c»^  one  hun- 
died :ftud<bit|kv  No  tounti^  is^ore  attehtive  to  edoca- 
lion.  Cpinm9n;SeSQ«i|  are  supjported  in  ev^rjr  neighbor* 
liood  ^  pian^vpf  thepmcipo^  towns  h$ve  g^rammatichibcw  ; 
and  theHTe.  are  several  mcorp^^ 

.  (^MefToums,  l^e  iegislaituier  have;:>  vioi  yet  established 
any  primuanent^  seat  of  goyerntnent;  Kit, ,  at  the^ch)i^e  of 
each  ^^sioiij^:  adjjpiv^  to  s^ch  pl^ee  a&  tHi^^tgUieih  propi^*^ 

::|ii&9WiliaiK>N^nea^  corner  if  the  stato,  ia 

one  of  1^  ol^t  towaSj>  an0  ha4  in  1810/  ^,5^  inhabit- 
ants, <  a  nidetliijg:  house/  ap^demyy  court  house,  and  gaol. 
WinijsfHr/  uji#-^Cotti>ectiip«rti  tivery  is  i^  bea^al^  toWn,  ^of 
about  gjTStiiihabitiin^i;  Eriftltod,  upoii  <3i^  Crieek/vcoii- 
tains  *S,S79  <  inhabitants.  Guiifprd,  BtaUlebdroilgb, v  Pu^« 
ney,  W^tiit^inster,  Norwich  and  Newbury,  ^i  on  Connec£i^ 
-out  riVer/  lure  ple^nt  and  ftourishing  tow|^*  Vergennes 
stands  on  the  hwer  S^spf  Qttj&c  i^resk,  VesSeW  of  at^ 
burden  t^tint  up.  to  #e«  fa}%  which  are  tbron|ed  witn  i 
milis.'"  "'••'■■  ■    .■    ,/,/'"'■•■>'  '-.."t/  ■■'';^':'''  '    ••■-  ..---'',  ^ ';"" ';:?■'"' 

Curiosities^    In  the  tdwn  of  t!larendoi>,pn!^e  sid^pfa^ 
ftoiifdihill,  is  a  very  curioua  cave^   The  c&astn,  iit  its  en-<r- 


m 


2f4^SA6Hl7SfiTTk 


jMmtisaa'm  feet,  and' then  mils  aq)«cioui  rooin»  i^ 
k9t^%  breadlh,  aiidbtOO  fie«t  ill  length  ;  ttie  rc^f  qf  %Im 
Oiv^eMt^  bf  rock,  thirough  which  the  water  is'  jccntttnually 
p^;^atiii§.^  The  «U)|uc^tes^' whi(^  hang  iro» -^  «»dr 
appear  like  icicles  oh  the  evei  of  houses,  and  its,  Qoiitxuu^ 
ally  hocveasiRff  jth  numbec  add  magtikude. .  The  bottimi: 
aHa  sidei  are  dail^  incrusting  with  spar  and  othec  mineral 
jUdbstancies.  On  the  sidei  of  this  subtenraneous  hall^  afie 
^bleSi^  (^ai£s»  4ic.  which  appear  to' have  been  artifici&lb, 
carved^t  This  ric^t|^  orfliexiieai^A  room,  when  Uhimina^ea 
^{th  me  camttes  'm  the  guides,  has  an  enchanting,  eflb^ 
iipto  the  (^e  o£  the  sipectatbr.  At.  the,  end  of  this  c»te^i| 
#^0it<^lar  hole,  is  feet  deep,  appalrently  l^wn  9^,^b  Sk. 
cpii^  Ibrin,  enlarging  eradually  aa  you  desc^hd,  in  form 
Q|ft;«ugar^hmf.  At  the  oottom,  is  a  spring  oi*  frei|H  w^- 
|^.:in:.con^a]£  motion,  like  the  boUing  of  a-vpot.  Itii^ 
4imth  Hm  ^er  bee^^ 

^  some  %w  l^djB,  over.M^tth^  Gveat  Ox  ^em,  i» 
11^  f 0n^ar]|jeihle  spi^in^,  which  dries  up  once  iiCtwo  or  tht^ 

"      ai^.  bursty  out  in  ano^er  place.    It  hav  a.  strong. 

of^ ililipiue^r,  and  throws  vmtL  pedidiai:  kind  of  wliite 

A  thftk  XJ^ovr  scum  rises,  ujfjionfh^  watet  wheik^ 

Ilr*  V^MUama  has  written  the.be«t.  biBtor3^  of.  this,  stat^ 


BfASSAjDHIISETTS  :PBC5^^ 


Ml 


SifuaHon  and  Extent.:  'HiE'staie  of  Maashusetttf,  gk-^ 
olt^yf  of  theDistrict  of.  Maine,  liea  between  41  <*  W  &nd! 
4a<»  52^  riorth  Ja^ode^  and  hetween  l"  30"and  5®  11'  east 
^tm^^de..  The  northern  line  oiVthis  state  is/ about  116 
jniles  long  ;  it»,soutJiem  boundary/ from  the  southwest 
comer  to  Cape^  Cod,  is  19Pa  Its  western  line  is  ^  about  $0 
MiileS;;  in  some  places  it.  Is  <Wtder,  in  others  much  narrow* 
^.'  It  16  suppo«id  to  contain  6^50  square  miles* : 

'V^iQbisLsrtidetf^esu  of  no  topic  rdStili|'tQ  tbe  OUtriot  of  Msia^ 


\ 


MkSBACHmtimi, 


~Wi 


Mmndarki.    Mii^f^  ifboindtd  on  Ae  ntpttlgr 

Terihont  and  New^HAiii|»iliire)  eait  by  the  AtMic'^ 
ceim  L  Boi^tli  bv  ibejltoiic  Khode-IslKid,  ii4  c^yrtfftK- 
.ciit>;.'|e«a(by  Ne«r-»yorJI.'  '7  W^^ 

DiviMn^  and  Poptaatr-n^    Hiis  omi  of  the-ttili  4  4t-»^ 
vided  inli^  14  countiost  vi«^  "  /^ 

I»habitaiic|i» 

in  1810. 

9,9,195; 

6,809* 
64,000 
85y78» 


NoifQlk 
Esiex  ' 
Middletex 
l?rafi|dift   r 
Han^liire 
Bamp^eii. 


XMtabitantf  f  GgimtiiNr  i 
in  1»10. 


\ 


34,S81 

Tl,888 
53^78^ 

76,192 


Pirmoutk 
Briftoi 
Bomptable 
Doke's'Coimtjf^^ 
.Nantiieket 
Worcerter. 
Berkdiire 


i- 


The  whole  number  of  towns  is  £80..  The  whole  tittm. 
b^  of  mhabitanta,  in  1800,  was  422,680,  and  in  laiO*, 
4744640 ;  increase  in  10  ^yeari,  49,010  ;  munb^r  0f  in. 
fial^^ts  to  each  s^uarg^mu^,  75..  jk^^  are  iio  vkiiea  ilk 
]||an*acAusetts..  '-  i^  ^v,.-- -v., >^- ■'.;.:''■  ■ 

.Faaeofth  Cpunii^^       The  opast  of  kassadhoset^ ||^ 
.  dentjed  with  niwuerotts  bays.    The  western  part  W  <^ 
state  is  billy.    Wachusett  .raountaki,  45  miles  norUiwe2^ 
of  Boston,  ^i»  2989  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.    Mountt. 
Todp>  in  Hamj^re  cq^^n^  is  1237 , feetabove  the iWrte* 
of  Connecticttt  rivCTi  Whicj&  nudces  ita  base.,   ftlount  n^ 
lyoke,  in  Hadlej^,  ii  neariy  ais  high  ;  and  from  its  t<^  is  in 
w&st  beautifal  ^ro8i>eict.    In  the  vicinity  of  Bost^  are 
s<^mehil8,of  considerable  height ;  but,  except  the  comv- 
ties  of  liampihire  aftil  llM^feshite,  Masaachnsetta  k  ^enei. 
^jy  alevelj^ountrjr^.  v 

l^^mi^^  i&  jthat  cal^d  Masi. 

fijcfeisetto  Bay^  fenned  by  Cape  Ann  9a  the  north,  andi 
Cape-Cod  on  the  sottth,.  GapcrCod  receives  its  name  from 
the  fisb  taken  on.  that>^oast.^  On  the- south  side  of  the 
f  "P^^^i^e  harbor  of  Provincetown,  the  first  port  entered 
by  the  Forefathers  of  New-«inKiand;  in  imo,  whence  thev 
pro<*eeded  to  Plymouth*.    ,     "^  *' 

.Ritiers.  Hous^tonic  river  rise#  fi«ra  se^nd  sources  in- 
ttie  western  pj^rt  eC  this  state,  and  Bom  southerly  liirouRli 
Gonnecticut,  mto  Long  Island;  Sbund.  Beerfield  rive« 
ftlkwto  C<M«iei^pfej^  between.  Deei^ 


^Pl 


l!l'i 


^  ill 


t» 


fifASSACHUSEt^S; 


^fi0AA''  and  Greenfielik    "Weitfifld  tiv«r  <  emt>ti«ft  ifi|p  ^^e 

Connecticut  at  West'Spriligflfeld.  V 
ConuectiCttt  t ivor  Witi*  throutftt  thiii  dtate^  and.  Inter- 

iecujlie  county  i^Hampahire*    in  ill  coursfi,  if  runa  ov«r 

liU||lb<Mf6    Deerft^lC /l^d  between    NortHampton    and 

iS{>riQ^el(|l.    Miilttr's  and  Chietne6.  rivar»  /all  into  Cq|i- 

bectieut  oin  the  ea$t  side  }^the  fonner  at  Nortttfield,  ^the 

latter  at  Springfield. 

In  the  eastern  jmrtv  of  ^|he    stale,  is  Merrimae-  riva:>. 
navigable  for  vesSals  of  burden,  about  20  mil^^  froi^  its 
'.-moutft.'- 

Nashua,  Ccfncordy  and 'Shavrsheen^-^riverff,  rise  in  this 
state,  and  runi  finottbeasterly  course  into  the  Metrimac. 
Ipswich  and  Chebacco  rivers  pKM  through^dieicown  of 
Iptwbli^intd  Ipswich  bayj^^'  Mystic  river  fall^  into  Boston 
liiltfi>6r  east  of  the  penlnsultt  of  Oharlestown.  tt  Is  i^h^ 
liable  thtee^miles  to  Medford»~-  "^  > 

Cilarles  river  is  a  considerable  iti^eam^  which  passes  ili- 
tQM:Bo8lon'  harbor,  between.  Charlestown  and  Boston.    It^ 
ta^navigable  for  boats  to  Watertown,  7  niiles. 

Keppnsei  i^ivar,  aftier  pa8silig,oyer  ftjisy  sufficient  to  car- 
''^'iniUs,  unites  with  other  small  stre^M^  tod  fdrmt  a  ,v€- 
W  cdnstant  auj^ply  of  water  for  the  niany  milU  tsltuated  on; 
jtne.ri^  biedow,  untit  it  mce^'tiie  tides  in  Maton,  ijSroin 
wllence itrsvnaviviible fo%  vesiels^afclM  t<k» W  ^ 
^ba^/distaxit about 4t miles."^  '  i!v  ■  y'''' 
-■:^fmhrvtet  runs  in^»  serpe^i^ne  coors?  between  Scitu* 
^iii  jihd;MBrs(ifield,  an^  passes^  to  the  se;^;.  Tauittob  river 
is  inade  up  bf  seVeraL  streams,j'^wMch  ynitie  in  ibr^^  i^^ 
town .  of  f^idgewater;  Xta  <H>ucse  is  from  •nfj^rnqjiist  >lto 
4<»uthwest,  tin  it  falls  into '  Narrt^^anset  IS9.fi' mU  t'iver- 
t(^  opposite  to. ^e  north  end  of 'Ithode-Islluid*- 

SifU  and  Preduetidns.  A  great  varieW  of  soils  are  found' | 
ja  ^-  jKlasisachus^ttS,-  yielding  all  the  dmbrent .  productions , 
cpiiimon  to  the  ciunatd..  The  average  pi^oduce  oii  anva* 
.^e  of  good  land,  is  pi^obab^  near^  -as  follows  ;  Indian 
torn,  30  bushels ;  b^l^,  SO ;  wheat,*  15^;  rye,  JS-^  po- 
tatoes, 200* .    ,    ■  ;;.   ^     _'.  •    '■.;      ■'    ■■;  _    v' 

The  southern  p^  of  the  state  is  ~the  most  barren,ian4 

nottb  i^d  west  parts,  including  Hampshire  county, 

most  feitiie  parts.    The  towns  in  £he  vicinity  of  Bos- 
Mni  M  CambHogej  Roxbury,  Bro<^di!ie,  and  ubrcbestei,  > 


■■^t 


fSASSjLCUVSNTM/ 


ltf»^ 


ue  UUnSif  gardeot*  train  wlilch  the  capital  k  fisfpniM' 

.with  the  finett  ftmU,  tat^  Vegetablaa.  Tl&^  (oima  adjoiljik^g 
Cdn]»ecticut.mer:hatd  a  jiixjuffiaiit  BoiL  , 

Mherids,    Iron  ofB^'  So  it^eiaiB  quaniitiqai,  is  fouo^'  io 
vairioni  part(^  of  thc^atiile  t  but'  pHncifM^Ii  %  th^^^^ 
6S  PljrmouthaM  BrUtoI.    Cbnpdfpri!  it i^uh4 af  x^tt^ 

'  ett  anid  Atttebbniiigh ;  nitiiea  of  black  jteap>'  at^idU^  s 
pjfpeclay,  and  9^  and'^o#  oehrei  at  Mariii^'^^i^iiiid . 
and  other  placei^. .  Init  quarry  efvHtaa!eii«ne,  ||Rewbuig|rf^. 
is  found  the >J«60t^o«,  or  incoidbaitibie  cotton..  Macble  la; 
ffUif^ditt.thesatde  vicimtw/anda^^  In 

Biookfieldi  is  a  largp  bcicfo^  rocks,  called  p^tittwjpt^' 
liated  with  sylphur,  yitviol  and  alum. 
Mimrd  wriitgi.     Several  mberi^  sbrings  l^ve  b^en 

^  d}Scoverti|d»  bqit  none  have  yeicobtaiWt  Jniich^  celebri^. 
Sj^gs  of  the  ^uiaUty,  though  n<>t  jof  th)^  strength,  of  tfe 
BallstoWn  wat^rs^  have  lateJy  beien  brougl^l  nito  seaw  mh 
tikci'  in'the  norih'part  of  Boston*  uid .at  Brighton^  S  ct  6 
inuesiveBto^^OB^on,  but  .<heir  waters  Jfdve  noiyetj^een 
flialyff!^: 

'   Manti/acturti.  ^The  manu^letttrea  of  Massaeliuietti  aro 
^rarious  and  confiderablf^    0ttck  mijpiactfirl^l  jfve  bleii . 
eaiaiblished  at  Boston  Salem«;Hav'erhiU»  i^^^^'^^^ 
Ikitton  is  manuf^ctiured  at  Bei^rly^  Boston,  Wo^o^stcr^ 

''Mendbir,  Medpe}d,'and  W0OI  at  %n^d..4Uid  if^er^&ce^ 
Plyia^ui|h..ftn4  Bristol  counties  arefh^  p^iiicipal[jseaft(0f 

« IkHSft.  aiaouilic^ori^  In  Taimtpa^  'No^to|i,  ^Sifii^vi^^, 
^lymouthr ;  K<Bg^on,  and  other  tc^ns,  nails  are  time  ii^ 


/.;-/; 


iifactur^4'  There  are  more  than  20  ^tip^r  nuHs  in  &^s 
state,  ^ich|>ro,duce  upwards  of  70,000  tieapis. of  pfi^rs^;^- 
n^ally.  Ttie  j)ricipal  card  manufactories  are  in  Bostloi  and 
Cdmbffdge.  There  are  60  dis>ij[leri(iSr  ei;|ipioyed  in  ^istUl- 
ing,.spirits  iVom  t<)>re^^  materi^s ;  and  f%  cquptry  iistilfe* 
I'i^s,  employed  in  distiHrngdoiriestic  articles.'  > 

A  gta  house  iii  Boston  prctdaccs  glass  ^superior  to  iaiay 
imported,  to  the  arabunt  of.76,000  dolWs  in  a  year. 

At  Lynn,  in  Essex  county,  400,000  pairs  of  shoes  are 
annually  made.     There  is  a  mariufectprj  of  wire  at  Dcd- 


■H' 


1^ 


rf\ 


■  1,1 


■I 


11 


,.^j)iat«,  paper,  att<i  vaw'd^  ittiUs  «w  €itet«d  in  VftiMV 

j^yvmmct*  T|iecointiier<:edrMaffachiMettoi9txtepaiYe< 
Tftelr  ahipit  faij  i^oiiiuTthe,  globe  M|tt  onng  hdiM  Ae  pro* 
dncetif  overy  climate.  The  chielt  exporta  are  Q?ef^  l^fl>^ 
biiUert  chbes;^. flour,  pot  andjpewrl  ashes',  flax  seedf,  w)|fj(i^ 
oil,  whalebone,  Rj^ermaceti,  f&n,  thoei,  tobacco,  aod  lui^er. 
More  tHIU)^  a  third  part  of  the  whoie  shipping  in  Uie  Unit^ 
^teB  is  ownecT  iii  this  stiate.  towards  of  29i0pO  tons  are 
«tnpibjri^  m  the  fisheries ;  4^,000  in  the  coasting  trade ; 
ana  9(>,5(S«  in  filading  with  different  parts- of  the  wOr|dr 
Such  was  the  state  of  commerce  befifrc  the  war. 

Inland  NavigaUon^-  A  canal  is  opened  on  Connecticut 
#l^r»  round  BliUei^s  ancT  Moiatakue  Ffdlt«  The  locki  a^e 
90  feet  wide,  75  feet  long,  and  draii^  three  feet  of  wi^r. 
They  are  supported  on  eacH  side  by  stone  widl^  8  feet 
^icS,  and  liiied  with  plank.  ^  The  nchole  jfull  if  66  feet, 
imdlthie:  panal  saves  tlie  earnage  of  6  miles.-  Altfieheia 
of  tHis  ckniil  is  a  dam.  extending  across  the  rivW,  of  a  8t|h 
pendous  structure.  It  is  1000  feet  long,  and  28  high;  frnb 
the  top  to  .^e  sur&ce  of  the  water,  built  of  solid  ludbejr, 
SA  supported  by  heavy  cross  timbers.  This  daqa  servw  t^ 
o^iiden  the  riiij;)idfs  between  it  and  Miller's  ri\wfy  nnq  to 
iuM^  the  ciuSil  wIlEh  watef,;  which  overoomes  the  riqpids 

'^^Sionftiitik .. : 

^A  oanttT  li  aisd  ppisn^d  roundf  tbeialls  at  3<mth-lladley, 
'  y^th  locks^of  pieciiliar  tfod  ingenious  ccntistrucjtioh^ 

Sut  the  gfeat^St  work^  of  the  kind  in  this  state,  is  th^ 
Middlesex  oan^',  which  connectis  the  waters  of  Merrimac 
river  with  Boston  harhor,  SO' Aiiea  kMu;.  Concora  river  is 
the  reservoir  of  the  canal*  These  Tocks  connect  this  river  i 
with  the  Merrimac,  the  descent  being  21  feet.^  Hnving 
raised  the  Merrimac  to  the  level  of  the  canal,  it  proceeds 
to  the  Concord,  crosses  it,  and  proceeds  on  its  course,  over 
iMrobka  and  rivers,  1 1  miles.  It  passes  over  Shawshe^n  riv- 
er  by  an  aqueduiji  bridge,  more  than  20  feet  above  the  sur- 
fece  of  the  river.  At  the  and  of  II  miles,  is  a  lock  of  7 
f^et  descent,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  further  is  another.  A 
few  places  of  Jow  ground  have  banks  raised  12  or  13  f$et 
high.  Thirteen  Ipcis  are  required  in  its  wbc^e  course, 
jftiaking  a  descent  of  107  feet.  Each  lock  contains  lOO 
jVipft  of  timber  supported  by  stone  walls.     It  proceeds 


•■■"1r,  ill 


itASsicacmpSi 


lat 


A*^y^  Woborn,  pasiei  over  ly^stio  mvft  iX^  fiost^ 
4he iithilius  fttChirieitown  i;^to  m  tMy  hel09tkCtmtU$r 
town  and  Cattbri^.    i%e  MtriiMiKfi  riy^  it  ftlir^iidy»  # 


commoiu^ticp  from  Boston  to  th^  cen|re  tn  i^m*Jnjlutm^ 

ISirtdget,,  tlioro  9fQ  about  20  blidg^sa  In  t^s  ttate^ 
«whicb  ar?  supportad  by  a  toll.  Cbairlea  rtrer  bridge  li  ^9 
oldest,  coniectif%  Bostofi  an#  Char|aito«rn,  li^^et  Ionr» 
supportieA  l)y  75  j[>ier«.  Twp  bridges  conoeiit  ^oiton  aiSl 
Cambri^gi;,  one  of  whii:h  ia  3300  %(ee  long  with  a  eauie- 
way^  on  .Cambridge  aide,  of  3640  fe^,  tnaking  nearly  » 
inilo  and  a  thirds  Another  brldgo  cOi«Qec|i  tho  |Outh  pa4 
oCBotttqn^th  Dorchester^  .^  i  v*^ 

Maldei)  and  Chebea  bridgea  Join  thoiii  towni  'to  ClTarlep-  - 
<jtoWj^.    Jltse^  bridge  ^pnnects  ^alem  and  Beverly.    AU 
.tii«^,  preceding  badges  have  drawa  to  admit  the  passiige  .Jdf 
^irajMela  thr<^gh  them.      Several  elegant  jmd   expeutivjd 
bridstw  haye  be^i^  built  ovW  the  Merfimac. 

l^ereiip  a  bridge  over  tharwids  of  Qonne^ticut  rive^ 
betweenf  M^tague  and  Greepfi^,  cons^ting  x>f  four  ai^h- 
^l/iuf^rted  by  three  piers  and  tw>  abuUnents^  bnUl  of 
^ftone.  The  height  of.thejie  arches,  aboye  the  watejr  tff 
the  riv^r  in  ^  dry  season,  is  60  pr  70  feet.  T^  water, 
.during  freshetS)  sotnetim^  ilpws  ovet  the  piers  and  af>«ut- 
ittenti.  Another  bridge  ji  biitilt  oyer  this  nyer.at  Ha^)4t 
^^^  1^'  Spj(iii||^eld>  |i^  .Otike  (connects  Ifi^c^  wtf^ 
.Northampton./  •'''';  '".  .'?;-^'-'i*'"  ■  '  "'^' v' '^_"-'',  >' 

Roads.,  Turnpike  ripada  are  making  in  every  dM^tioo. 
The  Qeneral  Cpiurt  has  incorporated  nearly  20.  companiea 
fdr^his  pm^pwse*  ^$y  these,  trayelling  between  the  prind* 
pal  towns  lamade  ^aay  ^d  safe^  .^d  .accqnip.|i$heq  with 
^reat facility.-  -    '-  ■'^^-\^->^:. ': :>'■;  ■';'  -'-^•^'  r  .* 

Lkeralure  and  Education,  Acf^rordiog  to  the  laws  of  this 
commonwealth,  every  town,  having  fifty  hoi«9eholders  or 
upwardi,  is^o  be  jufoyided  with  one  or  more  school  mas- 
|ere,  to.teac^  chit(venand  youth  W  read  and  write,  and 
inftruct  the^  in  the  English  langu^e,  ariUiraetic,  geog. 
raphy  and  decent  behavior ;  and  where  any  town  has  200 
fjmiilies  there  it  also  to  be  a  grammar  schdbl  set  up 


132 


M:&$$ACR0l$ETrS. 


■i";'; 


'therein,  .&ndfi«me  di^creft  ptkaoD,  wiB)l'ii1structed/>n  'ih^y 
Lfitiiv  Greek;  imd  Eng)i8bJ«ngtuiges«ptQcixredto  k^ej^  thd 
sa^e,  and  be  Auital^y  paid  |)y  the  inh«Htlnt8^1 /The  pena]^ 
t^^r  negfiect  of  ochooli,  in^^towns  ^4Q  ^miliea,  is  id?.— ^ 
tmhc^imfae^^  '-       . 

Jii  Boston,  tber:e  lure  iieyen  bul>Uc  sdiools)  viz.  one  Latin 
grammair  school,  ihr^  ^BngHmgraromar  schook,  and  thrge 
for  writing  and  ^«ritfaaneUc,  supported  :whelly  at,  the  ^^6^^^ 
l^eilse  of  tike  t0wn ;  in  these  schools,  the  children  of  ev^rjr 
cisuM  of  citizei^  (the  black  exa*pted)frc«lya8s«)>ciat^ 

Besides}  thene,  ihi^e  are  many  .private  'SchoiDls,  for  in- 
sti'uction  in  t^i^e  £^n^lishyiliatin»  imd  Frcnc;h  languages^- 
in  ivtitlng,  arii^aieiic,  and  tHe  higher  brances  of  ^the- 
matics-i^faiitd  also  tn^iQu^ic  and  dancing.  There  is  pr^^ 
biy  hot  a  tovrh  in  the  worid,  the  ymh>0f  whicH  enjoj^ 
the  benefits  of  school  education  more  fiilly  than  in  B<^- 
.-ton*  -■     ":.',■'..,..  ■    4.    ''     ' 

Kext  to  these  in  importasrce,  are  the  academies^  of  wluch , 
th^re  are  about  20  in  tlie  state.  In  these*  ^e  sciences  a£|L 
taught,  and  youth^ttedibr  the  uhiv^ty.       *  :     V^ir-'ri;, 

Harvard  University,  at  Camki'idge/w^t}t  respect  U;^^^^ 
libranr,philpB<9phieal  apparatus,  and  jHrofesscttships,  is<^^e- 
first  literary  institution  in..the  United  Sfftties.  It  consista 
of  five  handsome  brick  edi^c^,  thenamea  of  ^^iiih  are, 
Hary^  Hail,  ^a^saiihusetts  IlaU,^  Hotlis  Hall,  Holdea 
Ch'^ol,  and  Stoi%l»ton  Hall,  Harvard  hall  is  divided  -iak 
to  stii  apartments ;  one  of  whiCih  is  m^rcipnfl4ed  for  tlie 
library,  one  for  the  museum,  two  for'we  j^ilwif^hical  ap- 
paratus;  one  is  used  for  the  chapel,  and  the  oth^r  for  a 
dining  hi^l.  The  library  of  this  college  contains  upi^ards 
of  17,060  volumes.  It  has  a  president^  and  professor  ii^ 
divjuiity,  matliematios,  natural  pliilosophy,  surgery,  t^^ 
and  practice  of  medicine,  rhetoric  an^  oratory  t  and  naturall 

history.  o  ''::-, -Vf'"-    '    '      ■ '  •  " '^^^'ir'-    '         ''.-■.,■ 

At.WiltianMikoWli,  iti  Berkshhre  countVi^iB  anoth^ef^ literary 

institution^  called  Williams  college**   The  langu^es  and 

sciences  usually  taught  in  American  colleges  are  taug^ 

here,  ipd  tW  institution  is  Nourishing; 

Sci/tnixi,    The  litehiry,  htimarie,  aoid  other  sdcieties  6t 

Mafi&achusetti^  are  numerous,    't'hey  SHre,  %lm  ArpericMi 

Apadeniy  of  Arti     id  Sciences;  iha  Massachusetts  Char- 

iflible  Society.;  the  Boston  Episcopal  Charitable  Society ; 


■\:n 


,i*A- 


iii3 


malL  averv  ham>;Akl£..M:    "^'J*"*  "  MS  iQwn  a  the, 
■  '  ^^  %*     *^«*^o«sei,  and  5  *?ope»«^a,       > 


■1  ' ' 


r*f*iis?  wvS^^^y  sffir-i*  -«•* 


e^vid|i» 


^»  J.  town.    0?^f f^M'^^w^l  JStJimlwS 


li"  1 


kj^ 


townia  Fejideredfamons  iii'liii^i7,,%.ft»^^^^  wie^ce 
^ere  ^  first  0pfM>8iti«ii  ii^  w»£e  to  Be  Bfitis^  ^9^» 
:.dn  the  l^tli'  of  April,'  '.1775. ':.  ■  '':■'■,  -.^^ , .'  ;:^  ,/^2'-:=  '"^^'.-''-'H ' 

liamey  and  the  capital  of  thf  M  t^wonj^  ^^^9^i^''pjf^ 
imles,  soudvet^'df  Ikiisldq,  9nd  Ilotjises* 

It  i8,fani4iii%  foe  being  the  j^iace  feft ;^ilW  %  «fee  pWu» 
ancestors  erf"  tW  Kfew-^^ngiaDder*,  in  1620. 

WoAc*»T»R,  the  shire  town  of  tlje  coiibty  df  dtat  iSame 
is  the  largest  inland  town  in  Ne«r-£if^atui  :^yS  ^7  t|i|tes 
westwMef BoetoiK^  :  - . .' ^'  .  '  \'  ' '''^ '■'':''%," 

On  Connecticut  river,  therie  area  flumber  of  pleasant 
towns;  among  which,  are  Spririgfleld  and  hadley,  on'^e 
eeistsi^e  of  tire  river  iNo»T»AMff  on,  the  «hire  towr  of 
Hampshire  «aiinty,|iatfield,^^d  Greenfield,  on  the  west. 
k'Xdands.  Pt^M  Isii^u©  ii  aboiit  9pn>ile*  i^mg,  a»di^ 
li^jl,  esitendiiilg  froopi  lilerritnae  >o  I|iswich  rive^,  #icl 
l^piffiifced  fromtlie  maia  by  a  narrow  icmnd,  c^l^i^lnm 
l^i  WO^  1^  coij^  I^ii^^^^  san^.  tilowii  iiito 
ii|)^1»e^  d(m  15,  ail4^  feet  high,  ani^  cidwnjwi 
irith  biislie^  bew^  tfa«  Jbl^  pPn.  On  the  n<»|th^dy 
^  Ma  %ht  houses.  :  Near  ih^  i*ore  of  uie  ii^d^  the 
Hwiiane  %oia^ff£  Ifewhwigrpbrt  fi^te  erected  bills,  for 
the  relief  of  shipwrecked  roariner^  In  ^^e  season  wlienr 
tile  ^lunas  are  ripe,  the  island  ia  the  resort  of  ith^  »e%l|- 
^0ringkihabitaatiB«  and,  for  a  few  d^jfs,  exKibiU  a  «je^^^ 
itvehr^amiisement;:  S^^ '  "^y  ■iy'^y'..'-'-',^'''''';-^'X  ''^^'''^  ^-.i^' 
:"  iCiNx^^ET  IsibANiy  lies  siwth JM^^C 
tains  2S,O0Q  acres,  includicfg  tlie  bea(^,;aridcdt|i8titu^»^one 
CjRttaty  by  0i  name  of  Nantucket  It  ha^s  b^t  ,*o#  town, 
^lle#  iSWbiirne,  containing,  in  18J1.5,  68pt  iufiabitaiits> 
tThere  is  tiot  a  sinjgle  tre^  on  the  island  of  lia^urai  mtrnthA 
Thd  inhabitants  carry  on  a  oonsidsirable  whaie  Jl$hery. 
They  are  mostly  Qiiakersi.  there  is  onfe  ik>dety  #^^^^^C^^^ 

^nationalists.  :'''■':  '':''''''"^:~'^^f  /:'' 

Martha's  Vineyard,  a  little  to  the  westwariil  of  Nan- 
tucket, is  19  miles  long,  and  4  broad.  It  contains  thr^e 
societies  of  Congregattpnalists,  two  of  Baptist^  and  three 
of  Indians,  one  of  yrhi^h  was  till  lately,  supplied  by  )^n 
ordained  Indian  miiiister.  This  and  the  n^ffiiOi^g  El- 
ands of  Chappaqviodic, Roman's  Island,  tiPtMitlieJ||.i» 


m 


wism^t^^mjMi^ 


ZT^tBLAmMf  tQMtiM0  Duke*!  ^Hmty,  ^onleihii^ 

jiulattoes,  •t^isting.b^  affctculmre  and  fitbipg. 
;|il&^j|artxmi  111^^  i^cUii^s  the  ^ritte  islmiif  Chapnil^ 
f^chfi^  ^^|j<ml  '%ee  o^^  ^ur  miles  long,  and;  6n0  ^4  <l^ 
|atc  bf oaoi  J»  the  eliirp^townv    The  j^riticiiwl  p]roductioB»r 
If  ^e  i^nd  arer  com»  rjre  and  piats. '  They^itiiiae 
a«d  %uje  ilk  ewuidei^^ 


RH^l^BiiOa^ 


•"^•; 


IMIlS^ii  4)ne  oT  tlic  smaUfeat  ©f  tSe  tiffhe^ 
S^^mt  iti  g^eeteit  Vigth  bdng  47  fliilea^  aiid,  its  :griR^^ 
teia^l^  at,  e^taining  about  llOO^'  scjuare  n^i^, 

Bhmii(frf«»'  "Bound^nordi aEndeast bj; Mkssadiutset^' 
«0ii^^  ehe  JltS^C  ocean;  ^€»t  by  Ceiniiecticut. 
'  J^!omon$  andiPcml^^ni:^  'the.above  limits  coniilehendt 
i!i5R;^wiJtoi;y  f6vmet^1mtmkhj  f^e  n^e  df Modelsla^ 
jpod  mv^Mieitce  l?lanfi»tionfi  \  dMded  bt^  five  xjouniiei^ 
via*,  Hie|if|ort,  Pr&iridenee,  Washingtpn,  Btl^ol;  iM  Kenfi  . 
l«hM:|^ai«  mibdhridedlltto  80  towns,  I 

lite  Roinber  of  inhabitantia  tn  I8€l0i^  was"  ^,1^  <^ 
i«yp-^;  Were  iglaves  ;  in  1810, 190^1.  ^  ^      '  ■ 

^c«  g^Atf  Couniim  THis  state  is  KiHv,  though  ihe^^ 
D0  Tcij^^  high  mottnltm  :  in  the  noiijiifijst^jiarf*,  it  i*>* 
f o«l^  and  barrenr  and  mo^e  iS%  for  pasture' tib^n  fortifia^ 
Tli(?r jji08|r ,  remai^able  /mountain^  IfTotrnt^TldpCit  m  raf 
txm^0Bn$iol,  the  seal  of  the  famous  In^nJ^ingP^rLt^ 
aad  ike^phpe  where  he  was  slain  by  CiolQnet  Chttfch.  , : 

Mnjjf;^ kndJHitrhrs,    Natragansett  Bay  thf^es up  betieeen 
tliek^njand  on  the  ^st  and  west  ^  and  enibo^ni0  mat'  , 
lir  ifertile  u-'lands.    The  harboi*  are  those  of  Newpojflji^ 
Providen<se    Wickfor^ij  Piatuxet,  Warren,  and  B^'stoL       ^ 

Hfvsr^,    Providence  and  Tauntdin  rivers  fell  into  Nair%-  . 
fflgpiselt  ha/  y  ^  %noer  m  ^e  m^  the  l&tt^  «n;  tb|r 


iL»^, 


■^'1'.  : 


xm. 


o 


l^y,  oats,  and  in  some  P^ts-irhea^  sufficient  w  ^^ 

i^ roots  and plaatfr ;cideris  made  for  exportatiflO.^^ 
tiorkh^st^rn  ^rts  of  ^e  state  aw  inoie  iS^  lii^ 

r!hS -l^!?^^  Jy^^en,  South Ji^^iB^d^ 

£^^S!f-  ^^"^^  cattle  ii^lW^Eiigkni  ir^iiriS^ 
•«^^iM|lte^|na^^ 

S?%:W^?a^uj^n^|».  J2miie8%otod?r«rJdenoe,are^ 

*^^  1?^  Wl>eeip  f^  ndihboJ     ^ 

Ju^te  ^8t<»i^.  1%  fowd  >  Bt«*^dence  ewhty,& 

i^^^#»M»«^b»»«iA  of  business*  ;a  loM^ilan!. 

fei  SS  ^."?-  *''*""**^^^*  iDtoufectures  are'ii^^ 
fiCB^  and  fi^^op,.  smtmii^^m^ntm^m^ 


r,  hoM^  cuitlei  W,  pork,  fi*^  pmatrjN  jnicmB^^M- 


/ 


i  <S^^,  Ijftriey,  1^^^ 
)|i^Sro^i  im  the  1#  <*  ^biiauM*  ^^^'^ 

ffcA  :^dvi&nce  to  Co^^^^^  the  turopO^ 

lii»^iVo»  Norwich,  «li«tlbr4,  aii4  ^«^fft    ^ .  ^ 

ly  hi^ge  «r  c«i»eqp«eii^  io  tftis  state/   Ins  IW)  im  logl 

.€^tr^  iiitaWii^  bridges  .w^^  ^fV'i'^^' '  f  ^S^ 
feilt  at  lliesgle  ei»6nce  ^  M**  J^n  Bro^»  P*^  f!^ 

^':^^mm  are  works  ^©atcxpaw^  and  ?*^r.  .,j,  ^5,^^ 
n^la^d^  hflfrlatfely  be^  built  over  Mowlaadffeiaf, 

^biliiff^EJWe'l^d to ttie x^  eifJivMm    ■.    .    ; 

*&^  10  tJhetowtia  of  Providence  ^t^ 

SioS>TiiiwJte  by  li^Wi  for  tlie  estabHshme^trf  t^.a^o0|f  k 
V   *fife*e  woprobably  «i<^  peopio  mJEto^^ 
ire  i^#le  t^ea4  ari4  write,  than  Sa  i^^  »«!»  0^  JJfW- 
f'^flifeKe  fe  ertal^iiaied^  at  Pwwri^fettce,  W  1»0  jania  oi* 
Bt^fi.0S^^ity^f^om  Nicholas  Ptt»^ 

irisft«»c^  oTa  ^PresidS^^  a  ^ro^'^'^^^M^m^ 
fessor-ol  Natural  and  B?tp^rimentalJ?hai&w^     a  ,™»e8«* 
S^^SuS*  ail*  ^t^^ 

iiidi^  Suable  p*.«c#fca  a0Wato^  ^^^  "SpIS!: 
fonds  otllBS  C^%ei^  at  «i*«re«tii|^#?  tr^  the 

llarte,  attd^airtOoi^iio  abotti  jv-t  i*.^ 

-  At  Kfvnwrt,^  thei^ira  fltmn^iog  «ca**^  u^ 
^t^^ti^^Sa^  re^tl*  aa^  ttttoi% whflt.t^li  thft  ie«^^ 


iliODE-ISLAKa 


■£}. 


,  ^ief  JWm*  Nbwpojrt  Ke»  in  latitude  41  ~^^m  tii; 
^i^bpr/whidh  U  one  c^th0  vb0iBt  lAtlmijiifarldv  spread  iif!et^ 
Iriii4  bdfore  the  tdirn.  tl^cbntaiiui  about  IpCia  jhpuAei^ 
hAMi^  of  wood,  «nd;has  lOhouses.for  {kibtic  ^ombip, 
viz,  ^loiew  Bjapti«l%  tiro  for  CoQgr^^NU|^ni|Ui8t^^^9^^  ^ 
;£pl9C0{>ft}|Bti»,  <meTor Qua^Q^r  o^^forMorttiH^  m^Mf 
fi3mpd|iie  fae  Jeiwu  ^e  other  pufQic  %i|di||gji  a^e  9k 
st^ieh^uie,  andan  edifice  for  t)^  publie  UWary.  ,1  .^  j^ 
P^oyiD^BNCK,  in  latitude  4<)  51.^'  on  both  sides  pfPro^ 

fr<»m  Kewj^t,  Is  tji(6  oJi^ij^jf n  in  the  state.  -  Mr.  B<^ 
er  Wilfiani»  »nd,i#  ^fowerf  i^fete  tl^e^^  iim  saitlers,  ha  163^^ 
"The  toiirt^  ill  dTvlded  into  tw^ci  parts  by  (he  riV@r  and  jepu* 
^iected:%tiie  bndg4alrea#  nientioneii,  <  ^Ips  of  a}||io«t 
6ny  aize  sail  i||^  and,  down^$^<$^^  /]Che^  public  builii^ 
fngs  are  an  el^mit,  meeting  hoiise  1^  Biq^^its^V90  ^^■' 
«i|uaire;.withft  lofly  liii<^eflutifu^s|e4t)f«  (m<i  f^lftf^^ 
a  ffieeting^  house  foe  Fciiettds ;  three'  f<Nr  ^ongreaali<ln(d^^. 
>\i^£|H8C(fal  church;  a  c(^  hoiue^  iC^%hS^ is id^^^|||itefll 
^  l|br%  Iot  the  u^^^     the  tclwd^ftoitrj^^  a;wor| 

hoiisep  a  Riarkethbu»e^  and  the  'cbI]ege'bdi^c«iF  w}^'^ii|  «^ 
bji^  louir  stories  hi^^l5(>«eetlongj^i^^  v 

iBmitm^  if  a  pleasant  thriving  terwa,  iwout^  J$  nii^ 
Borth'.oClt^Bit^ort,  dii-thj^^taain^ ,'        -...-■•;■  'l^^''-.^  ^  , 

WAiiRilK  >8^p(^  town  of  ^ristoi^  cfsmi^ijead^d^^ 
tn  A  brisk  coasting  trade,;  X^le  C<ttnj^UU^^  1llu$^r«^ 
wich)   Und  >Af^arwick,    ace   th^  other  most,  cdusid^^yiife 
■•o'ww, V'i'-  '■}'":''  ':']'■'"' .:r-'-.  ■;;..,;.     ':.■:.:  .:':'J'"-'::.>:--.v»":'-'" 
'"-::;J^i4$^i^.  There^  are  aWt  5(X/^  IniBit^ 
^llke  greater  pai^  of Hd^omreki^  i^'€hairl<r;town;^   they^ate: 
^{^eable  an^  weil  dispe^d  towards  government,  and  s^ak 
JhevEii^bJaugtiage^:''':-:/^^^^      %/''■'■/:  i.-y^:  ,-:.^-;v-.'.- 

f^Ket^nwefe    J^^ 

«ectly  ever  vteh,  a  bridge  haa^beeu^ built  dividing  ala|w^-^ 
«aiU8ette!ifrom<^^  the  &il  *n  ifc*  vi^ole  Jehgfli* 

i^up^^ardiol  fifty^eet  The  wates  pasts  througl^iiew»39>*' 
j*  y*>4l»»  m  »  rpck>  ^ch^aois  4iametri«a%  acrowiv  t|i^ 
bed  of  the  itceiiii,  and  serves  as  a  dautto  the  wgt^.  ,Me^m 
if^t^  ;h^e  fellai;  ^d  i^ 

<f  outs,  and  i^ltfilMiAi^  imm  been  ooiiiitir^jct(a4^  t^ 


fin  *0!nrterie<rt; 

i|tt4l  %  Mrelitaf  to  t!ielr  i^MMV^IiHieeliv  utd  i&^IMte^ 

•Iftii'ioblfc'  '■■■■■,  •-' 

mttiApJ$  l^^iiMlei  in  length ;  itt^iV^gie  br«aM  iO^Otit  % 
cZt!ii»i8liiiid«b^do  tittle  Ad  hWiei!.  ^^ 


.r«'*  .■•(>• 


^:iit^.- 


ISlidniti^,  Is^ 


iteiath; 

.^,^^^  ill  1857,  tiift  ijk/^p^ 

" " '  "" "  ■  ■  IfcH^riiil  as 

,,_ etti)B/^m 

'  tto^d  fcr  tp^hft  i ^_ 


,:^     * 


■*  ''<, 


■U*:,h 


v.'--'y:'^:  ,';*<■' 


■.-,:  .;f  • 


■■'■\  .    ■  ■ 


J'.:-' 


(II  '  ■,  .  .vV  "i- 


^.-:'''r'^^^.--~H 


.\'^   '";-  -'  •  ..,^^,^ 


S-'f. 


■.'V  %*  "    )^»<t  * 


C^NECTICUII 


n-' 


^^ 


io  I6ta 
,     4*,738 


Tofid 


t<ij»att4 


inhaltifantfti 


The  oountiet  are  divided  and  iuSirMdeA  inA*  >i*i«.  ^^^ 


^^m'0p2,  increase  in  ten  ireara.  ia94d  ^1  SiliS? 

'any^^jrhtchrare  aaltj  aad  cwrio^iE?    *S    ^?^ 

TindMwfeirrri»«T»m  .K      ■    A'.Wmdgor,  it  reeeivfil 
ineSf  JfSXT±?  »""'  *■**»  '■•  iforaied  by  ^ 


■4  >* 


mf 


WlrtTECtlCfO'E 


iiMt,  iitttt  Long  Iglafid  e6un4.  It  Is  Mfa  SCtclOd^f^ 
iriiafl90  mikg  ^onr  its  indutb.r  It  it  navigable  ta  Hafriih 
ford,  upwards  of 'fi%  n|il0t|v  the  sea  rand  the  ^jto- 
iNo«  of  the  couotr^Vi^  £00  mil^,  furdieVi  is  bi^oiigllt 
•4o«(fxi  in  boat*. 

the  Hdiisilionic  tif^  in  BerMiire  cfounty,  io'  M^^chu^ 
•etto.    fVuNHog  through  a  iiiliiiber  of  sleastnit  tom^  it 

Ij^tie*  into  the)  sofand,  between  Siratibird  and  Milfoil 

;iff  niiitigable  twelve  iilile%  to  perby. 
,^  Kaugat^  i»  a.  «nifill  fiv«ir,  emptyii^  intotlie  Hoiim^ 
tibnie  at  Darby;  *c 

,  1^  Thames  eniieft  into  X«ong  Ishipd  doiuid>  at  New^ 
liforidonr  It  is  navigable  iourteeif)  miles  to  .^To^wipb  I#n4* 
t»^  where  it  loses  its  namei  and  hvanchi^s  into,  St|etitdcel| 
#n  the  east,  and  l^orwich^  or' jUitle  tlHVf  oh  the  west 

Ptle  rhrer,  about  a  ipile  fje^m'  tt«  pieiithi  <  has  |i  f fiioiafka- 
and  tery  rouiantio,  e^ttir9<^t.  A  orp***.  ilO  ^Jti*  i2  fe©^  I 
||^a^l>ent!icul^;hej^hBb>  extends  :^pi^^  aer^  t^  «iiaii^dl| 
irliie  nireK  jpief  this'^  the  whob^^^tfttti  ^itcha%t  i«A>9n«| 
^igre  •h»Bt,;^iij^  a  bad  9f  vQo^  belopr.  Oft|hi»m«r«jttrtl 
loma  of  ihe^n^lRiU  seats  ia.JKi$«^&lg%d,  i«4  Mml 

ffnmaduiMy  b^lot  ^  fi%  occupM  Mrl«^^^  mh\ 
kte,  ,f ^^u v|M>t exo^ededi^  mvM  this  itoidH.  I^oiroti^ 
fl^enmuti^#tli^  U.f^t)Nfoa4^«)4a3>modi#fis  1^^  all 

rl|e&rmQfa#faacj^>iB||  ;  ,i,^>-'  • 

^  Shetjueket  iriv^Br,  tM  Other  hicaiJt^^  Jjte  1^^ 
fidies  from  its  mputbi  «eo&ive»  Q|iil^i^d»^ 
•ourge  in  livimfietd,  in  ^B^aasadiiiiQlta^    Bhetuohet  Hv^f 
U  fomuiid  by  tiie   |ifiieti<m  of  W^lahiiiM^e  i^d  Moub 
H<^ viv«Ei»  wfau?h>unite;b<dtwe$n  Windham  «od  Xiebtt^on 
T<hi«eriyi|nripefe|  by  a  ef&tym 

«t  the  conn^^   At  the  mouth  of:  the  Sh^^<^el^  » 
Mclge  of  tMbef^i^0iel^i»  length*  «uppiirted  It  m 
^  ^^M^^r  iM^id  vfrin  the  middlfr  by  bsajpes  on   ' 
lion,  in  the  manner  of  an  arclb  v 

Fibdoituk  x'lver  is.an  inconsiderable  streamy  which' 0n{ 
^  ihto  ttonington  harbor.    It  ^rmp  part  of  the  divit 
]^  between  Cobnectieut  and  Rhode- IsJtand..  \ 

^  '  S^^imd  Proimtionsh,   Ihe  soil  of  Conncieticuty  thot 
^h  aiid  batten  in'some  parte,  is  genera^y  productive. 
i^ord»4excdIent  pastures  and  meadowii    Actual  calci 
lion  ha»  evinced  that  any  given^  quantity  of  the  best  mowj 
ing  landinCoonecticuty  produces  twice  |ia  nmchcleiur  prc^ 


'^r 


W 


ie  to  Hs^rf^ 

nd  the  pxo* 

is  btpttght 

^  to#w|  it 

ih4  atl^j^vr- 
NripH  I^WM*- 
>  S]betii#et| 
m  »h?  wesi 

Q  orV3  f«e| 
the  4^iiA»«> 

ketuobet  i#f» 
5  t^a  Mbunl 
and  XielMi^oii, 

»in  e«ery|E»a 
ietu<ike^  ts 
^rted  ^t  elftf 


eONOTCTKiU* 


m 


it^M  Ihesa^e  quantity  of  tfie  best  wheat  land  iaN«|i^- 
Yoffc.    The  principal  iwodvctiqna  of  CoDoecticut  an?  Ill* 
4ian  €<^,  rv9,  wheat,  in  vaov partaaf  the ttaKu,  StUiMd 
bai'ley,  w^^  nre  heavy  and  good,  apd,  of  lai^  bii^^ 
iviieat ;  4^  In  larj^  ^uiu^i^o«,  aoqJka  Jbi^p,  p^i^M^  «f> 
«eT«raI  kiadif  pwm|iiuni»  tumipfi  Mi«i.  bm%^^|Ad  ^MiUr 
o(,evei(1^  Ipi^  te^  Miocdiina!^ 

Mif^iMFowifc.  Qaine  hsakaof  C09|[ieoi|cot,nv$r» 
neiur  Middle^W  ip  a  lead  mino  ;  and  tberf  1^  1^^%  been 
disiCMiVje^iwiliB  of  coal.  Cop^r  minet,  b«^o  be^  0p^(^ 
In  sejreral  pad^  of  th^  fltate ;  nron  oi»  aUa  «b(|iw»ds  io  im^ 
ny  plAcei*  Taica  if  vtivto^a.  l^iidi,  f^«>  brei^  ani. 
cttololate  colored  crystals,    zinc,  or  tpelter^j  and  HVVStIk 

^  Mmm  fVatert^  the  medicinal'  f^i^ngn  at  LiK^hllvliI^ 
ji^d Sil^ld  bttvebeo^  nmcb  tf^^tf^afai^  fitiit  dw  mm 
ij^uQrtant  oQ^  in  Cooipt^cut  jm  4h08e  ,a|/SMSv4  Tlii^ 
^i»#W'«'  <>nniber»  slr^Pigiy  inijpiriegnat^  witli  suk^ 
^|t<»l*  Tb^  «re  fbttcb:  c^Jj^atiea,  and^aifO  ptm^* 
^ci^ii^^.oiinng  orir«;lieving^^  vaHftpjtaJc^^^aii^  » iUte 
^  .^qbIi  Jilihe  ficinity  of  tiaese  sp^iiiffH,  are  jtrilul^ly/ 
|4<«i#ii^y^;\l«pd  «^^'bit^to  the  entfa|i8Mt«ti<:  adiniiiaci^ojr 

Mw^ifit^m,  Tie  i^is9i|^  ibi|  C«Qae(i(i«v^  and  jt^«i 
I^Mfi,  $3^  iiKii^Iy  clothed  ilk  plain,  honpebuv  clqtlv 
^eiiriinena  and  w^ollei^,  iho^^.  genei^ly '.  ot  a  vcoafit^ 
Jd^i^^^waij^,  a  j^ronger  toxtijurej  and  nopie  dlmhle.  thw 
^09e  iniipimed  ^^yn  Frapce^ aoff^i G««it  Bj|St(|Hsu^ 
js|tbeir<^tb8areii^at^  <  .' 

In  Ndir-Hiiiiretti'  are  i^oibton  «^d  bntjioii^  tt^sta^yijeiaea* 
In  Haietfoprd*  isa  wddUen  mivni^b^toi^,  a  snnf  #wi^fomi 
4er  aaiU,  glfuts  m^Hr  iraj^woriqi,  and  ^  il^ttiipig  nwlji  '  fee© 
vrorks  gfe  alsc  et^iishedin  hi^y  of^er  parts  of  t|^  atate* 
At  Stftfoird  li  a  furai|C9«  i|t  i^hicn  ar«  nMide  lai|ge  iffu^r 
ties  of  hoUov  w|ife,  aod  other  iroonupgeiy,  siSlcieni  to 
*WPP^  *be  iirhole  state*  i^aper,  hats,  candles,  kather, 
«hoesi.  and  bootat,  are  ^e  ^er  considerable  nianofactiuresi 

Tride^    T^i  trade  of  Connecticut' ia  (^«%  i»^^ 
West-India  isUuids,  and  is  carried  on  in  vessels  firom^jgixta^ 
to  a  hundred  and  fixrty  tons*    The  exports  con«ii^.«f  hors- 
1^,  mules,  b](en,  oaikstev^  hoops)  f  <^e  b9ardsi^fiftb||H(i|e» 
beaiii.  Indian  coim,  fish,  b^y  pork,  &c»    CopBlicticut  bi|s 


ti^ 


'an 


COWNBCTICOT. 


I  if 


#'targe  ntimbef  of  coastiog  vessels  emploved  in  —trykm 
^ho  produce  to  the  other  stiiees.  To  Rhode-Island,  M^ 
•tdiuiitts,  and  New-Hampshire,  they  carry  p^jk,  wieal, 
^rn,  and  rye.  To  North  and  Sduth<CaroUna,  an} 
ileorwa,  butter,  cheese,  saHed  beef,  cider,  amiles,  pot** 
-toes,  lla1^  ftc,  and  receiyo  in  retarn,  ri'ee,  indigo  and  OKflf 
jt(f»  M^h  of  the  produce  of  Conimcttcot,  espedalty  thf 
<ws^stem^flaiU,  is-  carried  to  New^York;  particularly  pdfe 
and  pearl  ashes,  flax  s^ed>  beef,  porlt.  cheese,  an<i  butter. 
Considerable  {quantities  of  the  produce  of  the  eastern  parti 
jof  the  state  are  told  at  Boston  and  I>rovldence.  The  state 
SWM  and  employs  in  the  foreign  and  coasting  trade,  S2,86T 
;lMe- of^shipping.  ,  .  :- 

^  Bfidees  and  Jihads.  On  the  ^^^w^^road  from  Neir-Lol^ 
^nio  New-Toirk^  are  the  three  ?  most  cdb^iderable  bridg- 
^  in^is  state.  The  first  attempt  to  improve  the  roads  bf 
<estabilishing  turnpikes,  was  made  m  17^1,  oa  t^e^  ro^ 
J^at^g  from  Norwich  to  New-Lohdi6n;  8inc#  Wteh,  a 
jrett  liuasber  of -others  have  been  completed,  which  Hre 
JHndence^f  the.  flourishing  oircumstances  and  enterprising 
spirit  of  the  inhabitants.  '  -^ 

^JBduealiort  and  lAteratare,  In  no  part  of  the  world  is  tjie 
^tteatioa  .of  all  ranks  of  people  more  attended  to  thjwri  itt 
Connecticut.  Every  town  in  the  state  is  divided  into  dis- 
iricta,  aad  eadi  district  has  a  public  school  fept  in  it,  part 
•f  every  jear.  Somewhat  more  than  one  thhrd  of  this 
jBMiiies  arising  from  a  tax  on  the  polls  and  rateable  ifstate 
^theinhrfjitants,  amountihg  to  i2,o6a  dolUurs  armuallyi 
ia  appropriated  to  the  support'  of  schools  in  the  several 
towns,  tVir  the  education  of  chilckren  and  youth.  Th« 
8tate^beside9»^asafrind  arising  from  the  sale  oljwcstern 
Itti^  amounting  to  1,201,065  dollars,  the  income  of 
tjiiieh,  viai  72,000  ddlars  a  year,  is  ^r  la^  §&t  ever  ap- 
propriated to  the  same  |iurpoge  ;  making  in  all  84,006 
doilam  The  law  directs  tliat  a  grammar  school  shall  be 
kept  in  every  coun^  town  tiiroughout  the  statei   • 

Academies  have  been  estabiohed  at  Greenfield,  Plain- 
field,  Canterbury,  Norwich,  Windham,  Poipfrct,  Lit9li- 
fieid,  and  Colchester  ;  the  last  has  a  large  fund,  and  many 
■Itudents.         '•-  ■  ■::♦■  ■■":^\'  ■  ^^,: 

Yale  college,  in  New-Haven,  was  eetabKaicd  in  l#i. 


ife^  three  large  buiWings,  100  feet  by  40;  a  college 


and,  Mm- 
rlc,  whett. 
lUna,   ana 

i<Miy  Uif 
uiftrly  pot 
iDfl  butter^ 
itern  piarM! 
The  state 
iaer92,86r 

ible  bri4g» 
e  roads  rar 
k  %^foaa 
^  v^fdi,  a 
t  which  iin 
nteipfisTiig 

iforldn  t)^ 

tci  -thania 

into  dis* 

in  it,  part 
itrd  of  thie 
able  estate 
I  armutiliyf 
the  several 
mth.    This 

ofiWcstern 

income  of 
ever  ap- 

all  84>006 
Dol  shaii  be 

eld,  Plain* 
et)  Lit^h- 
and  many , 

I  in  1701. 


;  a  college 


COHKECTICUT. 


145 


diapel^^feet  by  40,  with  aitamW;  the  ComieeiieUiXj^ 
•ceuin*  in  which  are  tha/librtyy^.piiiloMphical  and  diypftic* 
al  apparatttB»  musmim,  and  chamben  aad  leetar#  roama 
fi>r  tht  profeMora ;  anedUiov»  eootaiuing  a  kiMAueq  and  a 
dining  hall  i  and  a  heiise  far  the  prwideiit. 

T&  public  libraiy  consistt  of  about  SAQO'Voluaies ;  4bo 
.nhilosQPbical  apparatna  oontaina  the  madnnei  necetaar^ 
for  exmbitiog  esq^erinieiits  in  the  whole  couirse  of  enpm* 
mental  phihwDphrwid  attrononiy* 

The  pesent  oiieeM^  and  mtructoii  of  the  coHmo  are  a» 
Freiideot,  who  is  ala»a  Proftaior  of  Divitii^ ;  *  mfeiior 
"Cif  ll^atural.  Philosophy  and  Astronomy,  a  Profeitor  ^of 
lAvf,  a  Profeseor  of  Chymistnr  and  Natufal  Histoiy,  m 
professor  of  I^anguagea  and  £c6leaiastical  History,  ami 
five  tutors.  The  students  art  divided  into  four  eiaate8# 
Thueir  number,  m  l»iO,  was  255.  In  18iS,  3M)5»  Thv 
ifimit  of  this  eoilege  received  iveiy  liberal  additkmv  bpr  a 
*tgfa^  of  the  General  Asseiiil^ly, -ill  l99e.  ^ 

Cuietttnii  Tovm,  JUA^twi^Ki^  city  ia  situated  at^ie- 
hltid  of  nafvlgiitlon  Oft  die  west  aide  of  Coifneetioiil  river,  »• , 
bunit  fi%  nuKsf  #om  its  ei^raiice  into  the  sound.    Its  build- 
'ibgs  are  #  statehouse,  two  dmrchea  ibt  Congtegationalfstsi,^ 
one  fo^  Episcopalians,'  one  for  Baptiits,  and  abouir  50^' 
vdweilinghousesj^a  number  of  which  are  handsomelv  bv^t 
of  bricik.    The  town  ieilivhled  b^-  a  small  river,  wttit  h%|i 
and  romantic  baoks,  ever  wlpch  is  a  bridge.    JHta^eed % 
advantageotnly  situated  for  trade,  enters  largely  mto^4l«r 
manufacturing^,  business,  and  li  a  rieh,  -floiiryaiag,  •aaA' 
commercial  town.      The  ftoatai  assembly  of  the  state 
Voids  ita  session'  here  in  M^f  taninUy.    A  bank  ia  estab* 
Ushed  inthiacity. 

Ksw-Havem  city  lies  round  the  head  of- a  bay,  whi^i^ 
makes  up  ai)out  four  miles  north  of  the  Sound.  It  covers 
part  of  a  large  plain,  whieh  is  circttm8oribed.^on  three  sides 
by  high  hills  or  mountains.  Two  email*  rivers  bouad  th" 
citv  east  and  west.  Kettr  the  centre  ci  New-Haven  is  tht^ 
puolic  square ;  cm  and  round  which,  arq  a'fetate  house, 
the  college  edifices,  rix  In  number,  vtas.  3  collides,  a  chap- 
el, liyceum,  and  dining  hall ;  three  cburehes  for  Cengre* 
cgationalists,  and  one  for  Episeopaliiftne.  This  city  eon- 
tains  about  600  dwelling  homes  A  session  of  •the  g^mr*' 
al  assembk  is  held  here  m  October  annually. 
N 


;  V 


J^ajiF^pK .  city  sta^s  #  Jiicr  J^gffl  Iff  ■     . 
4b|trt^  mUet  fioittii  Jro^i  JJeiftJUfpd^;   1^^^ 

il^|o^rfai;t»v6  jiff er  43fv^  cjofsii 


m4 
[aiis,  inil 


^pngpegationalisU,  aod  oh©  fdr  BpucopaUans^    *,■.  -      ^  ^v 
^iSui  wfies  «o*ith  o^  M|^^|p^^^tber«Bfil«,>3M^^ 

^lipj  on  a^he  ttrill,>i!d;i«  M^^  J^       f<ff  f-^— ^ 

E^ijrt^li.^  Oi)ttl#)rdT  ,%R^ord,  Wjhdham,  Sufil^i 

■  Sifuflfion  and  ]^^ent,<  tHE  9t»te  of  Nonr-Ypik  ^omfMre. 
hend«  all  the  teirri|»^ieg  lying  betfreen^O  4^0  m^M^  north 
iaUtude,  an4  b,etw«pn  73  and  79  5^1^^.  longitude.  It# 
greatest  )$]»#i  is  SItQ  miles,  it»  gr^«tej»r  breadth  SOO; 
nuB^birit  of  »qu$Mre  mites  45,00Q* 


.■5«ft»i*<»r:s>.-i«j  ?!>^ 


-   :        A 


45*  north  ^ 
tude.    It# 
kdth  dOO; 


mmmm. 


j# 


■  ,-•■■' 
^J|fBi<^ai»««#    ito#*1fotfcj»  boimded  toiitheaatii^f#]^  ty 
P%  5^«^  «c«*,  J  e#  By  Cimnecticui,  MiM8a«aii*tetta, 

^tyl-l^die  Bi^  |»^ttif^^^  and  New^l^r^ 
^,^im'*mjtn^  Pf:^ittihn,   W8%talei«aitiifedlttt<^!foiir 
dw«pict8  and  43  counties  ;  dud  the  nimibet  of  ^r^W^ik 
«ccotdiiig  tatlie  cwiiwof  1810/  iaaslWlo^rt    -  "^^'^  "^^ 

■^  „,,  ■'  ''.' ^■'"-    Souikerniiisifia^   \      ^    '"■  ■■^■■^-■- 

SttflbJk  zl,li3l  Richmon<t 

gueens  19,336    New-'York 

^"^^  8,303  f  WestclHi&fCT 

Tutal  160,743* 

Nitidle  District. 


Roeklao^ 

Ulster 
i$allivaii 


7.758 


Greene  ,. 


6,108    Dii«6h^ 


Aihaxkjr 
Sleneebdy 
'fiatitgdimery 
toga. 


86,809 
4,66^ 
10,201 
41,214 
89,147 


WahsiogtOB 
Easex 
Clinton 
Fraokliii 


Schoharie    ' 
Otscjgo 

JLewia 

St.  Lawrence 

Oneida 

Madison 

Chenango 

Broome 


}8,945 
88,802 
22,046 
6,433 
15,140 
7,888 
33,792 
25,144 
21,7'04 
8,130 
Total    , 

•Southern  District 

Middle        do. 

Eastern       do. 

'Western      do. 


ff^eUerm  District.   .  • 
Cortland 
Onondago' 
Cftyuga 
Senoda 
Tioga 

'  Steuben 
Ontario 

-^Gennessee 
Allegany 
Niagara 
862,077. 


180,748 
198,457 
220,138 
862,077 


Grand  Total    961,415 


96,37if 
30;272 


io,3cii 
ii;43^ 


44,39«^ 


6,006 
2,711 


96*060 
29,^40 


f,899 

7,2i8 

42,032 

12,588 

1,942 

8,971 


Mmw^Yom: 


MHa^r  otwh&m  120»613  siore  H^e«^,  Besid^d  ^  ^ 
s«|9d^  of  tl|e  Eng^k  md  Dutch,  #r0  w^rr  Ole  Irsi 
sattiets  «rfj  the  fitate»  ihere  arr  uiwajr  Stefrti^  lnfi&»  0«r-' 

;  Jl^^*^^      t  This  8t«t^  l$«iterwc*edljy  ridg^ 
,«f  the  Alle^oy  mountainsv  rujaniiig  in  n  nbrtbeast  mii 
sDU^west  clirtiGtio'a^.,   ^^est.of  theseinbuntaing,  t^e  coun- 
try i^  level.    On  ihe  ?mA  of  the  AJUg»»y,.  it.  exliibitf  a 
pro$i|>«ct  brolceh  6y  hUls^and  rich  iDten^ning  imliies. 

/i«^^.  The  p^ncipal  Uay  is  that  of  York,  which  «preadt 
to  i^e  southwj&fd  before  the  ioity  of  Nei«-York-  It  isk 
Ibnxied  by  the  {(onfluence  of  E^t/aAd  Hudson  rivers;  and 
etnb^^^oms  several ,  «aa#  islands^  v  ^^  communicates  widt 
the  ^ean  by  the  tlari^ws,  alstrait  siBarc^lyi'two  miles  wide, 

l^eti«|enXongand:Sta^n.Isla9ds^V  .  ,,. 

Li^s.  Lake  Champraift- f^omis  part  of  the  di»idii?g. 
litoe  between  New- York  and  Vetisifent.  It  is  nearly  20tr 
niilerlong;  its  theais  width  about. 5  miles.'  It  dccupies 
«bou|  500,000  acres, , and  confi^iiis  «bove  60  islwi#of^- 
ierent sixes.  Its  depth  issuflficfent  for  the  largest jFesseis. 
It  rijceivcs,  at  Ticonder^ga>  thi  waters- «flak<e.S«0|rg% 
ff hich  is  said  to.be  400  feet  higher  than  tho^  of  CKain- 

plaini  .1  ';  .^'^ '-:."■  •  ,, 

Oneida,  lake  in  the  nw^tetti  J^t^oftlfe  state,  is  SO  mdcs 
long,  a^d  five  wide,  connected  witH  Qiitario  by  Oswego. 
j«Tef,     Salt  lake  is  six  mite6  long  aiid  one  broad.    EigWlJr 
.gallons  -of-its  waters  produce  a  bushel  'of!  salt*    Its  saltnesti 
Id  ocp^ioned  by  salt  springs^  near  itft  bank^.    These  vpd^y 
andlrtie  borders  of  the  lake,  for  a  mile  in  wadtb,  are  4|ie 
^rop^cly  of  the  state..    LakeOuego,  at,  the  head  .of  Sus- 
quehanna rivtr,  is  nine  nmiles  ]ong>  and  nafr4w«.. 

Paniaderago  lake  is  about  the  size  of  Ofiiego».and  six 
mSeslwest  of  it.  Oak  cariek  issues  fVom  it^and  Idls  into  the 
Busqittshan^a.  S^eoa  lake,  in  Ontario  county,  if  forty 
inile$  long. and  two  wide;  Chato^e  lake  » the  source  of 
Cohowongo  river^  not ^^r  ftom  lake  Erie.-  Oswegatchie 
lake  lies  in  Onei^  county.  One  branch  of  Oliwe|atchie 
river  passes  through  this  Itdce.  * 

Rivers  and  Cana^,  Hudson  river  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  United  State*.  It  rises  in  the  tnountainous  countrv 
bet;;v<«en  lal(&#  Ontario  and  Chftmi^.    ltd  whole  length. 


/- 


r«  die^^fiftl 

¥■--■  --      .  ■   ,    "     ■ 

-  .'^    ■  .  -    .' 

I,  by  rt^a^' 
•theast  an^ 

:  exiiibiti  a 
[lies. 

lichnpreadt- 
jrk-  It  isk 
rivers;  and 

miles  wide* 

to -dividing, 
nearly  200'' 
It  dccupies 


gfmpmy 
Ith/ arell^ 
>ad  of  Suf- 

tOf,.  t0d  six  ' 
klls  into  the 

ity*  if  fiMrty 
lie  source  en 
!)sweeatcliie 
^ii«iatchie 

f  the  largest 
ilus  country 
hole  ICJAgiQ. 


fiW 


zest, vessels. 
k«i,  €«ojirg4 
I  of  Cham- 

is  50  Rifles 
by  Oswego, 
id.    Eigl^ 

lu  saltn^ 


mmm. 


14» 

ti ^i!ltjm]te0ia^  George,  65' 

roilesi^lM^veri  n^i^^  ^^  ^  batteiux  anH  fi*^we 
pQC|iE|ns  ^cas«on|^.  hjp^  hJiOf  a  Inile  each,  ihci 
tide  fom  9^m  #4  moig:  Albaif,  1#  *Hea  fe 
Ne^Ydrk.    T-lsinavij^lfefi^sJ*^  to  Ailb^- 

ny^  aln^il^  fhi|^r^4^*is<?n.^^^  ^1^  stor^  witfi" 

avaii^  <^fis8»    A  canal  Unites 'i^c^ilve^ 
bay,  #fiibh  en^ties  ifctd;  ^  Soiith  etfd  olT  lake  Qhm^ 


jSable  viver^  notfitf  ili^the  S^i#i4<^  is  scarcely v^cty 
jjirdi  uride.    0n  i^s  strearo  ^r6  pe»narkable  fall^         ' 
^filify^  $0q^  pass^  through  the  town  df  l^ai^ 
rpug^  i^A^ttlMs  place  aie^th&reinains  df  an  inirefa(^^ 
ll^own  up  by  General  B]^  T  ";  ; 

Blii^^iveif  ^^  in  ti^^  h^  l^ii^tf^  nfe^ 
^aaaflaicifeek;  which is^jiti^  riv^  ^ takes ifi 

i»uri^  northwosii  and  fficS^  no^^ 
if^^l^^ba^^^^^  " 

:mmm$^&t .       i  li^eiim.hike»  and  i^  w^str 
ij^^lyiau)^;^       :,ano>  at  Osw^Oi^  '    T'   ' 

ll^ft«^JL  riv^r  paswrtd  the  nott^  of  Fort  Stehwix. 
aiid  runs  sdutltwardly  tweii^  ijiiles,  id  the  fort  j  ^et 
g^Nwdfo  oiiij  huttdi*^  tod  $en  mijef  in^  thte  j^udson^. 
The  prdduce,  th$t  is  c«Jnvej|ted  do^  this  river,  island^ 
in  Skenectadx*  and  is  ^^ce  caiifi^  by  ^^dy  sixteen 
iiul0i  o^t  a  barreh,  shrabby  plain,  to  Albany,  where  a 
tur^ike  m  contemplateiit  Siiice  the  corimlefion  of  thfe 
bM?ks  andcai^s,  at  Little  Falls,  fiftytsixmUeS  above  jSk6- 
i»ecta%  t|ke  river  is  p^a^sahie  ibr  boats  from  Sicenec^dyjp 
nearly  1^  ^uite  to  its  "iottree^  The  pei^endibular  descent 
of  these  fails  is  fotfcjr-two  feet,  in  the  courseof  one  mile. 
A  canal  and  locks^  round  tfeese  falls  was  completed  in  the 
autumn  of  1705.  The  Qohouz  W  this  river  are- a  great 
f^^o^ity  ;  they  aiie  three  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Hudson.  The  river  is  aboUt  on^,  hundred  yards  wide; 
the  rock,  o\^r  which  it  pOurs,  as  over  a  mill-dam,  0j^tends> 
alQiost  in  a  line  ironi  one  side  of  tile  river  to  ihe  otheir^  and 
is  thirty  feet  perpendicuiar  height.  Including:  the  descent 
aho^e,  th^ffl  is  60  or  7Q  feet.-  A  company  is  iiicorpo- 
rxted,  by  the  legislature  of  New-York,  for  the  purpost»  of 


h), 


im 


^Bm 


^Mmop  m^ 


'  v^^&Sk iake. V'-  .   *■•:' '^<'- ■•  ^ '';^\ ■  "!  '^'    .U .- 
J)el«wai*f|twfe 

l^ifaaiji,  ui^ai  iiaWikea  the  n<^t|V«i^"  coii^  dig%eiist Jer- 
aey^.in  latHait'    41  2&;  w4.tli(e»  wa^  oi  W 
thvough  {^la^«ir&  Bay,  Ktfviril  Newt  Jersey^  c^.tb«€f»t^4^ 
<a^  P«iiti8yhr^^  and,  Q0|aware  0}!^.tfe4!wefcU 

l^squehanniii^  rivei-^ ;  etist  bi^?cti»  ha^  itis  sputci^-  i^  lajCQ 

(^$«ii0;o.    Batt^ux]|^as9 19  it». source..  '  ,    ,  .      " 

-    iloga  river  risies  ant!ie  Allegany  moufft»Hi»,  rii|!ni  ^east, 

w|«dlyand  eribtie»1ir^ it|ie  Susquehanna. a^Tloai  point: 

lit  iTbojjtable  about  ftf^milei.,  ' 

Sknijca  river  riiea  in  the  Sen^^  ciou^try,.  rupd.e^»«i^arjElr 
vW,  and,'  in  its  passage,  receives  the  Mjaters  of.  Senepa  and. 
Ca^^ga  lake?/.    U  enntie^  xm  the  .X)iM>ndago  river,  four?. 
#een  miles  above  the  falls,  'at^a  place  calleiJ.TVpellivers. 

Gennitese^tWer/riscifl^  neaf.  the  £ourpe  of  the  Tiogar  and 
^i^ties  into  lak)^  Ontario*  eif^hty  nj^les.  east  of  Niagara^ 

Such  is  the  ii$t6i9ec<!ion.of  t^e  whole  tState  of  iSew-^ork 
by  the  bPiuiehep  of  the  Hudson^  the  Delaware,  the^  Si^uer 
hanna^  ai»d.otijter.riveraj  which,  haye  been  mentioned,  {liat 
there  ate  few  places  which  ajre  more  t^afi  ^tee>^  or.tiyenty 
miles  from  some  i^o&tqhle  ot  mtvi^abje  ^itream., 

Sof/  and^Pr^dwiiions*.  The  soil  of  (he  countTV,  west  of' 
<!^  mountains,  i«[  exceedingly  i-ich,.  and  covered^  m  itsnat-. 
urai  state,  witJijiiaple,  beeclv,  hirch,  cherry,  fajlacjk  w^hiMt, , 
Ipeust,  hickory,  and  ^lack  iimU)erry. trees.   *l1^ 
tvireen  Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes,  are  uncommQh]l|»  ex^el* 
lent  and  covered,  with . lofty  trees^    Ea^ ■  of  ^e  Allegany 
the  land  is  x^Iothedthiok  with  Umber,  and,  wh^n  4ea^^, 
affords. fitie  pasture.    The.'v^es  |^6duc^  i^beat^  h^m 

Aflax;>- oats,  corn,  ^c:    '    ...    T'/^-' ^V  .    ~"''^"/.  ' 

.  Beside  ^he  tre«8  alrfeady  mentioped,'  there,  are  i^everai,: 

kindd  of  oak,  spruce,  i^ite,  yellow,  and  pitch  pines,  butter?. 

hut;  cedar,  €r,  asptb,  white  wood,  and  buttoa  ivood.    Th(^ 

shrub  cranberry  grows  on  low^  ground  ;  its  Iruit  hangs.. 

in  clu8t;r«^,lik.e  graphs.    The  sv.raac  is  the  #fttii|»il^m«^. 


»«4U«H««i>«M« 


^^|lji  *eastt 

le,  8»J»mie- 
t<H)ied>  Quit 

<>r  tv^ty 

grj>  W!est  of 

iBi  its  ^nat-- 
l€^  y^inut,.. 

Mm 

re  j^pveral: 
kes,  butti^r? . 

loo4.    Th<^. 
IVuit  hangs.. 


i/Bm^mws. 


^^M^m^f^^ 


fo(le  black,  «tolie{if^ 

J$dned»  th^re j^  eev^t^  !j*i^jpi||fi^,ia^^|,  in  thf  "Ji^ji^ty^ 

»*; ^kt<^iMi^.    "The  xfsii^,9t^j^^^^  f^  cdnr. 

liahi  l^ro^,  a.  min^^  Tfae|^at6< 

^^||^  and  :sp|^  8l)pB0^<y^ct  tbe  heads  of  isme^ 

|Mopl9  by  «i«^  li|)«bf^i^i||^aui|||t^  d6»v^d  fromi 

^e  fixtio^  air  q^iii^i^d  ii|^^  i^a;|^^  is  usfii.  in 

the  neighbci^oodt  m8^|{^  (tf  yea^»  m^^ 
cabdie^^itt  not.  j^ji^ya^  &  syy^ce  M  <i»e9e  w^trs.;: 
Bsh'^ffi^  ?  and  gees^  1^  diicka< 

caBiiot  swim  ill  thf%>nngi(  but  iji  %w  rainate»  belbjee  thiejK, 
ex{}ir^«I;a^^  house «^^^^f^^^^^ 

Ipi^  houses  iond  i(bi(yW^r,  bathii^  are  ^reic^:  for,  the  conven--- 
^en^ei  oTuii^ds^f '^^  p^o^,  ^^eajth,  and4bi!d|n<*> 

cirsj  in  ^edt  i^umfi^  tesi^^  h^^lt^^aiNl^ <E|te^ 

'In  the  town  o]^  Stoatoga^;  t^  miles,  f^sm  Ba)Iatu<m<.va)>- 
1^«  ii^  a  ciuslter  icf  iBi>Hngs«  wluch  ^re  mdj^e  properly  call- 
ed j^9  S^rdfoga  Smin^s^-  'The^e  ap^iear:  to  hji^  received  a 
stronger  impregnation  of  the  sam;?  ingredients  which,  en- 
t^r  those  of  B(Ulstown»  and  majr  probably  be  a  stream  of 
the  samf  fountain,  running,  ^roiign  the  same  kii^4  of  cal? 
(srtreous  leiCMrth,  One.  of  these  springs  is  covered  by  a  natur- 
al cretaceous  or.  calcareous  pyrainio,  fiireor  six  feet  hij^ 
This  hbltotur  p»yramid,  or  cone,  has  a.hoIe  in  the  top/  at^ut^ 
fttSk  im^es  ovisri  "thrbughwludi-  the  water  is  s^n  bpilin^ 


'■■■,  >  ; 


u'\W, 


-i  i- 


iHJ»' 


■'f-'Wi. 


••^ 


^f 


Vif^-^^ 


;,^?.< , 


I  .  m 


left  €AMme^  m&  of  tijte  Utulfcd  Statefc    Of  ^»*fjM^t 
&^  artdfork.    the  aaioimt  of  e»KOirt»  *»m  tKlrf  state  14. 

?^i«^^M«««.'..-  The  EnglWi.  itosmstMsmr 

£i,  partioolarly  Ki^g'..  ■«!«*«.  ,"-4  -**»»?•.,.  f,»^' 
^.ctooU  ate  no*.  di»cOhtinued^»s- fl»  J«*»»^.'?dV«'i»^^^ 
*|aMibn'cellseto'b»«ue*.  " 


...      ...  .^, 


coirrupti 


tWi^fWIMlltit 


lie  mnuitn  of  «h«  BMfle4iffn!^  iMdrril  ia  tMrUn* 
fiiage*  The  a^cffte^  oi  che  (nhabiUnta  in  the  eaitem 
#114  iiiid(]a«  (Htfto^  L<mg4«ba^  either  natives  of 

Eapjrodf  -  pt  the  Immediate  de^tf ndantf  of  Ea^lkhpie^ 
iiMTpieir  maanec^ind  cuitonxa  are  finularia  di»  ae  of  thep 
aiiceaton.  vThe  oountiei  inhabited  hy  ue  i)iildk  have 
fdo^ted'die  Bofflish  mannen  to  a  certain  dc^^Mie,  l^iit  atiU 
^etain'^  many  modes,  particularly  in  their  seli^io^  which  are. 
peculiar  ta«  the  H^Iandect^ 

"^ducati&n  arid  Literature.    The  legislatiire  cf  ti|«  stale 

h#egranted  the  liberal  tmo^of  thirty  five  thousand  dol^ 

hi^M  year  ^ir  the  esttiblishment  and  support  of  <^cilool8» 

'oneaehool,  ai  least  4q  be  Jc^^iiW^  enrei^  tract,  ^  f<l|ik 

Theisei^  twelve  or  fouiteitt  lacorporatait  academies  & 
tile  state, ^oid  two  coUcigeii  .^'  ^  ^  ^ 

C^Mindiia  colleff  e»  iirtli^  «lt|y  d^^ew•^o^r^is(  ji»'a^|fot|^ 
IshHlgsta^  and  haamore  than  loa  scholars,  M<l^i<>^ 
Ical^ltudenta.    the  ofllcei^  of  ioslruotioa,  aald  I'-nq^ctiate 

aikd  Nl^iwalFUlosophy,  a  Prdessor  of  Logic  and  Geogi^ 
j^t  and  ->  Pressor  o£  Ij^ngyagesa    A,  oooi|^  in(HC«|l^ 
adftool  la  annexed  to  the  coO^^)  «ld-ai|le;  pr^fieisors  m^ 
pointed  inreveiy  bpai^  of  that  iny^  ai;»enoe,  wS^ 

vegularly:  teadh.jMieir  respectii^iinui«£es  wi%  reputation,  it  , 

ttopt  ,is?desenle^  fi^lebr^ed.  The  atonal  ^i^nse  of  e4* 
u^lioQr  |ie|e#  incbii^g  boards  ^t^ition$  Ax:,,  is  lesa  than 
1^  doUats,  A  new  college  is  «e :4blirfted'  at  Clkitoip^ 
Oiiei<lEi  coun^^  c^led^  KamiltOQ  coUege,:  anil  is4n>8access*> 
ifl':^eration..-  :  -''"   ..'-/ 

-  Lttieie^l^^nttHurwtm  Societies,  ^hese  ave  i^nfined  prin<^ 
cipally  to  the  cities  of  Kew-y^rk  asid  Albany,  and  consist; 
of  a  Society  for  ^^''omoliiig  Useful-  ^nowleilge-i  A.Society 
fetr  the  Maaumtssron'  9f<  Slaves ;  a  Marine  Socic^^ ;  a  Soci- 
ety  for  the  Relief  of  Poor  l]j||bti^,  conjSaf  4  m^^ 
A£^3U^tttring  Society ;  an  Agricultural  Society^;  a  iMedi- 
cal  Socifey ;  a  Society  f|)rtb«^  Information  and  Aii|hi>f  Em- 
igrants; tvo  Mii^iaaai^  and.seve^  Bibi^  Societies,  ^d 
iiian;|r  oth4)F  «harttabk  institutions.  4 

y:0^H$S'anA  'jppii^»^..  Hl^rY<>^K  isthe^capilal  of  the  state^ 
aAd  stands  on  the  southwest  point  of  Manhattan,  common- 
i|^  called  York  Isbtiid,  at  the  confluence  iof  iludsoii  an<^ 


ymi* 


wfiv 


mw^'idm. 


Bast  riHtik  iPbtf  pritocnpal  put  of  the  dif  liei  orT  ttri9 
cast  side  of  ih«  ifland,  l^thot4h'  thp  boildingi  extend  flrisili 
Dn^  river  to*  the  other.  The  length  <^  the  city  on  Eait 
ffh«lit  about  tura  iHQef ;  but  fil&  short  of  that  diptatice 
m  the  banks  of  tlie  Mudison.  Its  breadth  tm  aioi  ai^rage 
U  ttsaitlf  thre9  foitth^of  a  mile ;  sad-  itf  circumftsrenc^ 

,  ^  The  hoiisba  are  generall^f  built  of  briel^-  and  the  rod^ 
tited*    T^re  are  remaingjp  a  few  houses  built  ailter  tt^i^ 
«ld  Ddtch  manner*    The  city  contained^  itt  I&IO,  ^S^li 
jfibabitanti.     •        ; '' ;  v,:>.*:.v.  ,;;.•■-.•,;,"?.:., 

The  most  ma^niifrcenf  edilJbe  is  the  new  city  MI,  ^&6ih^ 
ihe  park<  The  other  jviibJic  buildtogs  are  4  houses  for 
Ipubiic  worship  for  th^  Dutch  reformed  church;  d^PresbyW 
^risan  chmdies;,S  Scotch  Presbyt^ansi  9  Episcopal 
Chu^chepa  two  for  German  Lutheran^  tfnd  Cidvam'sts ;  twb 
itteetlog  ho^  ;'two  for  Baptists ;  a  for  Methr 

^  idiftt;  Okie'  for  Moraviaiis ;  one  Bomaii  CodioUc  «horeh^  • 
HiiQ«  miichf  Broteitantehuroll;  and  a  syinigogiie  fi>r  ^ewiT 
B^idb^thi^,: there  is  the  c^tegel  ane#  and  spaelout 
J^JHlOtt,  and  seincral  magnificent  buildinffs.    The  city  is  a0%  _ 
"(iBmiiMidated  with  four  marl^ts,  in  di^eht  parts,  whic&  ~" 
ire  furnished  wi^h  a  great  plenty  aiia  variety  of  proyisidns; 
la  neat. aod  excellent  order.    New^York  is  esteemed  thi^^ 
'■10^  ^gible  situation  for  ooomierce  ib  the  Unitjed  Statesi 
][^  point  of  Bociabilif^  and.  Iiospitelity,  it  is  pediaps  not  ex^- 
«ecaed  by  any  eapitii  in  the  UaU^  Stt)|fceK 

.  Th^  city  of  Albaitt  is  situated  on  the  #est  t^  <^  Hudv. 
•on  river,  160  miles  north  of  the  city  qf  New- York.  Tl» 
houses^jare  mostly  bnilt  in  the  old  Dutch  st^le.  The  pnbw 
lie '  buildings  are  a  Low  Dutch  church,  two  for  Presbyt^ 
rians,  one  for  Germans  or  Higlr  Dutch,  one  for  Episcopa- 
lians, cn<^  for  Methodists,  a  hospital,  ^e  city  haU,  and  a 
h&ndsorae  brick  gaoL  A  great  variety  cf  languages  are 
spoken  in  thif  city,  but  the  English  preaominatet,  and  ike 
use  of  every'-^tber  is  constalitly  lesseniogk.  In  1810,  it  l^ad 
>,356  iiihabitants.  * 

Albany  is  vtirivalled^  in  it»iituotioto.    f  t  standis  on  the , 
^ankof  one  qf  the  finest  rivers  in  the  world,  «t  the  head  of 
•loop  navigation.    It  is  the  natural  emporium  of  theinw 
cf^Asing  trade  of  a  large  ektent  of  country^  west  and  north ; 


fiavkaUf 

auCtPlpa 
liOBt^#| 

^  i^aen 
fltedrop 

^ortHNit 
^ti«te^< 


|he%UM 
fopulajiii 

■  Wmm 

^»  ,1 

only Mil 
whf^  is 
inostfl^ 
the  «^a|  4 
^um  Vjfk 
Curios 
York  Qoi 
Iiart  of  I 
wat^rwi 
the  botti 


lei  Off  ib& 
LtendfrbiH 
f  on  ¥,att 
I  distance 
lioi  ai^r«ge 
nnferenc^ 

the  totikf. 
i  atlter  ilir 

louses  for 

Epivcopfdi 
nists;  twb 
forMsthr 

!  fi>r  Jewir 
1  ^«eioiii( 
city  ifl  ae%  _ 
rto,  wMc% 
^orisioni; 
^med  tK§ 
t<Bd  Stateei 
ips  not  ex.^ 

oric.  tTie 
The  pail. 
PrMbytft^ 
Bpiscoua- 
EtU,  ana  a 
^uages  are 
I,  and  the 

MO,it^d 

■  -      * 

idiB  dn  thfe, 
Deheftdof ' 
of  the  inw 
indnovihi 


■;/■ 


"^^' 


i?I^W*5K>Wii^ 


tir 


fitykaMp  k]Ma»  cvielw,  ittd  riverpi»  i«  ^^ 
and  tPl^lQ  ^  9iiSomo$>x(i^^ 

Tlie  ^tjT  of  H|M»spii  to  biid  J^^  ^ 

«9jr  i^aecrui  J^me^ki^  if  W!e  ex(^epjk  Bdjtij^jiiiii,  ib  >*lit^^ 
flt«d  pp  ^e  ,6fuit  iidf  j»f  Hadsbii^^^^^  ^ijsaio^  llfiW  «f 
IU!iw4^jMrk»  Qpd  90  4>^  co^  <<^^  #,^;mra^^ 

ed  by  a«ijP«t<t!My«  If^d^  ^^f^^     IwekiJoim^^  4iild»  ii^jl^ 
f artHm  t»b$^  ibf  iqidjpoavia       ^^tcft^s  ^  a  larjj^  |ra^  • 

^t|«l«djN|  itli^iBiit v||tt»kj9f  tliQ  iMlPii^  «t»i  cdiitaui^d^ 
MlUIPQi^  JSjIGM^^  J[tJ|iMi;|r^U9bt^be^ 

^fifei<^f0f^hnei4-'v' -■;:-^^  •■^■'^^  ' 


:"y 


1^  i|rlhaii|-»^(«ii,lM*6i^ 


I 


-I 


|he  bfi^  #'WNirk  |li^*    It  odni#i<ii  UjpiWiwdi  oi  BQQk 

M,%|94|i^  fl<?f>^dei^  ^  '  f 

m^^^ma^^Msmi^  jin^re9siD|ff  Ji^ 

Pititltmp0ir||^^^  isjeat#d> 

«fl^:^^f9i^  IpO  miles  ivest  of  AL- 

only  •  in  ySQOt  it  pon^abed  4^1^  inliabilaitiM^  Urica:, 
whicli  iS/Wi^hUl  tl^e  linu^jof  this  um0^^  miim  of  th^ 
inoQtfloi^risluiig;  spots  in  the  Uni^d  Sta^  Cx.ii(TON  ir 
thej^ai  of  ^^ii$«r  Cjo|leg%  aqdia  j|.|>lea»atiti|iiir^,  8  miles 

CmiosUie^  ^^e^de&^e  mprin^  alfeody  m^ntiolied^^Kew- 
YotIc  ^|i|taina  ^9any  niitijurai  p^riosities.    In  the  sou^east^ 
part  of  Jwke  firie,  t^ei^ty  rods  fnim  the  shorer  w^       the  ^ 
vat^r  is  five  feel  deep>  is  a  euripus  ^rin^boiling  up  ftcMsi 
the  bottom,    it  is  undaEoable,  when  a  brand  is  thrust  in* 


I"**.. 


m 

2fto  Ity  ABB  pMivi  ft  powfiiwL  coMfinc  tnMii  "dnnp*  II  Ihb 
1^  lukttM  Etfiwr  i|M^ 

In  BIpBlfMMrf  ^ooBty  it  »  inaB  i«(|^  l|M■m^  if&ii^ 

yt^lAt  pailM  Mrific  miiJi  widitii*  iiave  fititertov|il«venl«l' 

any  pc^nM^fhim  pflMtnf  throng-  the  ehaan. 

/   lii  GKnIOB  dtfwnty,  it  roiHi^^  il^Mhtof  » 

jDDiBitiiin,  wfaioh  firal^etcd  iib0iit\8o  ywili  iate  hute  Cham- 

plaH^  a|>j^«iff«  toJisfi-livev^^l^^     D;^««iiiie  violent  ihoi^ 

,tet  no -atlieir  ^roil^  «liii|^li|ir^^fe^ 

j|0G^»Mi7.    :I1m  ^i^  bmkeq  offj  laniyn*  Jbtf  ill  aod^ 

iil>#%  cli»ti»4  Jiviifc  wed,    ■:—^-^--     .^ 

lak#  Ofttirid,  ar«  the  nuip  ^Mi  aiicM^  i  anil  jii^ 
€fQek  ate  Ibiir  otHert.    SdHot*  t0f!«M 
inbuilt,  aadare  abiQit entite^   ^O^^Bie 
o^er  timea,  trees  are  ffiowiiu^  twovfect  in 
Ih  one  of  them  ii  a  lireil,  lif  ftdt  £^,  4rt«ied  In^tut^ 
•.aiethod,    '  -  ^  ■■■  '  .'■'     '^■'  ^-'•'' 

Ifidians*    thte  tmnim  of  iIm'  Q|k  C»>ifegbited-Kada^, 
^a.  tte  Kohaivta*  0iN^iiaa,-^^Fiiiietti^  0!itiil- 

Aisi^ats,  omT  Debnraaei,  ^reai^e  JNr  iMi  aiMe  '"iagA.  Omrn^ 
!lhetr  wlialf  nmai>er¥wmtieiP»§m 

Idofuk,  BfAWHa^rrtw^  liirftrisWt;,  «ffa^ltu|%«it^ 
•lifted the  city  of  !)i^-Yorki>  is ^fteen miliss  in l^mr^NQ^ 
«eare^>y  oue  iB^t>«ead*h«  Jt  is  l^itta^ttr  ^Mim^msi^ 
4ihri^. 

v'  l40He4si.-Aiio  it' 149  nilos-long;  and^  en  a jaMHu^i.^ea 
iroad*  It  is  sep^ratfed  from  Q^mahtfgihat  by  'l^omg  Iri^ 
Sound.  It  is  div^od  into  three  coimties,  m.  Kind's 
Oueen^,  and  SiiflMk.  fins' south  «id<i^  of  the  ijdHid  ts-ftit 
land,  of  a  i%ht,  sandy  soil,  bordenedon  the  sea'coastwkb 
large  tracts  of  sl^t  meadoie.  Thi^  sojl,  hpir^ver,  is*  well 
(»lc»laied-ibr^ratsing'graim  'Cfaenoitirsi^jtf  t!ieisian4 
is  h^,  and  of  a  stropgseil^adi^ied  to  the  enlliireof  prain* 
hay*)  and  fruit  A  rio%e  of  Mib  eic^ds  from  ^famaica  to 
Sfotttiil^d.  I«arge  herds  of  cattle^^ed  imon  the  |dains  and 
saHmt;.'i^.    In  1810,  it  contaysed48,7o2  inhabitants^ 


'  in  lefij 

'tamed 

4fact 


.  .  r«a 
8.  beiA 
'^l^rfr^sp 
«t  Of  to 
bre^ljtt 
giire  thi 
acres. 

and  th< 

north  b 

Divh 

Countiei 

CoU'ities. 

Cape  IM 
€umber 
Salem 
GlOuces 
Burlingt 
Hunterc 
^^iissex 

Face  I 
and  fier 
gerieral, 
ifiouthem 
formly'fl 

Bays  I 
^  the8« 


xt^imttmmi 


m 

.'■.'•  '  * 


id'KaCtoni, 

t'coa^twith 

ireof-^miif 
Jamaica  to 
e  i^ns  and 


M«iiji|« 


^ew-Yortt,  and  forms  ^RIolinlKind  county,    fi  if  18  mim 
^  in  lefigtR,  and,  ata  modium,  6  ifr  Tiii^r^idtli,  aild^iaih 
-tamed;  in  1810,  5347  tiiiiabitanta.    OnthokMlli  MafSm 
inct  df  Knrel,  good  Jaadj  4Mt  llw  maMnS^M9t^m 


ns  p- 


t} 


^ean  39  and  41  24  N.  i^fitixA^  ;  it,  len^,  froi»  Jr/S- 

8.be\dg  ^t  100  miles.    Ite  we^efn  U^ndary  nearly 

^^Ortospoads  #lt{i  the  meridian  of  Phila^^bJI,  ftmt  wwS 

T  9*,^»o»  *«  «««'ly  one  dearee  of  «a^  loteitade.    Iti 

br^mh  w    eomputed   at  SC  miles,     Theie  dimenstoni 

gire  the  areaof  about  8320  aquare  mUea,  ^a«l  to 5,924,80i 

BpmiOaiHei.    h  is  bounded  on  llw  east  Wlluds^'nrir 
SSrt^  by  the  sea,  weit  by  iU^m^aai^ 

Divuiuns  and  Population,    This  state  i»  di¥ided  into  1» 
'  CounUes,  and  US  t6wnsbi|Mi. 


IttbabitUtiii 
^' In  ]§!<>. 

'3,632 
^12^70 

1«,761 , 
a9,744 1 
^^979 
"S4,55« 
»25y549 


COttDtiea. 

Bergett 

Essex 

Middlesem 

Monmomii 

Som^rsel 

Morris 


Cou.ities. 

Cape  May 
€umberIaiM 
Salem 
Gloucester 
Burlington 
Hunterdon 
"SttSS^C  ^ ^__„ 

i:*        >iE    «      /       v^  ^1\0tal  245,56t 

Face  of  me  Countiy,  The  counties  of  Sussex,  Moi.x^. 
and  Bergen  are  mountainous.  The  interior  country,  Iji 
general,  14  agreeaWy  diversified  with  hi||s  and  ^tallies.  The 
ifiouthem  counties,  mrhich  Me  along  (he  sea  coast,  are  uai* 
formly 'flat  and<  sandy.      ,  , 

Batfs  ami  Rivers,  That  part  of  tJhoVtate^  wJrich  hordm 
«i  the  sea,  ismdettted  iritk  sgreat  fuimbtir  «f  «^  ci^ 


iDhHtlltAQlK 

16,6011 

S5,9d4 

fiOi38f 

^il5^ 

•i^72» 
«l,r:28 

mum 


I'-iT' 


i 


mK 


mW'StM,SB% 


^  wtA  cm\i^f^eh,  u  the  eountry  is  flat,  are  naitfiahW 
f«riiii«ll craff  aliiiMt to llieir «ourcei. 

fhe  moit  renuirkablc  bay  i*  Arthur  Kul),  or  Kewaric 
%y,  formed  by  the  union  of  Passaic  and  Uackinaac  riyeri* 
^isab^  of>Q»»  to  tbiB  rii^ht  and  leil,  and  embracea  §tate» 
Island* 

Hackiosac  rt¥er  ilses  in  Bergen  county*  runs  a  aoutherl^ 
courss,  and  empties  into  Newark  bay.  At  its  mouth,  it  i« 
460  yards  wide,  and  is  navigable  15  miles. 

i^assaic  is  a  very  crooked  river,  rising*  in  a  large  swamp, 
in  Morris  county.  Its  i^eneral  course  is  from  northwest 
to  southeast,  tiU  it  niindes  with  the  Hackinsac,  at  tbe 

Siad  of  Kewa^  bay.  <^  The  oataract,  or  Great  Fall,  in 
IS  river  is  tbe.  greatest  tffttiiral  ^uripsit^^  in  the  stateJ«.  It 
is  forty. yarlb  wide,  andfiiUJls  oy^rarock^  which  crosseg 
l^e  channels  seventy  fqet  perpendicularly,'  in  ene  entire 

^Httritan  river  is  formed  l^^two  oonsderable  streams, 
billed  north  and  south  branches,  one  of  wbieb  rises  in 
.^]^rr»»  the  oth^r  In  Hunterdon  coiiiitjr.  It  passes  b^ 
Bw>'^^^  ^^  Ambo^,  into  Newark  bigr,  ana  helps  W 
IBlilipi,  the  Ibc  harbor  or  A 

"  Delaware  river  divides  New»Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
']pbe  following. livers  all  run  into  the  Delaware:  Cesarer,, 
4»r  Cohaosey  ©wek,  rises  in  Salem  county,  navigable  twen- 
ii  mikBH  Mulius  river,  i^bich  divides  Gloucester  arid  jBur- 
jfflkgtoA  counties*  navigable  tsirenty  miles.  Maurice  river, 
which  rises  in  Gloucesier  county,  navigable  fii^een^ortwen- 
^  miles.'  Alloway  creek,  in  l^em  county.,  aikl  Ancocas 
S«ek,  in  Burlington  county*  bath  navigable  fifteen  or 
jtwenty  miles.  There  are  a  f  reat  many  others,  of  less  note, 
iiayj&able  short  distances. 

Mountains,  Tbe  South  mOHiptain,  which  is  oae  ridge  of 
the  Allegany  range,  crosses  ^i«  states  This  mountain  emi* 
J^ems  sucii  amazing  ^{lantities  of  iron  ore,  that  it  may 
not  improperly  be  icaued  the  Irott  mountain.  The  Kitta* 
finny  ridge  passes  through  this  $tate,  north  of  tlie  South 
mountain.  Several  wpors  ftom  thete  ridgejB  project  in  a 
aoutfaem  direetion.  The  noted  high  lan,d^  of  Navesink  and 
Centre  hUl  are  almost  the  only  hills  woiim  the  distaUK^  9$ 
)|)9By  miles  &om  thp  s^  #as|* 


■M»^< 


Newark 
AC  riven* 

ibtttherl^ 
>u(th»  it  If 

;e  »wainp» 
aorthweit 
c,  at  tfce 
i  Fall,  in 
stateJ«>  It 
>h  crossea 
»ne  entire 

9  streiuiiaf 
k  rises  iai 
passes  hf 
i  helps  W 

Mnsyli^anuv 
;  Cesarer^ 
able  tweiio 
arid  ^ur- 
irice  river, 
)i]^  pr  twen- 

fifteen  or 
^essnote, 
•I. 

ne  ridge  cC 
untatn  eniF 
hat  it  may 
rhe  Kitta- 
tjie  South 
rojecit  in  a 
ivesink  and 


IfEW'JIgttiKtv 


lan 


#'l(ril»  from  the  worat  to  the  best  •  kfaidj  The  ie«a  iuhd 
liff  priaciiMUy  on  the  bpnltf  of  riven.  mI^  credii  TMe 
lnrrei|M  produce  UuAe  etitt  but  shrub  06ltt«h4>i»ll)»^  pinep. 
These  sandf  landt  yreld  tui  hnmensr *  <pumCity  ti  bog  Wm 
ore.  In  the  hiiljr  and  roonntainoue  ^ti  of  (ho  state, 
Krhich  aire  not  too- rocky  for  cultivation,  tfab  soil  h  oi'n 
Itronver  kind,  and  covered,  ia  its  natnral  State,  with  sti^6- 
}y  oaks,  hickories,  chcsmxts,  &c. ;  and,  When  cultivated, 

EK>duces  Wheat,  i^e,  Indian  corn,  buck  wheat,  oats,  bar- 
y,  flas^,  and  fruits  of  all.  kinds,  common  to  the  cUmat  s 
'Tm  orchards  in  nsnmy  poHs  of  Uie  stsAe,  equal  any  iii  tM 
trailed  States,  and  tneir  cider  is  said  to  h«  Ilia  best  ial!h» 
^orid*  * 

The  markets  of  New- York  ftnd  Phfladelpltb,  receive  a 

,  ttry  considerable  proportion  of  )hdr  supplies  lh>m  the  cOtt- 

^  tlguous  parts  of  New-Jerseyr    These  supplies  consist  of  ve*> 

0etid>les  of  nntiy  kindsy  apples,  pean,  peeclies^  plums, 

'vtrgwhernes,  dlerries,  and  other  fHUts.    Cider,  in  larte 

qu^fhtities,  t^zftier,  cheese,  bieef,  pork,  nnittoiij  and  potdtsy. 

Mhiit,'  It  has  ahready  lieen  mentioned,  that  the  moou- 
tauis  of  New-Jersey  yield  immense  ouantities  of  iron  ore, 
«nd  the  low  grounds  are  no  less  procmetive  df  that  Uvdf 
called  bog  'mm  bre.  There  are  Also  several  large  copper 
mines,  at  ^at  vdue.  Besides  these,  the  state  cootMns 
mines  of  lead,  coal,  plaster  of  Pans ;  with  immense;  qiujirr^ 
of  very  «al\i£U)le  stone.  A  'iriate  quarry  has  iMely  bti«« 'dis* 
covered  in  Hunterdon  county,  which  yields  slate  of  a  Jlipe- 
irior  qoalitv. 

Mineral  and  other  Springs,  In- the  county  of  M(nnn^  i^:  1 
cold  min^al  spring*  It  is  freqiiented  by  valetudinanuas, 
and  its  waters  nave  been  used  witii  very r^joinsideridble  suc- 
cess. 

In  the  town  of  Hainover,  in  die  same  cotinty,  en  a  ridge 
of  hills,  are  a  number  of  wells,  ^Hhich-  regolarir  ebb  i|nd 
flow,  fdwut  six  feet,  twice  in  every  twenty  rour  Itburi; 
The  wells  are  nearly  forty  n^les  fVom  the  sea,  in  a  straijght 
line.  ' 

In  the  county  of  Hunterdon,  near  the  top  of  Muskonet^ 
tong  mountain,  is  a  noted  medicinal  spring,  to  whitih  in- 
v^alids  resort  from  every  quarter.  It  ii^ues  from  die  side 
<if  a  mountain,  and  iis  conveyed  inio  an  artificial  restrvoir. 


^ 


^iit''^- 


}immMK$fm 


j|»r^f6«#rai0«i^  who  wish  to  ^tiiti^iiii,  93^m% 

1^^  ^  ftjsirtiifoi^  .yards  fifom  tiMB 

eti  90^90081.  .ft  j»n£{il  8^^mi8Stit$^/ei^cepi;whjBii  U»e  win^, 
«eQth»i«s  to  hipwj^m  the  northwresti  formore  than  tw^ 
4^  fil^^y«ly,  wheit  it  ceases  to  nm;  aa^  if  the  wa» 
le«vhe  ta|(;6n  out  ot:  tbi  C9»k  »Jacc4  in  the  ground,  it  wUl  i 
l»iQati^^«n>pty  jwtil  the  wind  chSinges,,  when  it  is  »gam  M^ 

fniiii^aetitr^,     The  most  impoitAnt':  mantifabtures  lii 
'•^^^y*^|>^t|o8e  o|^  iroaaiid  ieaiheiii ,  Thft  ifOn  w«rjkf» 

_     e  county  dKBiotTist»Ion%  produce  annually^  about  SCKi 
M;^^^ig^^40U^  a^btae^irmr  and » large  quantities  o^; 
ji^il  rod^  afee^  iron,  «id  hoUow  wai^    Other  fj^s.  of  the 
4l^te  are  notpd  f<i*^^He.S»*»e  !^ 

'^mimi^i  n  thfe  seat  of  a  considerahle  shoe  inatuilaqtoiy, 
^icfci :empl0ys5go  workmen,  and  produces  100,0db  paicv 
«*^^?*%fM>aatty.  The  other  articles  of  manufacture  ar# 
J*e^^  BjflB,;piper,  fl«ur»  apd  powder..  Most  of  tife  fand- . 

TEhi9|Bt^;itr«marlwbl^fo^  mill  seats,  J 100  of  which  ax» 
^w  occU|lie4l  spa  siKith  flkwr  milfer  and  the.  rest  with  sa^ 
mlkn  luili^i  m»vfo98e»,  furi^ce^,.  slittiftg,  jwd^Iingr 
J^ipet^  powd«rvaBdoiI,miils^^  <  ;^ 

^    Trkie,    'tlift  trade  o£.thiast4tefC(Mie^^ 
ftwltji^d  lioin  those  two  great  comipercial  cities,  News. 
Xw  on  one  side  and  Philadelphi^i  on  the  other.    AwoubIt 
i^e^ports  in  1S1(V  430^267  doUar*. ,    ' 

.  ^%», .  Th^re  <ue  bri4ges  erected  ovqr  th«  Passaic, 
^CKinsS;^,  Ei^rtt^n.  and  delftwarje  rivers,  on.  the.  post  road 
iittreen  New- Y6rk  and  Philadelphia,  which  greatly  faoittp 
t«|i$ihei  intercourse. hetvireeii  those  two  fities.  ^ 

tStr^turi  4n4  Mdi^MHon*^,   There  is  a  college  at  Princf^ 
twi,  oalled  N^u  H%ll,  which  has  been  uadjer  a»e  care  5f 
A^S^Q^Bsion  vf^^ilidents^  emthentfot' piety  a^  learning ; 
ai^  has  furnished  a,  number  of  civilians,  divines,  and  phy-  \ 
Stei^ns,  ofthet  first  <ran|c  in  America/    It  has.  upwards  of> 
IOft*tud0nt8,  is  hicf easing,  aod  hes  a  library  of  Aout4000 
vohimiftS.     A  th«o!odcaT  seQiinary,  with  two  professor^u 
l)a»ii^9.PSt^i4she4  n^:^  by  the  general  assembly  of,  t^ 


aad  y^ 

hfoa  ^ 

tbe  wind 
iban  tw^ 
if^e  wa» 
id,  i^wUli 
again  fiU*^ 

pictures  in 
i&n  worJcfi^ 
about  800; 
antities  of  r 
tTtSwOfLlbft : 

ndlactory, 
1,060  paii» 
(ctumnar* 
tt^fami*. 


which 

wil^saiir 

ii  Vqllini^ 


KiostaplQ* 

New 

Amoui^ 


les 


Pa«8aic» 
post  road 
itiy  fojcilfc* 

Ptincfl^* 
le  care  cH 
earning ; 
andphy. 
waroi  ot 
out  4000 

ifeasoTf^ 
y  <tf,  tl^ 


i3flB^-irra«BY. 


1* 


Presbyterian  ohti^(^,  %ith  {nromisiiig  proipects* ''  Hiere  upi 
also  a  college  at  Brunswick,  in  this  Btfite>  called  C|«$een*s 
collie ;  its  charter  bears  ^te  17^0.  it  was  establish^^ 
by  the  Befonned  Dutch  chui'ch,  and  d€^ijgpied  priric^pidly 
to^be  »  Th^ogical  Seminaiy.  Vot  tt  mimber  of^^eiov  » 
decline,  and  ceased  its  operations.  It  is  now  felifid,  and 
iourishing  lihder  the  care  of  Reverehd  Dr.  hiVtvavrOTS'. 
There  are  academies  at  Trenton,  Hackinsa^i  Orangedali^^ 
Blizabethtown^  Biirlingtonv  and  Newark.  ^-^j 

Betdde  tliese,  there  are  grammar  schools  at  FreeholdiT 
Sp^'n^field,  Morristown,  Bordehtown,  and  Amfooy. 

Cities  and  roiom,    f  aENTONisone  of  thelar^stt 
in  New- Jersey,  and  the  capital  iji  the  state.    It  is  si^ 
on  the  east  side  of  the  rhrer  D^Ware,  opposite  Uie  1S3lii» 
neariyan  the  cemre  of  the  state,  from  no)&  id  sotulbr,  !&< 
jktt.  40  15,  anda^out  15'  east  dT  the  nseridiatt  of^  Fhilad^ 


town9 


m 


^rj 


tcpRi/iN&tON  c^y  extenda  three  niilea  along  the  Dda- 
iware,  ayad^^ine  n»le  back  at  right  anglei^  into  the  dounly  df 
BurlingtOI^^  fbd  is  twenty  miles  abo>ve  the  ct^  of  Fhlladel*- 
phia;,  hf  ymxt  and  seventeen  by  land*  ^ 

PfeKTH  AMSiEnr  city  stands  on  a  neck  of  lan^  incliid#-i 
between  R^tfitan  river  arid  Arthur  KiUl  sound.    Its  sitn^ 
tisenisiiigh-aad^liealthy.    It  lies  open  to  S^dy  Hook,  aad^ 
Ras  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  th^  coatln^nt^ 

BnttiiiiiVirttK  city  is  situated  on  the  sdi^tilwest  side  <^ 
Raritat^  river,  over  wMch  a  &ie  bridge  has  been  built,  IJIS- 
Eoj^ies  above.  Amboy.     Its  situation  is  low  aiid  pl'easani,  be* 
ing  on  the  bank. of  a  river,  and  under  aJiigh  hiiil,  whiSh* 
rises  back  of  the  town.    It  is-  the  «eat  of  Queen's  cdllege, 
'  -5 1?jftiNOET?oif ;is  a  pleAs^nt  vi^agij,  of  a'^otit  30  houses,  5Sf' 
laileS  t\'bm  New- York,  a.id  4-2  "from  Phiiaddphia.    it-  li 
tine  seat  of  N^s^rnu  Hall  coilego.    The  college  edific^e  is  df ' 
stoQC;  Jargja  and  handsohiw.    On  the  right  and'  left  of  thel 
ooll%&,  are  ediftc^,  one  for  a  dmuig  hiidl,  the  other  for  thl^ 
library.  •      '■; "    "  ■■ 

eLt«AiETiiTOwir-borough  is  fifteen  »niles  from  New- 
York.  Its  situation  is  t^l^asant,  and  its  soil  equal  in^fertil'^ 
iiy  to  any  in  the  state.  ^ 

N»wA^it  is  nine  miles  fSrom  Nsw-York.  It  is  a  hand- 
fom^  Nourishing  town,  and  had,  in  1810,  TQOli  inhabitaatsy 

4hu:miim*     In .  MonihouUi  coiiniy,  on  the  iside  of  ri\ 
0  2. 


"I 


■^>  I 


iee? 


ixsmwAmv. 


boM^^  of  N^#ri^ffaaik  river,  is. »  rem&rkcdl^e  cftye,   in -wbfdh'^ 
0g0ii«^»  robmi^    T|te  cave  is  about  18  feet  long,  and  15 
||||(:  broads  centre  o£; 

iil^art^  isjaboutfive  feet^/rom  the  bottam' of  the  csve; 
v^^iidet  fi#  Biore  thiBQ  tvo  and  a  half. :  The  mouth  of  the 
.aiLyeis.sQiau;  the  bottom  is  ia  loc«e  sand;  and  the  arch  t 
jftforBned  in^a  sell rotk,  through  theppses  of  which,  ^ 
nioisiure  U^^wly  ::exudated>  aoui  falls  ia  diropn^.  on  the  taiid": 

.  .■■  ■        ■  ■■,'■'    ''  ■  -■<...  -'  - .  ■   ■  .  .  - 

J^ation^  and  Eaent*-  THIS  State  derivod  its  namefiraitt  4 

l^brii  pe  la  War,  who  was  among  the  first*  settlers  of  Vii»«. 

«nittv  It  itoeMea  the  territorv  formeriy  denoininiited  the 
.  ^hrtif  Ldmr  Ctniktieh  a»nexed  tst  PennsylTania,  tying  be- 
'  lireen  ion*  74  S6,  and  73  40  W.  and  between  38  30  and  39 

^iiohHliititade;.    It  is  the  smallest  steta  in  the  Union,  . 

except  Rhode  Island,  |>eing  but  96  jnileiklongf  and  m  wn 

Bbundarie^i     Delaware  is  bounded  east  b^  Helawats 
-im&t  and  bay;  and  the  Atlantic  cKsean.;  south  and  we&t  by . 
Maryland ;  north  by.  Pennsylvania.. 

DivuufnstimiiPopulation.^.'^hm  state:  is^^vided -into  3  : 
eeunti^  ai»d^ti)£wn8h^^.>.  ^       ,. .  u         \->  ;   ^ 

Oountfcs.  .      liQ^QttcmM,..  Fbpttladdaoi  l8ICt>  >     ptief-towal^  ^. 
>Iewcastle  '  a*  24,439'  Newcastle  v 

.   Kent  ,  »  S-O:  S0»495;  Dover 

Stwsex  ;  „    IH-  87,760  V  XSeorjretowa  I 

85  ■  7a,64r ," 

Face  ofth^>  CCuntrv,    The  state,  of  1>e]»yr%^i  >  the  v^fpei 

V  |MrtB  of  the  county  of  Newcastle  excepted^  is^g^erally  ex- 

.  iremely  low.and  level. -  Large  qti^ntities.|^ stagnant  <water  ^ 
at  particular  seasons  of  the  year,  overspreading  a  great  pro/> 
"|iort)on  of  the;  land,,  .aud  rendering  it  in|urioua  to  the  healtb  . 
Ill  the  inhabitants;^ 

V  Rivers  and  Creeks^    The  eastern  <ide.  of  the  stale  i*in* 
dsited  with  e  UltgQ  ntimber  ef  (Greeks  or  small  rivers,  whidi^ . 

.  generally  have  a  short  course,  soft  banks,,  numerous  shoali^ 
•nd;^  are  skirted  with  very  extensive  marshes>.- and .  exnpty 
inta  tJIferiver^aiidbHy  ofDelawarei  In  th^  southern ^4 
«ef^rn  £»cte  tii^  itaitei. spring Jhe  bead  i«9liif8xilC  JP9^9i^. 


in'i|i.i.-'  ■'  i)uiij  <'"mi-..ijMii.ij.  .J  ,Nn;j)iiiiifiM 


m^'i^ymm' 


*'|i|!BI-# 


in  "i»4»rch'- 
ig,  and  IS 
centre  o£." 
the  cavft; 
mth  of  the 
I  the  arch  t 
nrhiehjv^ 
mthe^iac^*: 


name<fVdnii  { 
ers  of  ViiK 
[linateil  the 
I,  tying  be- 

30  and  39 
the  Union,  . 

and  on  aft 

!  HelawasB 
Dd.wf&tby. 

Ided  -^into  S : 

I, 

lief  towac;  . 
ewcutle  V 
over 
K(U'g:ctowa  1 


the  uffei 

aerally  eaiLo 

^nt  water 

:  great  pro" 

the  healtb 

itate  ta^int 
erg,  whidi^ 
ou«  skoalsiy 
ind.eiitpty 
j,them:fiMn4 


«M^f  WiiMiqucOi^KaQiicQke,  Cboptank,  Cheater^  8tt8i#«r, . 
'4nd  Bohr;mia  rivers,  all  taiiiiig:  inio  Chestpeak  bay^.iind^r 
aenie  of  tl^em  are  navigeble  20  or  SO  milea  into  the  coun-^  • 
liy,  ^,.ve48f)ft^4»£|fp  ociGO  tons. :...  ,  . ,  * 

Soil  ami  Produciiqm, .  Delaware  ischi^fly  ail  agrff^tural  I 
ptat^^  It, includeB'j^.verjr  .fertile  tiact  of  coBn^  ;  and 
•earcely  anyyp»«M^t  of  the  Uipdp^  ada|>t- 

ed  to  uie  aAnereni  ■  purposes  <of  <  agricuitiuie,  ok  in  >^  which  a . 
greater  variety  of  the  most^  useful  pvoduciiona  i  can  be  Uk  ■• 
Qonvoniently^apd  plentifully. reared. . 

Wheat  is  the  staple  commodity^  of  this  state.    Itgrowi>3i 
here  in  such  perfeG'tion,-a8  not  only  to  be  particularly  sought. 
by  the  manufacture^  of  flour  throughout  the  Union,  but ; 
also  1$»  be  distingjushed.  wdp^^  for  its' superior  ^ual»  • 

ities,  JA^C^reign  markets,    'niis  wheat  possesset,  an  uncoti|-^-^ 
iifin  '80^1^6  and  wfaiteness^^yery  favoeable  to  thie  manu-- 
jfilicture  of  superfine  flour,  and  in  qth«  respects,  far  exce^da 
the  hard  and  flinty  gfjun  rai8^4«  generally,  on  the  hi^ 
lands. ,  Besides  wheat,  this-  suite  produces  plentiful .  crqp^  < 
of  Itidian  c(»n,  barley,, rye>  oats,  flax^  buckwheat^  and  po* 
^tpes.  .  It    al3M>undjS*  inf4.na^tura^  .  iM3d  artificial   meadows.  , 
containing  a  large  v»iet^  of^^grassesr .  vHemp,,  cotton,,  ana  a 
aillf,  if  ftttencled  tOr.ftgfurj)Bh.very  weU^^ 

Minerals*  .  Atti0ng.the.bcanche8  of -the 'Kanttcoke  rivel^,\ 
are  large  quantities  of  bokiron  ore  of  an  excellent  qUnUI*- 
ty,,  and  peculiarly  adapted,  ta  the- purposes  of.  casting. 

Trade  and  Manufactures.  .  We  have  .already  mentiohaiA  I 
wheat iuk the  st{ip\e. commodity ^of. this  stat&.     This  is  man- 
ufactured into  flour,  and, exported  m.4ai;ge  quanti  ies.:  The  ^ 
exports  are  principally  from.Uie  pprtof-Wilmington.  .  Th«  > 
manufacture  of  fik>ur  is  carried  to  a  higher  degree  Of  per<>  • 
fection  In  thiil  state  than  .in   any  other  .in  the  Union.  !. 
There; are  well  constrticted  mills  on  Red  Clay^aad  Whifie  - 
6lay  creeks,  and  other  streams  in  different  p.arts.  of  :the  s 
State,  and  a  celebrated  collection  of  .milU^  at  , Brandy  wine,., 
all  of.  Bup^ior    dimensions. <  and  'excellent  4  construction;.  . 
These  miils  are  three  milea  from  the  mouth.  «f  the!  creek  . 
Ml  which  ^they,  stand,  half  a  imle  from  Wiliningten,i;j|nd  . 
twenty-seven  ironi  .Philadelphia,   on  the;  post  rOad    frcnn 
the  eastern  to  the.  southern  states.    Tliey  are  called  Britnr 
%jrin&  miUs,  from  the  stre<im.on  whkh ,  they,  ar^s  erpjctenlv 


^ 


^mmmm^. 


.  sm^i6abl9m  200  p^ieoii,..  -  -  ,.  -..vsv.,^,. . • 

iptBtdosvUie  wheat  and  fl(mrtmdd,  Instate  tsfioi^iS'Ut^ 
b^r«  Indian  earn,  barley,  oatj»}  9ix^>«ee4>  salt^  ^rovi 
|aq[>er,  ftUt  kon,  snuff,  &c.  ^  / 

^>  jPm^/»c  Imprt]^m«nts»  A  bridge  si^  eftUMwa]r>  9xteiiiir 
ing  about »  %uaj?tef  ef  »nH%«4tt>m  Leiir«B  to  the  beadle 
aver  a  wide  creek  and  marf  n^  ka&  tateljr  been  built  at  tbe 
«xpeiue  of  individNjfils.  (^m^^B  aire  making  in  sey^ral 
fforts  of  tbe  state.  The  lighthouae,  near  Lewes,  ^  a  fin^ 
^atone  structure  8- l»tcfl»;e8^h}gtk 

Literaiupe,  ^c«e  is  4iot  CdHege  in  ^»»-stBCe.  At  Wll* 
ifiingtoa  and  Newark  aeadenaieft  ave  «9tabiishe4.  Tbe  leg-^ 
iililture  gfofidM  a  Hand,  for  the  s^^ort,  of  j^hcKM* 
#uroi;^jli(3u^ the  slate.     ■  •.  *->;\i^--^,  •  ■        r ^'^'--'isy^iu^-^'^-'' ■.'■■' ■ 

Chief  Taams,  Dov^,  mi^tiwmtytiKjeM,  is^efee^t 
^gpyemnient»  It  ttand^  on  JonesTa  CKe<^  a  &w  nui^a 
:§am  Dje^ai^a  river^  contmnhig  about  lOObeuiKS,  pKiii* 
7W^)y  of  brick.  The  town  has  a  lively- ^^arance,  an^ 
cb^veison  ft.  cen«iderabte  trade  wtthk  Phiiadel|^Ki»  Wheals 
ja  th#pnncipai  arti^e  c^  export*  The  landing  i#  five  ot' 
«x  i^wsiroiii.th6eownoif  Elover^  ^ 

NfWcAsTitB  iiji  thifty>five-«til«ft  below  Phlbdelphiaj  ofti 
tikewest'bank  of  the  Delaware  river.,  it  was  first  settled 
hf  tbe  Swedes,  about  1027.  Itlwaa  ftMrm^rly  the  seat  of 
cover oenent,  luid  c0)itain»  about  §0  houseSi  whi<di  wear, 
ine  ae^ect  of  deca^. 

WiLMiNGTo^f,  a  ipileanda  half  west  of  Delaware  ri^v^ 
«r>  on  Christf ana  creek,  28  miies'  southward  froni  Phila- 
4ielphia,  is  Uie  largest  and  most  pleasant  town  in  the  state, 
aontaining  upwairck  of  400  houses,  lmndso»u^ly  built  -upoi^ 
a  ^ntle  ascent  of  an  eminent,  and  show  to  great  ad?an- 
li^e  in  sailiixg  up  the  Delaware..  It  contains.  ab(M'^4iQp' 
iolKibitants. 

'Mil fo kd  Js  at  the  source. of  a  snts^ll  river,  lilteen  auleil ' 
tt&m  Delaware  bay;  and  ISOsouthward  of  Philadelphia. 

D^ucK  Cr£«k 'JaQ8!«  iroADs:^  is  twe!V6  miles  Tiibtthwest* 
§foai  |>over,  and  has  80  or  90  house's,  whidi  ^tand  on  one: 
strv^Ltj ;  *t  carries  on  a  considtirable  tirade  wj>th   PhikdeL 
pidui  and  is  one  6i'  thfc  inrg'^st  wli^  markets  'Iti  the  ^gfx^'e- 

hn  ^lixo w  N  is  Situat^id  ii  few  mile&  above  the  lighi^ 


e 


At^:;^' 


[: 


Ltilt  aft  the 
n  B&f^rsH 
i,  it  a  fine 


is  Hieiten^ 

loce»  ^(^ 
i#  fi:?«  wr. 

rS  -    ■ 

^mti  Oft. 
St  settled 
B  seat  of 
tidi  wesTi 

m  Phila^ 
the  state, 
lilt 'upoi^ 
t  ltd?an- 

Ben  Qjili^  V 
Iphia.     ' 

ed£thw^St« 

J  on  one: ^ 
Phifeaeli 

le  l%h^ 


-wwiij^wiajyoil^tjot... 


T^. 


**. 


m  ^  «ti«et^  yjltich  is  t^ie  itkif^^^^  jex« 


l^naing  akmg  tbi  creek,  which  sen^utei  the  '##n^%i»^ 
Vif.  fiitclL.of  tfaeca||jB;,'^  ; '  '■'^■■-;-:  "y-'-^-r,"  '  •■:^"''::.%^.; ' 

''G«oRQst!ttWN»  jG^leeoinUeir^  west^  Lel^^ 
teat  of  justice  for  Suss^  bounty*  ^ 

^  Christianabridob is  «itiiate#oii  a vavigalyle  et^cdtbr 
ttl  name;  it  wras  settied  l^  ^i^  Swed^  ill  16^  |tt4 Ihia^ 
|Ei#ed  ai^r  tlieir.q^eeiw^  a 


'  ^jIIm.  ; 


;*    .,^,i 


-.-"  .,,-. J^n|f»^~  IpJIl^  stfite  r^^Y^d  its  Ramj»^fird^ ' 
WiUian  Penii^  io  whom  ft  was  granted:  by  Charles  Ih  ui> 
I68J.:   It  J8  jwt»ated  betweeR  39*^  43'  aRd  420/Rortfi  Jati-- 
tude,  awl  betweei^^  east;  rtBd^^^^^^i^ 
ii#B8  long,  i«kl  l^l^^o^    The  iioff^w^ai  conier  <^^ 
mm  containing  a62;0D0  acres,  was  purchased  of  Congre^^ 
liy  the  legislature  of  the.  8tafe*Eifi€p^^^^  purchase,  t<«6 
^e  lies^n  a.  fotm  ^  a  pratl^ogrwHu:    It  coRtainf.44[|^0&^ 
ii|aarei»iles»l  .,';''.'....;  ':'  ''/- 

Bimndaf4es,    ^enns^li^a Jo  bouRded  east  by.  Didk#a^  > 
taver,  which  septrates  it  lirdm  Ifew  Jensey  ;  north  by  Nem*- 
Yoi'k,  axid  JLake  Erie  ^.nortlbeeit  by  a  na%  of  Lake  Eriea 


wesr  Ijf  Oie  state  of  «Miib^  attcP  a  pari  ^Virginia ;  sou* 
>yTir|^,  Ma^;4ncl,"a9ai0ehuri£e*:  ^  ^ 


ti»e  foIlQwlRg;4d  counties,  viz* 

Cfoiintici.  Noinhafe. 


^^  and  county  > 
of  PhUadelpihw,} 
Mootgomcsy^. 
Bi  cks 
Belaw«i»  - 
Cfaei^teir 

BeHts 

Northam|M^»- 

Luzerne 

^rthuihbedaod ' 

V/ayiie 

Adanu 


' 


sSfSn 

14,734   I 

ii9,9S7  : 
49,156, 

da,i4« 

t5|109 
9fi,3S7 
15,158 


"  C6ttnti<ir 


u' 


i*. 


4rinstrei^% 
^8cat€P>''' 

Biidev  t 
,  Crawford   . 
;  Cttixibediand*i' 
,  Fayette 

Frantlia 

Green 

HantingddO; 

]l»yeoniing , 

Mercer 

Mifflin  aa4  Centrji 
.Somerset 

Venango 


KkUiahsb;,' 

"in  i8J^ 
€il4f  i 
12.iaft 

l>5,74f 

7>a^i 

6,1 7«  i 
2fl,7iP| 
34,7l« 
23,OS^ 
l^,54it 
t4,77f  > 
r'  11,009 

^»,81^ 

3^04X1  v 


.. '. 


?-' 


</;y.y-^fvn  -i';  \.  •  ;•;■>_ 


*i» 


npfmh. 


imtiis^ 


.    ^^wa$mg<Vi^>^  644  *owa^i?»^  not  creattedby 
^y  ^eqial  Ijw  o^JiWl^Iatowe,  !>iit%  he  j  of  the 


;:^f5i?^*mlO-:>:^af^,'^,59^^    tlie^.|S&itaiita  are' tm*^^- 

^^^H*^°-    ^*  ^^  ; '4t}p-as:i<1  that  oaq  fourth  of  tiie  i»iidre 

||»i^ilt^(itt  ere  4csci^i?dHnts  ^oKi  QerinaRs^  ' 

^^er.u    Tlie  river  Dbiaware  mentidiaed  in  the  deBcr^ti^ 

l^iw-ydrk,  foraie,  the  eastern  boundary  of  to  stit^'    ' 

.S^mylkUl  riTer  rises  no^weiit  of  the  Kittetfhnjf  2111^- 

iain^  i&roij^h  WtiiiAi  it  nasei^.    After  a  coittte  ctf  fSD 

'Mm  i^?  a  $oiMliei|i  j&itipii;  it  fe^  into  the^fiejaivik, 

mmtmmb€^o^mif«Si^m    .        ■  •  ■  ■^■"■■^    -^-^^ 

S^qiiehanna  riyei;  riiainrsii^  i  jfitenthie  c»tti«e^ 
%•  ttoas  the  bouiidliry  linfe;  betWec^  We4^y:0^^  fem^ 
•^♦^:«»*»  three  tinies.,  4ftfir  ifeceivlhi  numerolis  tHhiitla* 
^  Sti^MBs,  it  fallii  iDtot^e^dof  CheMipeafcbay.  Jttiifr 
Hi^irethaii  a  n^  w;i4e  at  its  mouth,  and  lUMrigabfe  0)% 
tjneia*/  miles,  nav^^ii^  bjeing  obstructed  fey  n»id«. 
:_!Fbe  Swetara,  ivllieh  falls  iiat»  the  Susquelant^a  ilNHii 
^^?iW>i?^e^t,  is  naf^gable  fifteen  ndles. 

'Bie  several  bifiticlie^  oi:f(»^iogh^y  merrisetoii  the 

*-*  side  of  the  Al^a^y  ino:i^tains.    They  umte,  and 

a  large  baairtifid  nveir.    After  a  coyrsie  of  ^^irty  or 

i^ty  miles,  it  unites  with  Monongahela,  which  eomesttom 

,#ie  iauthwar^.    These  uni)ted  Itrearas,  sooa  after  theit 

imfiiott,  rainrie  with  the  A%«»y  at  iPittsburg,  aody  ^ 

jifper,  form  Uie  river  Dhiov  . 

^oTke  Alie^nv  rises  west  »f  ^e  Allegany  •  moimt<Hnft, 

^  ipdruns  200  miW  before  iti  Junction  with  the  Moii«w«k^ 

{  %^  atPittgburg^  ,     ^^ 


OS 

-of  Alltj, 
iCilteti 

fOt^o    P 

n€ftriy 

•i?e  we 

V  fi;lwe 

h^na, 

of  A  rli 
grass. 

orally 
Mot 

tJuitei 
the  w< 


S' 

iBo^in 

ry  tai 
l&fpu: 

fnds 
inehe 
m  a 


m^. 


wsmn^rmu 


&'•■• 


;8  are'  farlfi - 

arid  Dutcb 
f  thawhdre 


use  of  120 

9^4  Pei)i>- 
:  bay.    It  ib 


rise*  oil  tire 
unite,  and 
of  tlilrty  or 
comes  from 
after  theiY 
g,  «od|  to^ 

moiBitiBnS, 
» Afoii«a|«^ 


e  ]^«UwarW  ^en  i90et  northeaa  ofBetiut^isii*    I| 
rups  t6V6i|ty-tv0  viili^  ano  »  iiinrigit>ie  thirty,   t      ^ 

CanM    A  caJud  it  be^  Hi  NprriiitiMra,  to  render  IN 
S<;lMylkiU  naytg|kt»le  fow  E  AiQetK 

vj)  Res  ta  Phili40^W*.    O^  mm  %Te  lb<seh  projected 
foa^cit  yet'' completed. .■'■■.  -'-^ 

;|V ;«  >ffheCoii^n$ri^  and  Soil.    A  eonstderalile  ftaocfia^ 
i^lfetg  i^t  «teiiMiy  be  o|dlea  moimti^Dqiif ;  the  Gfept  Kai^ 
of  AUtig^ny  motthtfioa^  9mi^,  through  it.    The  princf^ 
ri^^  lathis  raag^,  wlMch  ure  in  l*^nnsylvania,  j^^tm-- 
S^|t8tinby«  or  Blu0  Moimtailir,  wfiich  pasvniarth  of  m«i^ ; 
fo^"  avi  pursue  a  80uthweit>c»ui|e     IJack  of  tli^ese  an<t 
fit  arty  parraijei  witii  them,  are  P«*ew,  Tusc^rora,  and  >{e** 
c^pec  s^cMintains,  on  the  east  of  th^  Susquehanna ;  and  oil.. 
iie  wcs^  jSliermoa's  h^r  Sid^Un^  l^ills,  Rsifeged,  ^'r?^ 
W^rrior^  tv^*»  and  TJVUlV  moun^ina:;  ibe  ^reat  :4m-: 
«fiy  ri|gei  which  beit^  the  Ingest,  gives  its  ham^  toihl 
V  fpMle  r^ge;  ir^^d"  this,  are  the  l^spwiut  ria^es.    Be* 
«!^een  theJuaiiito  «Qlir^e  wettern^  of  the  Sus^ue^ 

b^na,  are  Jaqk*|^  tmf»t  Nittiny,  and  Bald  Bugle  moun* 
ta^/  j'the  videsDelweeii  these  mountains,  are  generally 
©f  A  rich  black  Soil  «i^»*  to  ithe  yaisibus  kinds  of  grain  anil 
grass.    Some  of  the  mountfuns  will  adM^bf  cultivation  4* 
ti^ii0  their  itops^    The  iwher  parts,  df  the  state  art  gen- 
erally lev«t  pr  agteeal%  iwric^ated  with  bills  and  vaities|» 
Moimv*    Peansylvaii^  includes  t|ie  greater  part  of  thw 
|ufi4s  ortreOSi  shrubs,  and  plants,  ^at  grow  widiia  th% 
Vulted  States.    Oaks  of  several  ^<;ies  form  the  bulk  of! 
the  w<|ods.    Hickory  and  walaiit  arfe  wore  plentiful  her% 
j^u  in  ^    noiih^  sto^.  Sfyssafras,   muliierry/  tulipi. 
tree,   and  cedar,   are  common  and:  grow  to  "pe^eciioiy 
Tffi^  si^9^mp  sassafiras  is  fbu^d  in  low  grounds ;  the  twtga 
.androotsaee  used  both  in  bath  and  decoc^on,  for  rf" 
moving  the  rhumatism.    The,  cucumber  t»ee  grows  ve? 
ry  tailabou^  the  western  mountains.,  viTie  umbrella  tree 
Ia  found  in  som^  places,  siJtteeri^  twenty  feet  h%h  ;  th0 
bark  is.  smooth,  and  the  leaves,  which  are  placed  «ttbe 
l^ds  of  the  br^ches,  sometimes  exceea  twelve  or  Silted 
inches  in  length,  ^nd  five  or  six  in   breadth,  terminating 
In  a  point  at  each  extremity :  these  leaves  are  in  a  cir* 
c^ax  form,  resembling,  ap.   umbrella  i  bailee    th^  fiapifte> 


^m^  Wk  6f  a  tuUj^  free  ia  etteemed  ii  tdierabfe  ikht^bM 

^f<ir  the  Feniyian  biark ;  but  the  d<gM|  wood,  whieh  li  6re-" 

>i|ii(^'in  this  ttate,  k  ptetar^^d,  Jleaidet  man^  other  irljl* 

iiabte  tfees  and  thtubi,  are  thertererai  ,^eciet'of  maMt 

^.«f  kluMe,  the  tanrlet*«o^rej^ '  4^4  iu^  n^le  are  mi 

mli^^ui^ut ;  'they  are  conniopn  In^.'the  Qorthern  tfnd  Wealb 

.'Ci#£&rt8  of  the  state,  aoH  lur|{^rithim  the  othvi  speoieii 

TKfo^gfnmti^^^^^  omI  yield  abundaiiee 

llC8«(p/^r  the  miakiog  dr  Wti^ar.  "'Ws  luili-teaved  tooth* 

..M^iXee,  is  found  here  aiid^  in  MaiylliDd.    *fhe  bark  aii(4 

'^flpsoid^have  ad  acrid  taste^'l^  are  us^  iaTeUeviua  wm 

<4ootI^ach,  whence  it  l|ali||dt  ita  name.   .The  shrubby  bith- 

■wort  grow*  n^af^lfdrtjMt.'lr Wives  in  th@  shade,  in  a 

:*ti<;h  soli  i  ^ff^    abooit  thirty ^^feet  high,  and  sends   off 

many  tivinti^  bran<ihes«    .The  rop^  "  l^c  :^a  Jively  aro* 

.'iiu^tic  faste»  and  are  Uiought  to  have  i^tuEd  medicinal  vir- 

^etQthe  small  Virginia  snakeroot    :'l^.Ted  btiMrriedel<« 

4ier  is  found  here.    Among  the  Indiam-  It  is  called  fever 

^iHi^:  aiid  a  decodJon:  ^its  woo4  and  t[)U(i»  is  Idghly  et- 

teewed  by  tliera. '  It  wouM'.be  endless  to  describe  th« 

beautiful  dowering  shrnbs,  and  useful  Us  well  as  orna- 

. v|entalj>lant8 in  thut  atate.  :GT|ipeii  of  sevcrar  sorts  are 

C^mmbd:  t4ie  late  kMA)  yih>.'U  miiUowed  by  Brost,  mak% 

•vith  theaddition  Of  sutgar,,g[ood4rine.  jilie  ap(^^      peai% 

j|>lU(iis,  andpeaches  i^e\gb(kl'  At  present  -the  cultivation 

.^' the  vine  is  much  {n  y^gue  in  Penniylvaraa. 

Mihts.,   Iron  ore  abdntdiii  liK  ^iv^te.  Co^r,  lead,  and 

r^ldum,  appear  in  some  places.  Lime-stone  is  common,  as  is 

also  s^ecai  kinds  of  marble.  Jin  the 'middle  and  western 

.  i^untry,  is  abundance  of  c4t^  ;  an  extensive  bed  of  whic^. 

^flr^hte^over  the  counlry  souihwestwardly    so  as  to  be 

fiftund,  in  the  greatest  plenty,  about  Tittsburgh.    I'here  ace 

vflilso  brge  bodies   of  coal,  cm  4i>e -head  waters  ot    the 

luylkill  and  Lehigh  ;'andanQthtT  bed  at  Vvj^nung. 

^&^g^.    Th/e  useful  quadrupeds,  in  the  new  distriots,  ate 

leer  in  great  numbers,  bea^cs,  otters,  racoons,  and  m^rtinsk, 

^^^liflliloes  rarely  cross  theOliio;  and  elksseldoui  advance 

iti^om  the  nortli.    Panthers,   wild-cats,    beats,  foxes^    and 

^olvjs,  are  not  rare ;  the  last  do  mdSt  mischief,  especfally  in 

the  winter ;  but  the  fur  and  skins  of  all  are  valuabie*    In  th« 

thick  suttlements.  rabbits  and  squirrels  are  frequent ;  alse 

iMipk^  9nd  oui^ati  in  th^  marches ; ;  partridges  are  yetvnu^- 


I*i 


y^is^mtJtm,:. 


- 1  ..■ 


ITjS 


*-*--*^— ^  art  TO0^,|i^  fl»<»thp^twi^'^ 

«^I>«^^W|  tin  w^raiii  v^pewt^,  /cotton,  jsogar,  ^icc«i\ 

^•J^^?^  I*»«i^«^,    ii^ieniliii^^     est^ti^  n 

▼akiia ;  't)i9i0  tt  ji  ioorifhing  ,coli«ge  «!  Oir^,   v,p.«w 

^tmim  Wm,  WhUslk  is  ^m^  iqwe^  than  iHuniiua.   m. 
Wi«d^^(tfri,  miluEt ii«8tem pir^ ol^^ «i4t9^  41  coli^ 

£j*?iM^  ^^^^P^>km^*  are  perhap.  iip<m^:: 
fcest^taUlwhweiit  of  i^yr  iii  Aifteriea.  ^ 

iitate  (  aiia>to  piroinot^  the^^dca^aon  <rf*  pow  tt^ 

legiflSa?©  haa  appr^mted  a  large  tract  of  land  foi'  the  «*. 
tabiiahmoui  of  ir<}^  schools*  >, 

[I^Ueti^^^m^n^,  anf  others  mfj^Socidieit,    Th^^axi ' 
iBore  numerous  and  Moufisfting  in  Pennsylvania^  tt^  m' 
my  other  of  tho  states.    The  names  of  these  iftip^ifeg^ 
gt^tdfiona  are  as  foIloVs;    the  American  PhUoipphieS 
SoCiet^v  held  at  P'hikdeiphia  for  pi^ijiotuig.  useful  l^^k 
^§  ;  the   SoCioly^for^omoting   Political  lo^uir#s^i-^ 
^liege  of  I^lwsicjans,  lot  the  prpmation  of  medical^  iaiS 
'gmical,    and   chemical    knowledgo  j   the  ^©m»yivi^Si- 
^Pil4^,^   PhUada^a  pispnis^,  for  the.  m^d^i^ 
]^CMt|»^jpo^  for  pr«i^oii 

|||#^^Ut»|»a<ir8iaTei3(*,  and  ihert^Uefoffiee  negr<><ii^ 


I# 


vetm^AHtik, 


Ns 


^^^_„jdi^^  aUMitil^^^^^^^  ihiiei^et'd'ltnsmii;  it 

<|iid^1io4iii  oC  4Vtifrhed!bei^iDiui ;  li  &<)i^  I3r  tM  aid^  iiNl 

a  Sq^^j  fbr  ii^  aid  of  ilehtmii  entf|^t«  i  i  MttiiRe  oo^ 
^^^^  I  a  CNffilW^  %eiety,  f^r  the  «\#Qvt  of  iri4iin^%»A 
wa  df  l^eiftg^fn  Cl<3^^       a^Sttcieif*  the  iiu- 

a,  att4  tfie  Hibamupi  ClMlitlil^  ;S0di;6«»i    Htm^- 

«i(tl»e  stale  of  F<miiiiyliiii^rf(it^/  ikttil  tlliej^cfiii^^  imrth^ 
•^  li»f  tlt«  gQ«&rnine|it  ^in6  .Uoit^d  Stato^liea  JkiM«ttd« 

-^^  *^  i«l|^bv(ta;m9«  inli^^  It  iin$  \M' onit  h^ 
•,wm<Ji^  >l^iiii«  tlw  mt  prop^detariir  an4  fpatiiie^  itf  th4| 
olinfce^  la  i6S9t  jmiS  ieUlS  by  a  pblooy  freritf  £irglan4i 

Hk^lho  9  i^r^lt^  Mt -iNHri  qf  the,  lalluziiia  betw^n  the  peliii^are 
ip  j||!i  s iitiH  m^f^  ^bm0^is^lim  in  a  rigbt  Upe  a^» 
mUt'ik^M^ct,    *pie  nttBib^  >ir  iiiliiii|k{(i^    witbni  iX^^ 
ta^MiSi  l^hurbii  {inclaaiM  tKe'dittrki  xMTllottl^^    aii# 
t|na  cdmpactty  btlilt  part'o^^  Noi^ers  X^er^,  whi<|b 
't<r  evety  put|^^,  but  ait  to  their  govertunent,  •are  coiitraP 
er^  li  patt^  <»f  dtoncity, )  ttsiountf d,  inr  1$00,  to  6t^61 1^ 
"   I8}^»  to  lOiotit  92,<^47.    It  }it  gofterpfid  by  a  laayoi^ 
,  Mei,  15  eiiitm&tt,  t^nd  ^  commoiz  caui^ti  mehji 
1^  tkve  fair  powdr  txf  cwa^titiite  Mi  ordain '  laws  fell' 
d|^  ffcrl^ernnieqt  t»f  the  city.    Ijbi  ,bimiQ^  for  .public  woi^ 
9^  are  as  foUovlSi  for  $tieiMiOt(^^ 
^nijiMetJtttig  aiid  Secedeis^  csjglit  ;f0r  £micop  three^ 

j^ir  ^r^^mai^  JUutheratu*^  ;tw6 ;  %  XViqim  Cabrini0ti| 
oiae  ;  ^  ttotnafi  CatbtHfics,  one  ;  for  Sire^th  ^sViOxtfuai^ 
^S  lbi^''J^Qraviana  pne^  ior  Baptists,  joatx  Sm  Vt^ 
s^dbtisti.  6l»«  for  Methodtsti,  one ;  aad  ,oii#  for 

iuid^tti?eii  t»i>^ottfi^0iti^ymm$  wttmbtx^ 


Ij^vi^pra  t  f  1^4^  M»fl'«  ^.d4P> 


io  g»oL  WlieiiKr  W6  oooiider  tbviocal  MttmH^j  the|^» 
0iebaaiity»  the  variety  and  utility  of  the  iinp|-0v<^tne^|i  Iki 
jmdflmios  and  manufactoref)  or  the  industry;  tti^  ^l^r* 
privet  the  huihaiiitr,  md  tlic  abilities  of  thy  mhilfitati^  <n 
the  dty  of  .Ph^iuiei(>t|ia»  it  mttriu  to  be  rwiked  amoiiQ|  ttil: 
6irttroit^s  of  th£^  tJn#«<l>8tat0s^  .  ;  "^       ' 

I^iAM^Asrait  ia  the  largest  inland  .ie^m  k  ^  ^i^||<l  ^ 

IMupdtflm  Conofftog^  crte\»  68  mika  northvv««t  df  Pbilai^-  ~ 
f^  '   "■  .  '■■.■'  -  f'  ,;■'', 

*  Carlksi«b>  iha  seat  of  j\i«^  ia  Gum^erl^  ^^^*9^t 
•oi^fted  iid  1^09^  9900  iiihabitai«ta«    Iier#  it  l>icllifiiito 

edmi^:  \,'\^Rr^''\:.'\::-:-p-- ' " .   ■ ;;  .;.■■.;■:'..•?:;■:  ■„■: 

PiTT^Byilo,  Oil  t^rw«ftoni4|i^^  the  A^%«ny  i^^ 
lainf  590  mUea  wfstwiird  of  Philadelphia^  is  beav|^i^|y 
li(\)ig^d  oa^  a  large  olaui,  wh^h  is  the  point  of  land  lyetwj^ 

mi^t^ve  their  coniueace,  mwf^e  «u'  Sbii  nmr^  |n 
rsob,  ithadl566^inhabiti»t«.  .      i^ 

BsTui/fiitiBMirM^tlie  l^ehig^,  a^wiistem  bcancli  of  i^ 
IMavrare^  fiftf-thjpeemilgfc  norm  ol'Philadeiphia,  inl|pi|p^ 
^ie%  by  iVIohnianil^    Tlie  townbein^  in  a▼«iiypli^^^ 
i^  healthy  situatioai  ia  ik>iiu«aliy  visited  iii  the  »ua%0c, 
%  parties  of  plea^irej  iNmi  aifi^featit  partis'      1        .^  A-:c 

Harrisbvkg,  ia  «  i«}w  flouriahuig  plac©,v  al^ou^  li^ 
miles  west  b^  nbtth  from  Philadelphia.  x 

'  Cufiositks  and  Antiquitiet,  la  the  northern  par|  <if  ^e 
atato  is  a  sihiail  crftek,  e»nptyirtg  into  Allegany  rivei?j  c&^!:.i' 
on  Creek*  It  issues  from  a  apring,  on  the  top  of  whi<;]!,. 
„  Koata  an  oilf  sittnlar  ta  that  <}9Md  Barbadoes  tar,,  iV0;'\ 
which  one  roan  may  gather  in^veral  j^allon^  in  a  day. 

There  are  several  euriona  caves  in  tins  state  (  the  inost 
Ktmarkable  of  which  is  on  the  bank  of  Swetara  river,    tf^ 
1     Ontav^jh  hill^  hear  "Boga  river,  are  io  be 'Seen  die 
temaias  of  an  ancient  fortification.    The  form  of  it;  is  cir- 
cular, 4nd  it  ia  eneooipaa^  with  an  entr^neh^i&nt;,'  which 
#.»o«r  ^  atily  r^aiiibiiig;  |>arl.    Tb9  l^ctes  ase  eii^tixely 


'  ftma^,  iii:«tt:  s««ti  ^  Htm  AUtganj  tMmMm^  mm. 


-  >  jh'' 


eHio. 


I 


J^hml^t  BoumUimt,  and  Extefda  TAii  state  ii|Mn^ 
Jlv  terrifoiry^  tmsmXy  oiOkd  TAe  Nortkweit  Terr^ftrj^^  an4 
leii  between  ^f  llT  iu»d  ♦JP  no#  U4%\i^»  tndJMwi^jpii 

silfaiiia,  nod  i%boiiiid«€L  acnilh  >v  Q^  fiv<;r,  weutJ^fM^ 
mu^-Tehitdty ;  ttorui  I  ^  Uickigim  Tmtoiy ,  and  lale 
Mr4i    h,  it  200  tnilcsi  loM,  and  about  tbe  amM  jn  braajii^ 
coalaiiiiil^,  exclittive  of  the  Walcira,  of  fute  ^  and  JBaor 
*ti%f  fS^B.^'?:  iioreik. 

Wm0il>m  emd  PopuiiUm,  This  lita^tratMbiBllted  into 
lUt  Uilioii,  by  act  of  Congreie,  in  1803.  ll  14  ^fided  inMi 
J#  jdMit^tfet  and  S20  towQ#bi|fi  t  ^ 

^9,484     \  JeOenm 
l'i,097       liekinij- 


viSm 


.r:;* 


Green 
IlfiiiiHoa 


li4^ 
6,303 

10,878 
8,000 

tl^l 
1,854 

81,486 
4,181 

1^,917 
8,051 
5,870 
15,1^38 
5,766 


Sciota 
Stark- 

Tti6<»rava,«;  . 

Warren 

WaihingtoQ^ 


PopnUitiQa, 
ftiiooi 

S,«4^ 
I,«0». , 

:..  t,7»#.  ■• 
8,671    1 


tSwil'    880 '760 - 

)^r  judi^'al  piKTpQiies  the .  state  19  divided  into  Ihreii^ 

^    fM&B.qfihe  Country,   .  A  fiew  miles  badsi  from  ^«  OhiO^^ 
in  tbe  upi^ei:  or  aorthei^ii  pints  of  the  a6it$;  Uie  la^  i«  b^| 


m 


<Mfb; 


ta 


tU^Wmii^f-'^' 


-.K- 


itati  ii|Mn^ 
TerrUitrjf^  an4 

nest.  dS  FffUfN 
r,  west  !>vjU^ 

M^,  804:  tap 

1^  in  bfeami, 
«climlte(}  into 


e,<i7i 


ttal     83060/ 

4  into  tbr^^ 

,.     ■»       - 

e  Utfid  it  ^ 


ttdi»  pi^  of thetboiitfy^dlVldliiff  th*  Iritort  or  the  Ohio 
from  die  lAket,  tlt^  iire  tractf»  ^tending  j^vvn^  Nltf,,.^^ 
flat  tlMtthe  #iitir%iiiiidf  tUt  it^dMkni^eiw .  la.  some  plooea 
one  can  tni¥i»l  f^  niUen  without  teemg  t!ie  e«ith/  fnd^jii 
that  distance,  h^  W\  find  the  w$!fjtt  tiat  mor«  than  Som  a 
foot  to  etghtM  inches  de«p. 

iltVm.'  The  Ohio,  which  hill  already  been  detorih«4, 
nearly  haff  surrounds  the  state. 

The  Muskingum  is  a  gentle  ritW,  ISO  yardfi  wid^  at  fta  - 
inoti«l^  and  ninrigable  fe^lara^  totho 

T^reeIJ|prata^y*TOiaiaes,lbth6I*feeSiS^^^^^  i  I 

The  nocpchooldng  i»  abb^t  twelVie  rods  wide ;  navigabjie 
foirlarj^boat^YO^niles,  at|ldforsm»II  oties.much  ^arthar. 
The  Sdoto^imibl } f^prMge barg#  fbr^20Q n^Ulesi^  w)|h 
a  portage  of^bnly  four  miles  to  the  Sandusky*  a  W'g^fSe 
streinn  thi^iklls  info  l^e  Erie.  The  stream  of  ^cioto  Is 
no  where  broken  by  falls  ^/at  eottik  pfi^ces^  in  the  storli^g  of  - 
m6jewlt«li^et^aw»  ittf banks.,     *^- 

Tlie  Little  Miahii  is  td^  sipim  if£^  battdai^ 
th6  Oi^ftt  Miami  has  ft  ^erf  4|6ny  th^anel,  aridXsWift- 
stream,  buino  fiUls,^  aiid  is^ftviidhlb  foir  batteai^  fori^outV 
lOatnifes:  itinttrlQolljriih^tS  Sbipg».^ 

Crrand -river  futtsnortfai^a^dtj^Jiito!!^  Erie^  iu  mmilb  t 
19  seyesty  yards  wide,^f  ,  ,  V 

Oij^oga  emp^es  iil%t  th^  «od^  baiils^of  lake  £rie»  J0> 
m^east^thie  mouth  of  %ron.  .    v    *      V  .^  ^ 

Sandusky  tiftriAieBtmr  abranc^r  00  th«  great  J^i^ 
pod'  etnptiei^  int^:  thisr  soUth#ttft'^4i6^^i'  of  Sandusky  Lake*- 
Mitoii  Of  the  iakos  falls  into  lake  Eri^,  atthoS.  W.  i^|m»etii 

i^ol/^  P^oductiansff  4nd  Xhfiftingrie/  La%^  level  bot^i^« 
or  naCiiiMtd  meadows,  from  10  to  i$  miles  in  .circm%^^^^^^^a^^^ 
fUund  boidering  the  rivers  and  vwriegsuing,  tilife  country  fn< 
tile  interior  parts^  Thesi^afioitd  ar  rich  a  soil  atf  can  be  m^-. 
igin^,  and  m^vlje  reclucilld^  to  prof^  cuitiiratioii  wkK' ve^  < 
iStleiabor^:;.  "^  ..■..„^    '  ■■■-■,•';";■■  :;.n^:^'--/ 

The  coUntiNf  produdeis  aU'  the  immi^ikte  necessaries  pl^-" 
iffi^  iii'g)feaf  pierity,  and  far  be^rond!^  the  present  consum^f"^: 
ijbh  o^the  tmiabitants ;  tiie  residue,  with  mahy.oi^er: «rti" - 
ciesj  such  OS  hemp,  cordage,:  hard 'ware,  wkiskev,  a|i|>|id^^ 
.eSder,  andrsalted  pr&Visions,  are  cairi^ied  down  the  ri^l-lifc 
l^«^Orleans,  where^they  find  a  readV;niarkit»- 


si  *7 


M. 


m 


Mrn^ 


■  '^^^' 


1!^  fefiatt^ftmit 'tmi ^WMkt^.  <it  milium  ijmiOM^. 
'  IHsitiii  jAttd  Mrm^  vMhist^  Mack  aiid  wliiie  iii|teiir^Jiitt|er«> 

»  iflu^i^  itt^te  tri^e^  ^aa^r  (urdxnUu^s^^^iej  a  ^ii<^y  of  I 
'  |ifa|fili^^p6s,iand^i^^  <if|^^  firoin  whicji^ilffiiiih^ 

l)itant8  oB^veisaU^  >iH|^:  hav»  a^fiUJS^^^^  i)»>  thf;it  own. 
'  coajbmpli^irxff'^ nch  fe€t>irii»;i   '6riii|p»^ .an^  ho^  M«  the 

'i;kai^#j^odi»^liona  4>f  ,^  dova^txyi  - 

'  vma^.  iii0xNfl9lU>le  qitamiv  of  ^^  ^tope,  ait^;  beds  of 
lE^,:0rfk^v€diii,iir»QeB^^^^a^^^^^^^  ^terii  jl^ri  of 

.  tile  siat<e*t  Bedfl  of  wl^imd  blue  ckiy,  aite^iikew^seii^Mind 
Jiero)  8ttital3l«f&ar,  t|^e  |ti#iqiki:|fi)re1dtf  «^^      cvN^re^'  and 

vma^lm'mtti^ ■,  *;b ^^  ■  ■  ■:  '\  f^-y  ■  ,    ■  ■      '>■  ,     -■■*■' ^ ^?-!-'>'^ , 
Sfifings.    Tb!6r#i»0 ai^^Dgs  iii.^^ many  fam.:c^  tHie 

^-'-^^'■'AnmUiis*  Innumerable  har^s  ^f  deet  and  wild  ^at^e 
Ik^rctofore  were  sheltered,  in  tbiegrovea  and  fed  in  the  ex- 

c  faiilve  bottoias  4hat  abo^^  UMa  gt^^  but  are  now  be* 
l^«.4n«;^'«oaree./  T^  g<s^mt  dniis,  and  atii£Tr^^d 

^1  are  «a{^^066d'  ttt  be  jla  gret^r  plenty  here,,  than  the 
laine  jpouitvy  in  anv^i*thf r  P^^fsA^^  1rl||feJfi»er%are 

;iwellstor«diwth'lm«  ■  ■ ' .  -^'^  ^'^  •"■  -'        '  :,%^;V.^:^>".  ""■ 

•fte  litrekliockihff  4nver,  and  endowed  wlth^4!6|O0lP;  a^i^  of 
Jtedi     The  i«»poratioii  ^oniiiiti.  (^  iik  ^©v^er  elj  <*« 
Stete^  for  the  tte  Wng>  the  |^resideittp.  aqd  not^^^^i^^ 
Ifteenx  nor  less  thajnten».  trustees,   In  Feb.  laQ9^$h«  legis- 
kture  of  this  state,  passed  an  act  establishing  ilie  Miomr 
Vnivenit^.  whiebiiAft-since  b^n  d^ced  inthe  to^.of  .Oxr 
%d,  »*  milett  N.  W.  ef  Cincinnati.    Congress,  tktm  the 
year  1790,  reserved  a  township  of  2»,000  acres  of -knd  in 
the  c0untyof  Butler,  ^  for  the  fiurpoae  of  supportinff  a  Uni- . 
veiBity;    This  township  has  laieiy  been  located^.   The  offir 
eet»(^this  institution  are  to  be  a  pt^ideat  and  a  board  oif 
ttustevs,  to  consist  of  tw^ty  tWjQi  tnemben,  are  created  a 
body  politic.    T^  institution  iaabitut  to  be.  Qfgani^e4iL 
and  to^commence'^its  operations.       ,     '         v  i 
■    Chief  T&nong.   M^ARieiTA,  the  chief  town  in  Wa^ingtei| 
county^  is  a  handsQgie  4qwO|  .  standing  on  ii»m6i^:M&^ 


m 


oniDi 


m; 


ny  f dm:  of  the 


4- 


tle^tf^  «i»d'  cQiHi^^l^y:  J|i^  !«ia  ^m  agipi^  itreets 

sraFdi  of  |ifui£|g^^W9iU^  &c^. 

•  gMlr i«<NNr^ b#itB^  fM» el^^fg^i^^^^^k^Q^cbMrc^^  audi 

aeat  at;  gf)iy;t>rQniei^iQ  .the  Jtate^  i«  oo.  th«  'f^^^m^M  Beio« 
to  riyer»  i4>PU,r}pQ  iQJle9,irei)a^it^  mouthv^iwwl.ft^.f^inUes. 
uoave  ite  juiMiti<iii  with  Fi^trC^e^lfct  .'|p|(»  tovm  ;.i«  1^0  out 
en  an v extensive  pUun,.  0^4  ^ny^^ .^Ut. ) 50 -dwelling  . 
houses,  agaoi»  (State  hoa8€i,.$h%i^lot  {mhlie  wc^ip. 
'Im  the  i^dstof  the.tow9^  tht^r^JaaiiliHUaQ  grave,  tli&^l* 
peiidk»iW  he^hi  of  whiibh  isibny  or  fi^y,i^0V^ 

Cincinnati,  09 jthe  north  bank  of  tlj^>  Mhi%  ofp^osite  > 
llie  mottth  of  Xic|ung^riv4irv<l00ita)p$,a^^  two  , 

'ho^8e8  Tor.  public  wonhip«  «WoM^  m^jBL  inark^  house. . 
lo  thi$  town  wai|  foi% ,  Wasliingtonr  whioH^  coQEimehced  tl^ 
^l^haii^  ofibcta,  eitwding  to;t^^^ 

QjjLj^fsiwf^hi^  .is  aituated  nearly  oppo«^te  t|]^  .mouth  of  f 
the.  I^ri^at  Kai^way, .  md  h^s.  about  100 .  hoiiies  j  the 
'Origthal  iqhahttatitt  ivere^renc^^p^opl^*, 

Anti^ltttties  ami'  CndoiU^^.  The  nuipber  of vtld,  forts, , 
Ibundm  this  ^^i^f  tern  co.uptiy^  ariksthe  admiration  of  the 
cuf iou9>  and . »  ni^tter  of  niudk  8p<gculation.  Thev  are  - 
mostly^  of  aji  obloog.ionn*  situated  .on  sM^ong,  well  eWeo  < 
«puiid,;and  contiguou^^o  watery.  When,  b)^  whoPi^and ' 
lor  wb«kt  j^urpose,  thefie  were  fh^Oitri^  im,  iS;  uncertaig^ . 
They  iure  undoubtedly  very-  anciient,  a«.  uM^re  ia<  not  the . 
least  visible.  difftirenQ^ ;  ii|  the.  age  or^  size  .of .the.  timber  - 
growing  On  or  within  these  .fortSt  en<l  that  which  growa. 
wiUioutj  aod-theoldl^t  natives  have. lost .aUtiiadltioQfi. re- 
lucting thenK .. 

Under  this  head  we  may"  mention -tihiiBex^nsive  meade 
ows,  or,  att  the  French  call  them  prairie$<  which  answer  to 
what  in  the  southern  states  are  called.  Satianrmu  .  Uhey 
are  a  rich  plain,  without  trees,  and  are  covered  with  grasjfr 
Some  of  these,  iiv the  western  pai;(te  ofthitj  stf^te,  and  in  the 
Indiana  smd  Illinois  territories,  are  30  or  40  .niiles  in^ ex- 
tent, in  passing  them,  as  far  as  the  e'e  can  reach}  there 
ilSDOt .%  tree  to  bQ^9«e|^. 


l^  " 


%h 


V, 


u 


\\i' 


1 1 1 


SBGHioA^  imiupma*: 


■■'i-f 


die JbutianA ierritori^ i  )^ib)^,tiie|Uiii«i|».bnft^ ;  |^.  and' 

£«^hv  0pp9r  Caiia^  fircM^  eepanited  by  a 

,  8iMf part  ot' lake  Suii^rior)  St«  Mffj^V  river»  H«r<w  tel^ 

^AQdriverilake  St.  Clawi  aad  Detvoi^  |tver.    Tlie  greatest  < 

leagth  froia  S»  B.   to  N.  W^'vig  500  n^s;  firom  Nr^-E*-!© 

S.  Wv  it  is  300^'  Th^  numbj^  o^  sq(ji«re  nules,  liiiM^  -df 

^lim4  aiid  wa^r,  is  estiniated  at  I50»00a. 

The  t^rr^M^jr  ig  at  jjpient  £vided  into  four  ^^d^trictl. 

£&  the  sou^  iifhiit  DfErie  }  iiext  tie»  the  distriict  ef  Be- 
iko^tii  nexithut  of  Hwoa;  a^d  mthe  north,  t^  district 
of  Michiiiiaakinac«^' 

Ukrimi  Lewis  XIV.  sent  a  pat^  of  8oldier#'l^  this  ter* 
ritory.  topj^otect  the  French  ^r  traders.    The  aoldiecs* 
between  that  time  and  1683  buj^  a  fort  a«^I>etroit}  and 
another  at  MichiUmakinac^  and  soo»  extended  their  com- 
merce west  <^  lake  Michigan  to  the  IndiiHis  on  th^  Mi^- 
%i{))pl;-  Thi»  war  in  U75^  dispossessed  the<  Freneh  ef  tfiis  ■ 
^territory^  •  It  remained  in  the  hands  of  th^  Sritishi  till  the 
p^ace  of  17$S  gave  it  to  the  United  Stat^v  anda  govemofr 
iraa  -appointed  in  Ju*^,  1787,  for  all  the  territory  N.  W*- 
W  the  9hio<j   In  1796  the  fort  of  Detroitt  Was  ceded  by  the 
English  to  the  United  Stc^es^-  agreeably. to > treaty  ;  and 
this  fine  peninsula  was  fwined  intoa.countyr  called  the 
county.  i)f  Wayne.    In  1805,  it  re«d¥«d  the  si^ue  of  .th« 
Michigan  territory,  was  formic  kto  a  distinct  governments  > 
and  a  gt^vernor  appointed'  over  -  it.    The  country  is  im*  ~ 
pr<>rmg4  and'Whe&the  land»  are  put  on  sale,  it  is^  bought'- 
the  pop vdationwUl  rapidly,  increase. - 

The  greater  p{urt  ot  the  inhabitants  (#lly[|i  cotuitl^  som-- 
Gatitolics.  -  The  Protestaiits  have  no  settled  ininist^fr.     Th6 
missipnaries  of  the  Methodisl^  have  maue  many,  conyerta  - 
among,  the  lower  orders  of  people. 

According  to  the  census  of  1810,  the  population  was  off 

Erie  distriefe  1,340  Hurendo-  5dO^ 

ilatroitdo*'  2^27         Michiiiinaklnac  do.    &ld(~ 


■Sum 


Tatfl^ 


^Tm 


liicitio  AH^  iPSHfliftKit  T. 


f: 


iKwr' 


(ktionr  was  off- 


Brie*  and  ID  Jf.  «f  like  8t.  Clatir^  The  ^  tosta  wa^ 
whdliy  det tro^  liy  ftre  ^  is  1865^    The;  new  tp«>ii%  well 

hud  ott»  i  tfaM?  BttiBets  eifteef^li  dtl^if  •  fiit  %br  w^d^  mi 
IK^  sitttti^  ii^ltif^asdsit.  ft  coiiii^ed  '^  ism,  ibfibid^ 
Che  fffurr  on,  770  iflihablMwt*!'  ttnd  80  dvMlHig  houses. 
The  fort  itf  of  tm  (rt)kMg  l%ufe»  biiilt  with  titodciMkB,  a&d 
•ompl^y  comnuMdi  we  gieunriM^ 

Detroit  aad  MicMimekki^  are4)oeh  portl  of  entry  ii« 
iiis  territory.  The  eieperU  fro^  th*j  formtr,  in  lolQ,  a- 
mountedta  3615  dal^ti.  of  whfth'en^y  4/4  doAlB.  werie  ff 
Ibrei^  |>rodiice«  Nx>  r*1«i«»i^  were  received  flrbm  the  port 
o^'MiohUimiikmac.  The  state  of  Ohio  fiirui^ves  this  c6mr 
tpry,  with  beef,  perk,  whisic^,  cheese,  and  butter.         ■'*-.' 

The  cUmate  is  cold  and  heal^y^  Winter  s'ts  in  flb'oi|i-. 
the  middle  of  November,  and  lasts  till  the  middle  of  7>lar<»^ 
without  tifuch.vdriRiion..  The  ^onet-al  ^ce  of  the  cebntrjT 
i^  flat.  Nothing  like  a,  nUHmtain  is  knoWn*  It  is  estiioa^ 
ed  that  upwards  of  20,000^000  acres  of  tfusteiritory  are 
excellent..'  The  agricultural  productions,  in  1810,  w^re 
20,0001)ushels  of  apples,  10,000  of  maize,  I2,a(»0  ot'whea* 
8000  of.  oftts,  100  of  barley,  1308  of  buckwheat,  12^6 
of  pdtatOi's,  S034<  of  turnips,  1000  of  peas;  and  1500  bar- 
feis'of -cider, 

St.  Mary's  riveri  Huron  or  St.  Clair  river,  and  Detro|l. 
liver,  flow  on  the  niorthiern  and  extern  borders  of  the  tef* 
ritory.    Detroit  rivei*  is  28  miles  long,  and  runs  in  a  S.  Vf, 
direction  12  miles,  and  thence  due  S.  15  toiaike'Erie.     It 
iis  navigable  for  the  largest  i^i|W,  and  is  g^ner^tUy  f.     :a 
mile  to  a  mile  and  a  halt,  and  in'  somec  places  three  nnles^ . 
broad.    Huron  river,  in  the  country  w.est  of  lake  St.  Clfeitv 
and  running  eastwardiy  60  ca'.70  miles,. iBEdk  into  that  Idke, . 
30  miles  N.  froiij  Detroit, 

More  than  half  of  lake  Michigan,  half  of  Huron  and 
St.  Clair,  a  part  of  Superior,  and  probably «  part  of  £rie» 
beiong  to  this  territory.. 

Islands.  The  island  Michilimakinac  lies  between  Michi- 
gan und  Huroa,  and  is  7  miles  in  circumference.  The 
ground  on  which  the  fort  stands  is  150  feet  above  the 
ievti  of  tlie  iaj^e,  and  10f>  yar;l8  from  the  shore.  The  foH 
U  utntiy  built,  and  e*h>it8  a  beautiful  appearance  Urovik^ 
tttt  water.    The  village  is  on  the  shore  at  tlie  right  of  the. 


I'li 


■11 


'I 


u 


vim        .  -i)$mmm!^^ 

iMiuMn^  banes.    The  ^iiilJ^fi;^  |i»  iiii9t4|Qr  fm  nff 
liland  e3ihl)»|8  ^Hie  8aiiii0  t^^mmet^    The  j^tlanii  m  onel 
ji»?t«  9f^mmtmfi*  •»*  ll««  iSoU Ji  scry  tick.    Tl>e  pUidw 
|i«;oi^>^  IteiOlhy.    T||e>pn|<^  Us(9l(if  5  moRJibs  wijl^l 
imab^d  «gQr«    This  i^snd  if  sliU  »  plae^Jtt  feQdeAvttdt  [ 
i^  the  N*  lir.  !ftr|idess,^eir  clerks  aij^i  je?y»ullfc    They 
feutrally  asf^^i^We  h^ir^  in  Jun^  ai|d  J)il^  q^q  to  th^ 
wnberof800.    tkne^  mmmmil^  $mse  iilaaiii  in  Itib 
Ml«f  apdiivfiaKi 


i'i! 
;iit 


M 


Mil 


M'i 


i  t  ii 


4 

"raiS  territoiy  Uet  heivroen  I«I37  45  and  41  WV* 
mjSi  betMreen  82  48  and  85  45  W.  Idhgitud^.  J^lej^gk 
jk  about  ^70  miles^  and  its  bi^wlth  about  liQ.  TIhi 
liumber  of  «mia»e  inUes  ui  ^0t>  far  j^m  S5iCK)0»  Jt 
18  bouiid^^d  E»  by  the  stateof  Wo ;  Sj  by  the  Ohio  nvcir  f 
.  W.  by  the  Illinois  tenitoiry  ;  N»  %  Michiifw  territory. 

7^6  teri4u>r/  is  divided  ioto  4  (iounties^aiid  27  towi^ip6» 


tE!ottnti«t. 

Mo.  of  t6woie> 

No.  of  ittht 

Chief  Towiu* 

Dearborn 

9 

T310» 

Clark 

6 

S,670 

'€larkesville 

HarrisMl 

$'^ 

8,595 

Harrison 

Knox 

9^ 

7,945. 

St^Vincenne* 

I  \i 


Total,   27  24,520 

This  territory,  till  JiEHioary,   1801,    formed^  a  part  of 
what  was  called  tho  Northwestern  tertitory.     At  this  pe- 
riod, it  was  erected  by  Congress  into  a  territorial  gcvern- 
iBient  with  usual  powers  and  privileges. 
This  territory  has  a  fine  soil,  adapted  to  covn,  wheat, 
?e,  oats,  cotton,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  othier  articles  men* 
led  in  the  account  of  the  state  of  Ohio.    Its  natursl 


ItSf NOB  TRRftlWDBlT^ 


179 


Miy  iltv^  tf«»lfi9«b^'^th»  WdM^  jbuvOm  into  dw 

„.    It  li  iMMUble  wttii  batMmx  44#iiililei  10  C^iiatwolMt^ 
id  fte  large  i»bk0etlS7^ii^ 

^o^eniia^^  aiM  tliie  ei^       ^icoamttkib  ;  4»  wisa$k  oaT 

Ithe  bank  of  tlie  Wabalh,  150  miks&oiti  itt  movkk    H 

itf  ISIO,  893  iifhiibitiitiUi   f)i^AH»  ItMldiimifeiQit 


^i';-.^ 


ILUHC^S  TERRlfOKT^ 

THIS  t^hotyia^e  V  "sstem  half  of  whiif'  wat^MMIb 
cajled  the  terrKbrjr  N.    Wv«f  Ohidj    asi^  .emIiMcWl 
!  whole  of  it,  except  what  is  includ^ed  lA  th<fe  Stilts  of^' 
fohiO;  ajoA  tfife  iJenfitdi^ieM  of  Mi^hjgan  And-  lifaiatuu    k 
lies  between  iai;  S7^  and  49  57  K.  ai^d  bet^eto  lon|^«  9S 
^  aad  95  6  W.    Its  length  from  tiie  dhii»'  t6  the  o<kf  th^m^ 
liBeiB  87a  niiTei'  ;   iiji  IxifierMt  U  w^r^^^^m^  thm 

E^le  ii^<^  c6Bt:ain8'iib<^'^,06O  Mtefe  miles;  exelbl^ 
sfthfrwt^nflif  thelak^S%eriai)r  and  Midiigaii,  lafge  Se#^' 
|tioiis/<>f  which  are  incHid^  itt  thiV  tenritdry.    It  is  boUtlil^ 
kdibV  Upper  Canadu  on  the  N. ;  00  the  £.  it  has  Uke  * 
iMichlgan,  and  the  In4i89a  territory  ;  oii:the  S.  Ohiorlv- 
sr  ;  on  the  S.  W.'^iind  W.  the  Miasisippi,  which  separiatt^ 
froin  Louisiana.    This  territory  denves  it  name  wooj. 
le  river  lUinois,  an  Indisb' wordi'Sighifyiiiig  a  man  gfjum 
9ge,  mthevtgorqfhit.fjfears,  iUmoiMrivgt  is  the  river  ofmeom 
tt  wos  a  paii  of  the  Jiidiafia  territoiy  till  1809,  Wb^n  it 
k%  erected  into  a  s^pdraCe  jgdfeinttient. 
That  part  of  this  territory  wliich'  is  settidi  bt  white 
Sb^le;  18^  divided'  tsN  two  counties,  vix.   St*  Clair  andf 
Landolph,  which  arc  subdijHded  into  1^  tdwnihi|Ni».    th^ 
liliied  p6pUlal^oil  Hf  thii  territ<iFy  ill  1810  i«nEts  11,^1 
iltesj  176  slaires,  apd  613  free  blackfi.    Of  the  whit^iT 
^871  were  males,  and  5121  fciodes.    Hie  9i^  h&Wism 
lUinobaAd  Kaska&ia  riYcn^  is  ioibiliiled  bv  fVedeli 
iii^  deBo^a«tet»  4^  itMr  oHgii^  m^^  of  i# 
itip,  •    ' 


m 


li: 


I 


if!  i 

"l!  ' 


Itii 


II' 


Ml? 


-;.ii' 


•]:■« 


♦*i 


■t 


%taik  tUm .liia^  If v'te'- *|p>(r. »iM».. , 

"     itpart,  it  aa  extfensiye  |r*ct  of  le«6l  rich  ^J^o*  viwM** 
B&l  iii  ^  IngH  wdms,  aWiii  '^14  i^iHes^  Wwe  Jim 
__^e  iilmoiji  river.    The  niinois  rfyer  is  bordered  by 
£n#^iii^^0W9  #bich  in  jB#ie  .^iwes  cktend  ai  fatm  1^ 
wt|ei»Miri3*'ck*^.ai>d^^«»U  .of  the  country  generally  HkjT 

*«ery.siH>iyripr  ouaUty. 

Thp  priii<?i^. rivers /^hich  water  tb»  territory  a*e 
^iHsiaippi,  iliinoif,  WalMttSi,  Fox,  Ouiw^nwn.  Iro% 
Cbpew^y,  Steroid,  St.  Lewll,  Winnipoc  Dav^,  MichUw 
■laKi*)^,  fiainjr<  tdand.  Vo-rmilUon,  and  KaMi^  Th^ 
;iaM9  Which  lie  eiAer  partly  or  entirely  in  the  "^musot^ 
.m  Mickigan,  Superior,  Raitiy,  Wo^hU,  White  Bear,  Bi^ 


("•'' 


MARYLAJNlX 

V  *rfiif«oii  flntf  B«*e«#.    THE  fttrt^ 

Wieeo  37°  56'ana,^f>  44'  ROfth  if^itode.  and  btitween  V^ 
iWlfliia»  of  Philadcipnia,  and  ^f**  SGfwest  longitude.    It  » 
|^.^i«»jtfiqig,  and  no  l>raad*.«ou,;aiwng  14»000  squaw.,! 
miles^  one  fourfh  of  iwhich  is  waters 

l5few^i»^«^|P».    M*H»yltod  jftbounded  &n  the  north  by  Penn- 
li^lkte  j^J^  the  state  o^  Belaware,  and  tb&  Atis^itic 
f^ean  ;  ^ioutli  and  v^cat  t«r  Vir^nia.  ;.=  ^ 
^  bjeomoHi  and  m^aiiau,    Thm ItaAe  k  divided  into  mne« 
f|i|l  countiiai,  tkven   oi'v^lefcch  are   on  the  western,  attA- 
i^ht  m  the  «ailBtt  shore  oT  the  Chf^iiapeak  bay. 


■S^'  v, 


I.  •«A»'^«r*.«-, 


■S/* 


1 
1 


ffARlSiAip, 


Fradeitek 

Moiitgoininry 
CStavert 


IM30 
Jt,»80 

U,t94 


'i; 


Kent 
QiKMD  Aav 

Dowhwm 


Tet»l  -^1lS(M4^ 


.*!. 


The  wlK^  muitb  V  (tf*  iBlisd»himU  ia'Mafe^aiid  ilk  1800 

y^sSidBSs  ■;'-\'  j^:-  ■'       ■'.'^-'  ■"-,  ■;"'":'^-'''^-./:; 

Ba^$  ani^ /2n)er«.  Cli^ftpeak  Bay  cUviiieii  this  «tftte  iiit^, 
«aftiira  and  .w^tern  diiyitMrns.  'fjm-h.ay.  which  is  did 
lolvest  iiithd  United  States,  aftbrdg  maay  good  fishefi^, 
•14  is  reoMiriki^id  for  the  •xcekency  of  its  crabs,  aiid  also  Ih^ 
[■A.  particiilaf  vp-icios  of  wild  duck,  called  caiivns  bdck*  ham 
commercial  Tiew,^it  ts  of  imm^tte  advantage  to  the  state. 
It  reeeivci  a  nuaibtir  of  large  livm.  From  the  eastem 
flhorem  lliiuryltu^,  amo^  i^ier  jmaller  ones  it  received 
Pokomo^y  Nanticoke>  Cuontank,  C^iester,  ami  Klk  dver*. 
From  ^e  nortiby  ih&  rapid  Su6quelia.ima ;  and  from  iJbxf 
west,  Patapsc*,  Sevsim,  Patux^nt,  fflid  Potoftiac,  haifolf 
irhich  is  in  Mainland,  and  hair  in  Virginia.  Except  tiiitt| 
€lttsqiiehanna  aild;  Potomac,  these  a^e^£maiI^river8.  JPfttap?  j 
tco  river  is- bat  about  30  or  40  yards  wide  at  the  ferry,  ^wi|' 
before  it  emptier  into  the  4)aMHi  upon  which  Baltira^rA 
stands.  The  Mono^asy  is  a  gentle  stream,  which  6ntei» 
the. Potomac,  fourteen  oiiles  frotn  Fredericktown.  In  ^ea- 
eiai  it  is  fordabie.  Severn  is  a  short,  inconsiderable  river* 
passing  by  Annapolis,  which  it  leaves  to  the  south,  eqi^^^ 
^kig,  by  a  broad  mouth,  into  the  Chesapeak.  ^  "  r  ;  ■ 
[  Patuxeut  rises  in  Ann- Arundel  county,  and  pubs  int« 
[■liie  bay,  *irei.rt;y  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  fchi^j  Potoraac. 
iThere  are  si vefal  small  rivers,   such   as  the   VvicoiBtcM]^ 

lastevn  ricanch,  and  Conegocb^^ague,  whidh  empties  into 

^otomae  river  fro.u  the  Maryiarid  side. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Soil,  and  Product'mns,  East  of  the 

oi"  aaauntaias,  which^tr  jtches  acros^s  the  westera 

this  'State,  the  laud,  iike  that  la  «di  the  ;outh  *rn  stat^ 

[isfeat^iy  level  aof!  is9Q  of  stones  j  Ihe  »oii  ^E>usi  ovc^ips 


i!iii: 


ifil 
■  I 

!!■ 

j. 


H>: 


')' 


li'l!! 


I 


M 


M^tlft.AI«l 


H^  dlntUart  and  Pie  natural  predt^i^idiii}  ,ndt  rdiiMtflcH^ 

^;^^  grotim^)  (t'i^nos^  of  ;lhepo^  on  !^(p8|eriifli(»^«, 
ii'^Si^ed,  in  m^ny  placei,  vrith  stagnant' water,  except 
wfi^iae  H  is  intersected  by  ninneirpUB  creeks.  Here  a)6o  ar^ 
hutge  tracts  oi  rnarsh,  Wtiicli,  during  the  dav,  load,  the  ixi> 
Qib^h^e  with  irapQr,tliat  falls  in  dew»  in  the  c|o84>..ci|P  the 
0lil1»iikier  and  fall  seasons,  whic 

't^hcat  and  tobacco  are  |he  most  important  productions 
^  ihe  Rtjat^.  Cotton,  hemp,  and  flax  are  also  taised,  but 
liPot  in  large  tftiiantities.  Apples  ami.  peaches  .are  among 
^e  cultivated  iruitB ;  fr^m  both  of  th63^  brandv  is  distilled! 
Among  the  trees  of  the  forest  are  several  kinoB  Of  oak  a|id 
Dlack  walnut.  TIte  woodd  aboUnd  with  nuv^.^  of  vajrious  soi^ 
on  which  vast  numbers  of  swine  are  ietted. 
^  Mines  <tnd Minerals,.  Mines  of  ifon  ore,  of  a  super!* 
or  quaHty,  a^^ound  iii  many -parts  of  4ho  stato*  'Two  st^ 
ta,  or  beds  of  coal,  have  latiely 'been  opened,  within  amita 
of  ^e  city  of  Baltimore.         '       »  "^v       -^^  ' 

Rye  wnisti:ty  is  man\#otured  in  great  quan^tleB  hn^l^ 
-itate.  Vvo  <  some  singii^  distilleries,  1 2,000^ i^allons  are 
l^oduced  .  a  year.  In  Frederick  county  «fe  eighty  grist* 
x^SilsOinpl)  ed  in  i^rinding  wheat.  There  are  also  ^lass 
works,  ir> .  works,  turnaoea^  dit^eries,  and  paper  •miils. 
•  C&mm'rce»]^  Tht  tradO  of  Maryland  is  principally  carried 
^from  Baltimore,  with  the  other  states,  witn  the  ^est- 
lA^hes,  and  with  some  parts  of  Europe.  To  these  placei|^ 
they  send  annually  about  30,000  hogsheads  (^  tobacco,  be^ 
Sides  large  x|ua(itities  fif  if  heat,  floytr,  ,pig-iron,  lumber,  and 
Csorp ;  beans,  pork,  and  flax-seed,  in  sn^aller  quantities. 

They  receive  in  return  clothing  for  themselves  and  ne- 
^roeit^aij^d  oHlier  dry  goods,  wiiws;  spirits,  sugar  and  other 
^^stJndia  jpommoditi^.  Vb^  btuance  is  generaHy  in 
■"fteir-fSBnrpr.   ■        '^'-^  .V  " ''""-V  '■•  ' 

fidmation  <tnd  JUkkiralurei   -Therfe  a*».%e  coll^^es  in  Ma- 
«jr^di     WMungton  0o^e$  at  Chestevtown,-  and  Si 
^^n*8  college  at  Aniiapdiis,  together  constltbt^  the  t/wt- 
xpmiu  c»f  Majryland.    QlQbe  M^odists  have  a  eolle^ati 
%i^S&t&*    The  Roieaa  <::at|iQUct  have  a  college  at  Oeorge!> 
ii^WBi  i6f  tlie  promf^^ion  olT  general  literature.    There  Is  a  { 
#f0i^h  co^l^  <^B^timore,'With  a^^^     -seventy  st^ent%! 
^^      '  i^  fl^inta  «ti^  ififltittttiona  of  leas  note«    Ev^ ! 


Ill 


06tvmiA' 


im 


#f»  n^jfbbc^bood  h^vitf'ithoo),  wfae|r6  children  ms  mm"^ 
jiegdiog,  writingi  i^  d  arithtnttici  , ; 

.  CUies  0ni  Tmns.'  toi^Ai|pifis  dty is  the  ea|MtalQi'  Ma- 
tylmAf  and:  the  we^thiesV place  jof  its  size  in  all  Aoi^nca. 
Uit  at  the  inou^  of  the  BMkmrtfeiS  SO  niiio»  tif^f^i 
Baltirnorei  It  is  a  city  of  mtle  note  ia-  the  o^^^^olal 
world.  Th9  hoiwesj  S50  ih  niwnber,  are  indicatiytwfflrtat 
health*    The  number  of  inhabitant*  does  aot  es^oeed  ^)QQ* 

Baltimore  ha«  had  the  most  rapid  ^row^i  of  any  town 
^  the  conttneut«  and  is  the  third  in  si^e,  and  the  fetat^ 
in  trade;  in  the  United  States.  It  lies  on  t$ie  north  side  of 
Patapsco  riven  The  situation  of  the  town  is  low,  aoiil 
was  formerly  unhet^th^r,  but  the  inaeaae  of  houses,  ai^ 
the  paying  and  other  improvements  of  tlie  streets,  hay^p 
rendered  it  tolerably  healthy.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
ents  in  the  town  and  preci^cts,  according  to  the  oensuaoif 
I89O,  y^  26,214;  m  1810  they  aipounted  to  4!6,485. 
It  contains  nine  churches,  a  theatre,  and  a^umber  of  oth- 
er public  buildings.     The  tonnage  of  this  city  ia  1810 

was  102,459.'  ^       . 

FRBPERicKf  o WN  IS  a  fine,  flouifishing  inland  town,  and 
eontai^ed,  in  1797,  ^600  inhabitants.  Ha^^aastown  ii 
situated  in  the  beautiful  and  well  cultivated  yalle]^  of  Con- 
egocheague,  and  carries  ,(m  a  considerably  trade  with  the 
westerh  country.  jEtKtON  j»  near  the  head  of  Cheijapeisk 
bay,  on  a  small  river  which  bears  the  name  of  the  Uxwiv 
It  enjoys  great  advantaees  from  the  carrying  trade  Im* 
t^een  Baltimore  and  Philad^iphia. 

eOLUMBI A  TERRITORI^. 

This  territory  is  ten  miles  square^  and  embraces  th« 
aity  of  Washington,  Georgetown  and  Alexandria.  It  was 
[ceded  to  the  United  States,  by  Maryland  and  Virginia^  for 
llhe  purpose  of  establiihiDg  in  it  thd  seat  of  the  general 
Igovernment.  It  embraces  a  section  of  Potomac  rive^ ,  •  ex- 
Jtending  from  the  southern  part  of  Alexa»dia,  to  a  point; 
|iA»out  five  miles  abovf^  (Georgetown,  and  includes  a  ppit  of 
^URO  of  the  Potomac  canals.  This  section  of  the  river,  from 
I  the  Maryland  side,  receives  the  Eastern  Branch,  which 
[hounds  the  city  of  Washington  on  the  southeast,  Tlbes;, 
4eedy,  and  liock  Creeks;,  and  from  the  Virgiaitt  sMle,- 


teste" 


,.!•! 


m 


ill 

1; 

i 


!iii 


hi 
ill 


"ii 


r 

jii! 

'  m 

,  Mill 


ii! 


Vbur  MS^Riiii.    Eaiiem  Drsnch  foraii  «  raftr  m^  Mn. 
•lodioil  harbor,  bi   ig  §iiiBci«n%  deep  jfontb«  Jargeft.«hipi j 
i»r  abCftlH;  four  laHes  above  i|B  nimithy  while  llie  cba  jsieiiUei 
iiofee  ftiong  .tiie  bank,  adjoi^iMitg  the  city.    The  r<.>n  uuk  if 
mis>ivg$ble  o^ly  ibir  small  cr|§,  ibut  a  conaiderable  ditUlticoj 
#om  itii.baBks;x  &ext.^e  city.  I 

WAsatKGTOii  city  appean  to  contain  some  importaiii  1 
Impi^ofeniente  Upon  that  of  the  best  planned  eities  in  tb$ 
umid;  eo»nbining»  in  a  remarkable  oeerce,  ccnvfnience, 
vtgiilaFity,  elegance  of  prospect,  and  a  tree  circulation  ofl 
sir.    'i^he.poBinons'of  the  difietrent  public  edifices,  and  of 
thes.iFeral  square*  and  areas  of  diifeitnt  shapes,  as  Iheyf 
axvrlaid  down,  ivere  first  determinecLon  the  most  advanta-; 
HKHis^ground,  commanding  jihe  mo^  extensive  prospects,: 
and,  from  ti^ir  situation,  susceptible  of  such  tmprovt;menuj 
j||t.eithi5'  WW  or  ornament  may:  require.  -  The  capitoi  is  situ-  J 
at»d  on  a  most  beautiful  eminence  commanding  a  comf^cte  I 
•view  of  every  .part  of  the  city.     The  President's  house 
itotands  OIK  a  rismg- ground,  posse'snng ;  a  delightfcd.  water 
lisnspect,  t^j^ther  with  a  commanding  vitiWoC  the  capitoi, 
aa4  the-most  majterral  parte  of' tlie  city.    The  graiid  ave- 
mu(;i0ivand  sttth^ti^eets  as  lead  iramedialely  to  public  places, 
vare  ffdi»  130  to  u>0  feet  wide;  the  othe^  streets  are  i^. 
■'$0-tQii9^%e^Tm!s:.    ■     :  ,    :*  •'■:'■   ,,  ^,   ^:   .■-  : 

IliJl^GQ^  um^^C9immed4$0^i^^  o^  whom 

•  4f0iirere  peopi  >  /c^of.  In  181%  the  number  of  inhtrfii- 
.  tanta  had  moreased  to  86@0.  Uejper  are  four  houses  for  pub- 
litt  worship -for  Pr*i4>yiefiana,  one  €dt  Roman  Catholics, 
•uafbr  Baptisjbs,  anapnefor  Episoopalians.  In  tht  cily, 
are  three  luarket  houae».v  At  the  »ayy  yard,  are  three  large 
brkk  buiidingi},  for  the  reception  of  naval  stores.  Barracks 
are  erected  for  the  marines.    At  .Gre^eaf's  Point  iJr  a 

towieirvmagaziQe  ^an^^t^oivrii  home.  Two  blj^idges  are 
uiit  over  Rock  Oeek,  which  divides  the  city  fr^im  (ieofge- 
Iowa.  The  public  oifSces^  occupy  two  buiidings,  each  abi»ut 
450r!^  ^m  the  President's  house.       ^  ^  " 

G^oRQETowN  stands  OB  the  h^vik  of  the  P'otomac,  160 
milesKl^^pm  its  entl^nce  into  the  Chesapeak,  ami  foui*  fri*m 
l^ashij^ltoa  city.  It  contains  abaut  250  houses^  and  4948 
iali^tants. 

Al'lBXAT^DRiA  stands  an  the  south  bank  of  the  Potomocv: 
andi^B^otainiKi  in  1800,  about  50U  houses,  «^d^O(^Ml^ 
bitauts.^  .in 4810,  7227v. 


■•H'0..mf*'i»t,4.f'-- 


»  raftr  tnd  .gem. 
iritb«  J8rgeft.«hipi{ 

The  r<  ^  uuk:  if 
Atderabto  dittnticej 


▼IRGINIA. 


VIRQINIA. 


185 


)  some  Importani 
nned  eitiei  in  th^.l 
|ree,  convfrnencej 
ree  circulation  of  | 
B  edifices,  and  dtl 
It  shap^S)  as  tlieyj 
>ie  most  adv»ita«{ 
tensive  prospeetSf 
uch  improvf;'njt;ntsj 
Llle  capttoi  is  situ- 1 
inding  a  coin{y«te| 
Fresideot's  house 

deli^htfcd.  water 
:sw  oC  the  capito}, 

The  grancl  ave- 
r  te  public  places, 

streets  are  ihMtt 

bStatttfi,  gF  wh&m 
lumber  of  inhabi- 
xr  houses  for  pub« 
loman  C&diolics, 
ns.  In  tilt  ci/kYf 
d,  «re  three  large 
stores.  Barracks 
leaf's  Pcunt  Or  a 
Two  blj'idfies  are 
Mtyfroin  Ueoirge- 
lings,  each  «bSttt 


Siiitetion  and  Extent.  TITIS  is  the  lai^eat  of  the  United 
States,  extending  446  miles  in  length,  by  a  bread-  of  gg4 
miles,  and  contaming  an  area  of  70,000  squ^r  v^'-lft 

lii  ■?  between  36*"  and  4-1®  north  latitude,  an  *he 

meridian  of  Philadelphia,  and  8®  west  longitu(4 

Bmndaries,    Bounded  north  by, Maryland,  p  an- 

cylvania,  and  Ohio^r  west  by  Xentuckyj  soutn  by  North- 
Carolina  ;  east  by  the  Atlantic  ocoan. 

The  following  aie  the  divisions',  and  number  of  inhab- 
itants in  eaeh  according  to  the  census  of  18101 


** 


of  the  Potomoc^: 


C'oukittes. 
Acconiac 

Arnelia 

Atniierst' 

Augusta^ 

Batii 

BciitoW  ' 

Berkely 

Brooke 

Bruns#iofc' 

Btiekinghattt' 

CAtnpbell 

C»ro]ine 

Giiarles  city  - 

Charlotte 

Chesterfield 

Cftmiwrland  - 

Ca]  pepper  ' 

CabeU- 

Diuwiddie 

EltzaTteth  city 

TLssHx 

Fau(|u!er 

Fairfax*^ 

Fluvaunia 

Frederick 

Pm"klin 

CHoacester 

Ooochlai^ 

Crajson 


Q'if 


No.  In:  ii  jitauu. 

10,394 
10,^4» 
14,3(AJi 

4,83t 
lff,14«  • 
I  MTU 
i«,30l 
V '5,S43  ■ 
,   15,4U 
20,059 
1T,001 
1T,344 

5,180 
13,l(i!t 

9,919 

9,993 
l«,9bT 

S«,T1T  ^ 
12,^4 

3,^8 

9,876 

4,'74 

2*>5r4 
10,Ti{4 

ia,4jT 

10,?J03 
4,941 


4- 


Couui^'; 

Greenbrier 

OratisviUr 

Oiles 

Kalifa*   > 

Harapsbira  V  > 

Hanover 

Haidy 

Harrisoir 

Hfeiirico 

Henry 

I»le  of.Wigbfc -^ 

James  city  ■ 

Je^ersOn 

Kaiihawa 

King^  Aud  Queen 

King  .(Teorge 

King  Williara 

Ldncaster 

Lee 

LoudtiQ  ' 

Xouiso.  ' 

Liinenbai^' 

iMadisfOn 

MaHueWs 

Mtlbklenburg;  r 

MidiUiENiex 

Monouga^heia 

Mfinrofe 

IWoiitgbmery 

Mason 

Nai)seinon<l  - 


Nor  Inhabitants^ 
A,9i4    i< 
e,§<}8 
3,T46 
'2S*,<33 
4,t#«!    -^ 

9,945 


1^84! 

3,a6» 

10,»S8" 
6,45f  « 

4,694 
21^38 

l^f^M  . 
8,381 
4,^3T 

1»>US  ■ 
4,414  i 

1^93 
M44 
8,409 
1,9(^1 

10,3)3^ ' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


u    rti£    12.0 

u 


IL25  i  1.4 


M 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Coporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WnSTIR,N.Y.  14SM 

(71«)«7a-4S03 


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»  g?P^  »b»adance  iipon  j^  OiSr 

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r^  Ki#u;0unig^^ breeding  of  goo^lioiM^^^  i|?«|&rd» 
*^*f  <***^*®  5*^**^   and-wUt^rtSlim-  nwi?g  tSwAr 

^L  ?^.*^  Grem  K»ahawa,  ai»  aw^w  offed»  the  W 
Of  wjiicft  n-minAiai^. ini^  .with .$0g^  and  tometBaet 
lillh^ock.-.  Comity  itm,  Wack«leii4  eoali,  nwajble,  lime- 
stone, Ac.  are  found  in  this^tate.  <  ^ma^Hm  ooamtaL 

2M0^t$iniUundSqltSj^mgii  th^mo6tei&»iSi<«i8ofih«0tt 
at»%0'  ^^ringt  ask  Aufrueta,  wmt  4he  soimnmm  of  ;}aia«|  nv« 
M^sfihere  it  W<»IW4a«jBgon'8 rivet.  ^  tli^y  r«|f  li^^i^ 

,;!S?f**^*^^^^l>'^°»®^*>n-    One  if^^(i8tii««W 
m-h^,  ^ime  dtthe  W«wi  S^g  and  the  oSST^th. 

T?'*^'^,  ■«»  ^Hf«i   w>i*ey6^  rheumatiwtw.    Othet; 
ri^-  "!**^  "r  tf7  a»»Bei|t^H«t«?r«(i,^have  been  removed  ^ 
4tiaieo^-by^  tbttn^..  :£tKrai|it.  heie  &i»  of  five  dM$  lit^ 

UJ^'  *^^*^*°'^  ^^^*  wmediifaial  sr  *  >,  wacEjnoi^j 
fflfe^j^lpd^  ,thaaj  %»8e  of  ^ujgM»a.i  ^       aiir  powen  «i^  * 

^'•V«l»»-n>|«^  '><Wf|^B;:fiJHnd>4s*)ijrre«abri0r.  .  Bk, 
"gmn  W^^  of  veiy  strong  galv  water  m  found«^    Ke£ 
^H«^ci]fttrt  hoiwe«  there  i#»  a  ak  -sp^iag*  from- wh3L* 

;  ^imiufi^m  an4  (^mmm^ .  IV  p^ople.of  Vir^«r«^ 

ms^4f  ttadied  tjo  agiiciiadro  than  to  couimc^-ce  or  nuiiMi-.- 

^Ksiim^     Tkef  furdJuOi-y^  hoover*  maatifacture  tiwee. 

^ittvt^rB:  «f  .th^  own  cJol^'ng. .  There ,  a^ ,  con^ibriibte^ 

"    ictwreaof  cast  «ndw»k^pt  iron,  and  also  of  iead;  , 


lllde  \i|hi«h,  th^e  are  fewr  ethers^f  coo^quence. 
^^hatf^fjct  «n^  JJQiir  aipr^  the  mo^t  Impi^tant  artiele«  -of 
illgfn^£e,Jm  yirggdai.    Those,  fiC  lesa  <;onie4|U^t^r  f^ 

>  '     '  ,,  ■■■■....  .ii 


msimn^im^ 


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^^^m0^m!ii  ime  mai^^^m^  toefc  ^  brand a# 

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■^^^  :nr4  |ib  ^ii^gii  4>gb^^^ '^^^  one.  oft 

«|$(^^  hfiiLiibd^  tho  a^e  4%peo  fil JioaV  a^ 
^  ^MM-^^    the  ii^  femig.  a?^^  ^ 


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m  iie^borii%  AmtfieSit  ^ii^«ui1t  '<}^«^k>^  aiUw..^ 

d«^wardg.  4n.4Ehe  UdM  stdM  .'4»rantfy, -thW  «r^li^r . 
c»v«nn  of  ^rerr^^aaiclevfdble  ^KtenC  :  9iie  luott  n^tidlji: 
ciliea  MadWii  (Ud^,  0qwtli4  m^  nie  of  th«  mii«:^i«ii; 
iMiin  «  'bm  of  «boat  ^iiOld  feet  j^tirtteodicttbir  )^ip£^. 
,4|ieeti|«f  ^vbicb,  oh  •0De«ide»irlRi. tttem,  liuitVll&uit^riiK^'. 
b0  |^m:b«Ml>oiB  itft  jummit  (lito  ^he  m0r  wbieb  Jp^aa^  jm, 
bft^Rs.    It^eJ^Kmdtf  1b<a  Uie  ekrib  ^out,  Sopi'^t,  bS^S' 
k*6  Mtbbrdt^ate  .ea^<!nis,  liA^  at  |^|^  tdfbiij^  ur«## 
difirteC  pieces,  at  bte^^ftMiidr  <^  unlmMr^  fi^Wot.  m 
wllicb  at^ear  to  b«4^early  on  H'lev^l  wjtb  tiio  ^^  ^J 
die  fiye/.    The  ndlt  of  tbis  .o»ro  ig  .«f  aoUd  ^me  «tofi&^' 
fton^^to  50  feet  b^  tbrduffb  wBkIi  tbis  wat^  110$? 
,tiiHMiihr  exuding.    Tbi$,^ttkmng  cLim  t|e  aidea  5^  fbe     . 
caTo^  h^  ^ncnistoct  tbenai  over  in'^  form  ^ejegaiit  41^  > 
pery  ;  aitd  dripping  from  tbe  Jdf^  ^tbe  vai^;  genofiio"    ,* 
on  t^at,  «iMnSn  tfie  baae  bdorr;  ^akctitea  of  A  <!dtiio# 
^)tm,  aomo   of  wbilib    ba^  iiiet   tad  ibm^  miibrtt 
umamii:,  ■-  -'  •    ,      ^  ■      '  •     '  -^'-^^^    .       -  .\^' 

•  A^ot^of^tbasedEMroviainlbt^oiiiitarfl^ 
tiie^op  of  ifm  extemibf^  ridge*  '  Aft^r  doiceii^  30  qt  # 
fi^  aa  hito^  A%«dl,  tbe  oave  Oxtenik  m^  bobonSM 
400  ^^  ii^  tbe  eartbV  breaerWiig  a  Di«ad#(trft^oir9^  £ 
^  ffi^,  imd  ft  Mgbt  omfjtn^'lo  ifi  feet  ' 

Attbe Panther  Gt^,  is Ibat la  aOted^tbe moinkg caT<^  ' 
it  IS  in  tbe  aide  of  a  JuU».aii4  ^ftiita  «onaMwt^  %  ciirr«|»t  4if 
ai^ofatidi  f<lretii^  «i  fin  |i^  the  *iii^^  pJ^iH^^  tb« 
^tamil»^tf  J0  yarda  beforii  it.    Tbbr  oUreiit  is'  ttrotigejl 
fH^  dry  froiCy  wealhcsv  and'  ia  long  ^Us  of  ^^  Wti^t^'^ 
^c.    Theie  &  anodier  blomng  cave  in  the  C^bei^M. 
mountafaL  tkiiiiot«oiiBtfwt^(tti4;«A>iii«l«MfwaM^ 
fromi>  -  .... 


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^^i  S$am,^tMEbii^  riner  new  ««di 

^»x^b^^  Hie  €iiiiib^l«^€  jBrnnitanl  and  &U  i|ift«^  |li«  Otu^ 
.         ^  r««w  rtii»  lOI  1^^  100  |ii!dt  wM«[  jM! 

'■^m&mki  ^^imttils^  after,  a 


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;fmQtia60tiiiy  in  thif  eouMiy*  thtl  a^tsertun  teitaRi  iwi 
^m^mm  m^mia^hlm^  'Hw^tccowiti  ftl^iiiaiP: 
|i»r^v^  mU  ilnoM  eteetd  lif&lid:  Wlie«l^  m,  tv-l 
M  Md^ott  every  luiid  hoT  gnvii^^  l^  evitiviitei'  .#|^; 
^libii  tan  produced  bi  liui«rian«e^  Umytff6$  are  •  fmil- 
i«diiiimrioua:feitie€ilietl8te,  u^mmmMhe^m^ 
tife.    Some  >eotto9  ii  -i^naed,  ^t  iBitiddeiitiliroa^  «« 

jQi  iluin  ««#  alto  f<N^4  iient  I  ;miI  wttrMommmm 

lnJUtttuckj,  ioiiie  <wHi*  ||»p%  lii^^^^ 

0kcept  iMiclei  ^  domeftieiMiiiie.  >^^ef ^«^  f^  9*^  ^ 
t#fhi%ftl.  ^ConiMlMabfa^yieittit^  .ere  flaeiie 

vSo^^  fugerlyeee.^^^^j^^  end  eoBie  .wl. 

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•*»*™J^^t..       ■.  ■    .    *  :..,■■  ■■-■.'■•■.■■•,'■'■■■•■■'..•   ri^   '•■■; 

ir£(fef  and  Af$fim&ks.  VmSiiC^maed  Mwf^it^fio^ 

ciixrupiSti^  oil  itn  n^^(f^   Thetf^iKW  oil  Mveirai  r«ek$  j^^l 
jtgyiiber:  of  imjn^eisioiui  res^iolyliAg:  tli0  tiad^-of '  t^rk^s^  < 
Ib^Mii  iM>rfi«S|  ai^ rlmmftii  beingjti,  M  viljble  an4  ^rfiect.  asg 
^ey  CQyld  be.  000^0  on  snonr.  or  .a»n^ .  llie  litl«riNrf re 
i^mtur&tfl^  &r  tftt^^r^g  i>tx  toG»  edch  j  one  o^ly^«]iiiB^ed.. 
:%  fhi*  we  must  soppbi^  the  originiili  to  Ime  beep  ^e- 
ffogecy  of  Titan  jor  Anak. ;  One  of  tiiese  tx»ek»  was  veryl 
^i^,  ld^  length  ctf  :^e  foptas  in(^te«,  and  the  dis^ce  off 
tibe  ei^^foesof^e  ottteptoes  iSlDcii^^    0ne  of  the  Hatie!^ 
|r;aak»  was  likewise  of  a|x  utic»minoj»,  siae,  thi^  traosi^rse^ 
«ii4;  CQ&Jii^^  dmnieters,  weire  S  orvlO  isi^es^  ^l*&F 
Jl^9  hbiie  whi<^  the  (Grreal  Wftrtioi*  rode.    W^t  aipj^eM^ 
liiB  most  in  ikyor'df  .their:bein|(  the Ireal  tcaclis  dC^tfie  an-j 
i«lf^  th^  represent,,  is  tlie  cirenmstaiice  otn  hock's  fooii 
imvipg  aj^mi&ti^F  slip^^  seveisil  inches,  f^y^recoy^dj 
apaln*  and  ^ih?  figures  having^  aU  t^Q^isante  directioti,  Ulce| 
•dae  tr^Eitl  of  a.cooiii^iiny  on  a^jonrpey,^  If  ithe  a  j^uits  na4 
f^r^  ^  never  spM^^  moi^serioi^/  Ifthe  i^f^a^^ 
;^,<;biiii^  perhaps  there,neier  wis. niore.  aipi^m i#^B.i 
Iff  it  w«re  dme  by  art«  H.inight .  be  ta^perj^ate.  the  re- 
;  leaibyance  of  sotiie  rmark{S>le  eVent  of  war,  br  eii^e- 
>'  «At  ff|tigl|t  oa  thi^  1^^^  vart  hejij^rof  stoneaJ 

ii0aj::tbe  pla<^,  m»jpjM»^  4o  l^  fak^  wmriora-vda^  in] 
%m»f  sem  t«  &iM>»lhe  supjpds^b^.  The  tesctuxe  ^  the] 
^k  iaso^,.  The  Pitft  idb  wfiich  too  suqi^had  U^  ffir^atestj 
I|iiu6»ce»  and  whtdi  wasttbe  ni08|  indurated,  could  easily  { 
tie  cut  wllli  a  knife;  and  ap|ieare4  to,  be  of  tb^  htttilire  of 
ll^  i»pet.at0iie*  Sonvei:  of  the :  Ch^rokees  enteitnn  an  o- 
thaiit  it  always,  ri^ni .  wW  any .  person  iriJBits  the] 
.  asif  S]r«ipath«tic  nature  weptat.^e  recollection,  of 

dreiidftiL  aataitrdii)ie,  whic^tb^isis  figurea  w^re  ihtend-j 

t^  eoinmemo»tie» !  *  j 

-^B^  ccmitt^  contains  many  ctecad^.  an4>  ci»r,^«i«j 
SiMpe  of  the  cayes  are  dry  an4  abound  with  mtrous  earth. 
^  Ja^lh^  are  found  ii  vartyviety  of  sUiacti^  and.othejJ 
^f^t^Wtipns  ;  and  in  some,  ^e  adventurous  yimtaift  ofl 
^efe  dark  <  recesses  H  ^stopjp^jn.  hispruigress  |i^a.j#!t«^ 
p0mii  l^Mk  ^  creeks  web  i^^Mes  the  caveciiiif 


"*«f?l*»'HHS«yMa 


mmnmiMmm 


\ij' 


mxa  oi  miffXM»\ 


10  lutve  betp  l^e 
!  tcael^  was  very 
id  the  disttnce  of  J 
One  of  the  K0He  • 
le*  tlie  tcansi^rse! 

tcac)ijB  cCtfie  An- 
t  c£|i  hof^V  foot! 

ne  directioti,  like  [ 

it..be  a./»^  na-, 
Il'the  o|^alionj 

terf^ate  tb9  re- 
f  war,  dr  eogjUBe-] 
t  he$ipji^0iC^es 

w|wriora.>idabi  in] 
Im  tiexium  of  the! 
uhad  tl|e  gr^test] 
Ited,  could  easily  { 

of  tl)^  fiMiire  of 
M  entertain  an  o- 

person  viRta  the] 
lie  recoUe^tl^  of 
area  w^r«  ihtend- 

Un,  an<l>  C93ffmii 
rith  mtrou9  earth, 
ilacti^  and.otheil 
ituroiv  vimtaift  of| 
greiili^a.i#!ter^ 


m  l^ine^e  aodi^^ltt  ^iSliatiaii^p^  '^  ^ 

1IMF0  ]^  i  mpi#^  iia$uai:t  t>u|  1; 

G^dew  llli|cl»iiriif  a  misuoiiary,  iiu»:  nal^  ia  aln^i^" 


JK)ET»Cim0i3ENyi^ 


^    JSSifw^.     THI$  tt^  extendi  from  S5  50  ta.  3^:  SO^ 
l|^  latHiide*  l^d  from  1?  to..  S^  lir^ 'ldQg|liVi#^ 

MtiB  long,  iiidil^  ^u)9ia^.   Qpmma^ 


'  Mmndaries*    Edjioded  north  by  t^i^mia  s  east  !jiy  tiie 
Aj^njti^  Oteeaiii  s«i^  b;  Soutb-CaroitQa ;  weH  Irtr  f  en-^ 
aissee^..  -''  '  '•>•  '  :'/'.'.. .'    ,  ■...    ■:.■'''  '  .  " 

<eouQtie6;  each  coimi^ia  aubdiVi<l^into  fc^ 


GranfiQip^ 
Bandoniiiir^ 

Burke^ 
B«lg«soliibaj. 

Warreii . 

Rtftberford^ 


NjK  Iiill^bttAoltt. 
MOT 

10,1  u. 
1M29 


BrimcyirlBlti^ 
Bamdea  , 


lil>.t^liitiuiife 


11^8. 
7,903 


FiiifnSmoiuH 

RkJiinoiMlb 
HfUfai 

mideil^r 
'Ifake-    • 
Stcltet 

Cuiab9rlaa#*^ 

WllkH 
Asli 


JIMi 

k 


mm 

ma 


m 


w 


mWw 


m 


HI 


im 


low*   t.        -' 


mv^mm^RmT^^ 


lQ0ti     ' 


ICttMO 


MttctAtk    . 


in  1#10,.  56S,526 ;   «ias.  361»283  &ee  pe»on%  202,243 
davei^.  Incftose  iQ  1^  yean  85423.  » 

J^  ofihfi^Odnntf^.    the  #ea  coait*  of  tbi»  iBtete  is.  imii. 
fiNwyjil^elf  ti^ .  lill^fincip^yocover^  with .  swampp  and 
|br«8tSk..  $Q^]r:<ia  fjigbty;  jmlci  ftom  t^.  sea:  the  country/ 
fises  Lotto  ittouli'tiKuh&i .      '  '  "  .  ^^ 

'  B(^WHf.i^eiipei»^  Albemarle  8oandi»^  kind  oiT  inlands 
«e«^  tSO miles  lovf^aiid  10  or  12  Ifti^  .    ^ 

BflMico  sound  11^  from  W  t^iSO  miles,  br^ad,.  communi*  •  I  ^ 

^1^  with  the  Atlantic  oqean  byjeveral  small  inHnts,  H^- ' 
^'ia£ittbidhifr:Q«recoc  ixilet,  betvete  Ocrecoc  island  and- 
CUmBaniu.  • 

ti^te  S9und.liea  south  o£  ^Edmlieo*  with  which  it  has.a^ 


Cai»f|'lHattera»,  in  lat^ade35.^15V'ti-8unrounded  mik^ 
dfii^riiua  shoais.andsand  b|nk8. . 
€imeliO0Jc«<}utiA  south  o£Cap#  Hatteras^  opppstt«  €or)» 

4o^  Fear;  is  ffmariolile  fifar  a«d«n^ro^  shoalv  called^ 
froQMta  form,  the  Frying  Fmb*.  f}iiS;  ahoal  lies  at  .the  ea# 
trance  of  Cape  Fear  river,  miat.  39^  $2' '  - 

Mhtersi.^  Ciiowan'riv^risv formed. by, the  eon^enf^.  (]|f . 
i|efaersin»  Nofaway,  and  "Black  rWers^  all  of  which  r^  ii|.  > 
yiffgtttia*    ItfidU  into  Albemarle  soimdby  amouth-  three 
nuletwido* 

"    BxMmoke  is  «4ong  rapid  riiver,  ^xmed  b^  Stantim  rirer- 
ftoui  Viirgviia,  and^  Dan  river*    It  is  navigable  4miy  for 
shallopji^,  and  empties  by  several  mouUis  into  Ailbeamxi#  - 
iouAd.. 

PumHco^or  Tiur  river' op^ps  Into  Famlico  sou^d. :  It  is 
|^«%«fc^¥te  W|shin|{toiu  40  mi^^ 
V  Iieus«e  river  rises  m  Hillsborouglii  fnd  after  a 


i':*fT{-^-|'t?son 


'■^•■. 


there  me  screMl.dUif*  riten  of  leii  S*^t  ««^  ''g^ ' 

iiyw»toAl|NM«lrl^iSi^4.    AllAetoir*k*orKartIj^«^ 

5^  that  ca^p«»-ttlte  barirt  tM^  rooea^to.  -^  » 

jSottMBf.    G^eat  Dismal  Siraiii».*^  Ae  A^jM^ 

Sri«rt  « iaiw  i*i  the.  iMdle,  ab0|»  -7  i«ki  Ji»|^  :^. 

'  ^raeife  !■  inotber  wwirnp  lii  Clittituc  ^m^'f*  ^^W^ 
mmlitk  80U«4.  ^ch  hjHm  called  P«<^^**^^ 
iw|>w,ied>  <^gt^  .^^  JW^7f^«^  K' 

Snl^i^.'  B  iWS^ntie  is  A  lake  11  nulea  )on|, 

,  .fc>rfn»rf  P¥odudiauu ,  the  ami  <rf^  Ae  banka  ^W 
li¥^e;'  ilttterapfe^*?a^tiiKmgb  tf«e  other  R?rto^ 
^^Ich  s#amo  andjKdges  ^f  oSk  hwd.  df  m  excfclU 
Wheat,  f/0.  bar%;  oilts,  iait  and  tottwseo  *««* 


lli«  ba^  cmiiitrr  $  MiBU'cwn  ai>A  p^ita  of  all  lINir^u^ 
e«rery  part  of  the  tim:  Cotibn  ind  nounp.  ^ 


C<^fcit »f  mt*^  pine,  much  aupfiri0i^to^thai<>ftH^i^.  ^ 
*J  T^iT'^a',^^  »*^.iA>«  finer  ttb^e  and  tadL'OH 


UdfcoMnH*,.  produces  finer  wftfte  andj  t^ 

with  ^if^lto,!  Ibay  tree* ;  the  Ujt^  »a  *«  ^^^JJ^ 
ia^fooirfer^ttmin  m  winter.    The  misleto  »a  cotatfugi  i|»  ^ 
the  middle  country.    It  is  a  shr^b  dilferent  from  aU  €iMi|5ra» 
»r^f  gJ^Win^  out  pf  the  eartli,,but  on  the  l»i)»«f  tueea^ 
the  root!  ru»  u»detjth%  bask  of  the  tr^^  an^  ip-*'*--«»*^ 


''*;-,'* 


^^n     -*« 


^\s^ 


#*i 


-'*-l 


l!!i! 


t  *P*wa».    T&eir  trade  jl,  ^^^  Ur iN  #&S 

to  tiiB  ilotdicnn  MMes.         ;  .-  -  ;  *^ 

•^^^^  t  twfi*wir  of;  iipifiiiiiS;  p^^         ^  ^ 

|^;one  at.%eii^vaS^S^  .  :  ,^  ^       )  V,    '  "^  T"^^^ 

f^  ana  Chief  T<nm.    Tlie  city.of  RAtitOtt  it  # 

i^a^^ovsmment.    "^e  leguda^r^  5^  the  «Mit«t  }^  m^ 

j^ro^iated  large  euou  fiw  Oie  R"^<»«  «^  electing  ftt^jfc 


1  1 1 


I  \ 


'mMmmm]b.u--n 


r^.  "-r^!  : ;, '-     ■ 


■  t'' 


coBtwt  ot  itai 


;itanto»4plinic%  4»i the  «aJM<  iidj^i^^OMtcrii^  Ik^ 

/the  IH}<H|  l^the  JMune,  M  Jt;  feerved  thetn  j^ir^et^ 
:^  (miq4(|(^  their  #oiti0i;:;m  • 

FteA  i|i  hcfad  liai^^  i^d  i^^  m$  aiM^  ; 

lik«^  «#nMiii4  near  |iiia»aeJii^,!-to«here  ltiidp|.ilii(oiM»   ^^^ 
thm  e^  are*  #fsa  Acre  >road^i^|irhen,  on  a  mMmt-M   . 
vast  ;ftiip«idoiis  re€fc^^h«i^»lN^-|Bpc«^^  «!'  a  hifge   t 
caslle,  ;:w^  itf  battfeaicnits,  erects  its ferpendiciihi^Ji^^^ 
|loapwards4ifSOQfeatrMl?lerBi^^  in  >a^l,  ^n^iicCia. 
leoeraUy  «i  level  a«  a  flflH»&   ^'Ta^KM^  dut  fi^cjpioi^   > 
ihere  M.4»kvttiie  iri^  ^wHwh.  .'tlw<Mi|^  eavito  aii4  fiiMM  ^ 
w"  the  rede,: Ja  with  aoaae  mSic^  and  danger  ^bstifk    ^ 
when  «a'Miib^vuBai%i.^0pgej»'t^^^ 
'^khffol  jwMpeaMf  iii0  Afalachiati  ttioiiiit«^>  on  ^ 
lorth*  andfaiiri^  estealM  le^el^  cotmtnr'beloirt^«n  j^ 
'>ttth;  1^  the  flfMBia  ttf  the  fadklii  ani  Mk«  «nm 


Ill 


li!«ll 


-'ill 

''ii  i! 


■^  -t 


tt«Fi^ 


'^/bi^i' 


'^ .  ■'«^1  ' 


Mm 


'         "      K|0f 

m 


BArjtuvfll, 

SMUlrttt 
BattiiCasI, 


I 


ilO  mues  west  or  Charieston,  is  a  tract  oC  JUgn  Mn<l»| 


;^i(tfj«>ii,i;j« 


Ctel^Miton  i^rbfxr  f  ijiadoiu  aiid  copt ^luettt, 
the  juii<^0ii  ofjkm^  imd  lloi^  .i^irei^    "^^^ 
is fpnaed by U^iiiiioiii^tlP^ee noiji i&reral  fi|iw% 
«ad  (pOBiinttaiciiiei  iriUl  tli«  o6(^ .  twdy#  ttiitei* 


vhple  ^xt6ni  of  this  stikle, 'i\^ 

'^e  EfKsto  vli^  ip  two  branchepj  fr^wofi  i^ndfo  iijN^ 

mentioii^,  In  tho  interior  of  t^  Atiite^     j         ;    v  r    ^# 

eaipl»i(  il||o  ih0  ocoiiii  lixy  imtfttiaai^ 

(to  tiie  Goi^«0  floid  waler«e»    V»0  Iiitter  in  alio  c^lA 
't^€4t^rtla1!^.  ^''^':' ■.;.-■;,„:•    -'f*:  .v--^-;       ■   ;-.,v:v..^^^ 

th^  Taction;  ^aiid  Mi»^li(»  Winy&ul^  |A  ^e^jjetopu^  , 

The  riv^  of  i  leoon^^^  wrie  Wlillcai)^  P^ 

riwpr,  Ash^Jy  Cooper j  A(*e^oo»  t«id.G<»»ibi)i^, 

<>irer^  4«liio3(  ^vc^ 
br^ge,  m  1810,  i2l60  i^  iii  1en^tl|j  and  iaciui 
caU^ewajr,  iieairty  %  mile,  30  feet  wiifei    Tfte  jArin^i 
chitect  Vas  Mr.  Williaia?  Mil^  of  M|»iacKtt9eit8.    4«f 
erwsB^  built  oyeiv  dio  Coi^^ree,  wbich  Hm 
«way...li3ra floodi--.  -■''  ^,:  ■■.*,^"'.:  ."",'  ■■,■,,;:,: 

SoU  and  Prodmtims,  *the  «oil  is  of  various  kinda»  wl 
fioitod  to  ^Oprodi>ctiOn  ol'^gniin,  pii^ure,  and  tii^^ 
the  low  country  ii  caltiV^ted  Indi^  Oom,  ai)d  in j^  ^^ 
coantry,  tobacco,  wheat,  rye,  barley r  oati,^em^iJfl^,<^ 
ton  and  ia\k.  They  have  oranges  and  to*  a  few  httli^ 
and  lemon  trees,  pooiegranates*  pears,  and  jwaches;  T^ 
water  j^elon  is  raisied  here  in  perfection.  This  state.iii:df 
tduQ^  a  great  variety  of  medicitial  berbs»  and  roo^i  ^imI 
uh(;ommon  trees,  too  nuiinerous  to  he  noticed  ih  this  v^iqh^ 
The  whale  countnr  is  overrun  with  spoati^ieousgcaji^^: 

Minerals  etnd  FosgUs,    Thi;^  jcoun^ry  aJ)ou!lc^  y^:i  ^ 
oioUs  or€i^  suc^  as  gold;  silveir;  lead,  and  b' 
IfOTy  and  iroii^    Tbc^re  m  likewise  to  be 


\  ; 


\ 


:,  Wi>de  alpm«  iiUfirut.  nitre,  f infill,  M  ma^  m 
«  of  mets  brE9  Qui^ktiiitti  ti|mtireniij  be  epih^ete^j 
rah#rfi^«m.  >ito  nttdim  tod  upfcr^cto,  tilt 
^  manufocture  (hdr  o^im  eiotU»B  «lHt  woolteo  mmA 
n  Wio«t  of  their  Implfeisient^  <if  hculnat^ry.    T^  mpini- 
tiirfi  of  iiuUgo  i«  .inmostant.  and  jprodu^ve*     M0^ 
^Qpaiitiet  of  irou  are  fii«^  in  some  wm^i.  ,  *     '  ^. 

^Simeiw?.  Th^ \»rinc||iia  wtirfei  exi^flfted  ft<W5.A* 
'^iM&te,  (Nt«  j!M>  f^ottcb,  tobacco/  skhf^  of  iranoua  ku^I 
p\i^  lar/'id^,  tarpeftti3!ie»  Kiynie  .irax»  Iwnbcr,  i»*<ria] 
^'iCo^  «^k>  leather,  pink  root,  jnaM  root^  gmger^  4cc^ 
:&  Hie  most  »ttQceliiailjK;i»oni,  there  fai^'bfen  14p,t)00 
Sir6l|;0f.ric6^iqMWM-  -  Form^ly,  J,8eto,<j00  ^om^m.  <¥ 
^(6%0ir^e  expo)^  in  one  yenrfNn  ;^»  ttate^  N^i 
;i|!SirciiltiViitea.    Cotton  lias  talt^  H^  oi«l».  .^ 

^   Pii5(i<;  Tm^mmiM.'i.^  flader  thin^ead,  bwid^.ftelMridj 
«««lt^dr«ot«»*l.  lA^bemeirtioiiieaacanflai  l»i^»g' ?  , 
l^liitee  w|ilt  (Cooper's  TM^r»il  miles  lo»g,i)fjraiit  ntilityj 
'^»fier  catti^i  lUPe  >  ,R>i'»»ar&t^..d|5i%iied  to  .popped! 
.Hie.?iifi»to,wi&x4i^  Artitey,  jiiid  Ae  Sivfou^ali  with  tl 


%  i^d  Ifeom  Soi^-Cirofiiia  to  En^^Be  m  te«i  ^ 
i^^  tite  tifionhtAins,  is  opatub^  vm^  the  peonage 
#e  [egbliitar^  of  the  t«o  toi^ 

CmiNhim  and  Mannert,  The  Caiiolimaps  a^;^  gei  , 
•fiible  and  euiy  i|»  t^«f  mann«jrs,  a|fc^;p^^  and  at^gj 
«<>  8|to«^gein.  The  ladies  want  the  bloi^m  d^me  QorUi,  tni 
]i«^0  an  eti^ag  aoftnewand  delicacy  in  their  9ff^m 

:  «nce  md  nMmti^n*  '         '         .  .     ^^ '      / 

Ifiinting  is  the  most  ^hionable  amosemet^  m  this-stat 
At  this/ the  country  gentlemen  are  extremely  ex^H, 
with  surprising  d^tierity  pursue  ^heir  game  through 

^  woods.     Oatmng  is  more  discountenanced  among  i 


ft^ 


•*#t?imL^ilij«. .'. 


-■«^:>l' 


"'J'^ 


'  /.  r 


ton,  kifc  lit  Jeaaftnrt,  a&^  m^  Altera  mm 
•««.  at  Ciunbfidgft^.^M  Mount  feoft^oUeg^i^ 

tte  li^firti^^  a^^it  state  mi^  ^^M  ^^*  i^T*^*^™ 
footiB# iicfcj  »  ^*®y*^;*J®^ITl^\ 

^  «a)ioii*  p8tr(Maiatt#br>^  8t«^^ 
tpy^ard  erectil[»^  buildiiigi,.-to*  poop  IW^»  |rf^^ 
iW  jife  supp-Jri  of  tlii%fe^)K^'^^ 

.   S^m  C^ofii*  Miaiiiik  Skn,  tihtB^y  auci  M^  U< 

oifter  Sl^MMtet,  ft  MIfiwonary  ^ciely,  a^^h^ 
ftHimcal  sodety,  8t«d  a  society  for  th^.««wi»M^i 
Mgitii^  of  t»enw  ^%f*t»«|^^f^ 

fcrt  on  St.  toena  are  iCV^^wl^Pe  r^-ip--rr»^  t    • 

iktiiJkm  iB  sti^  i^ands  ottr  the  ppiilt  of  M»P^^!^ 
thl^iliienceotr  Ashley  «^  f  ^^^ '^  J^l^^ 

r^aSgTtwS  house,  thealie,  ai^lt»  W^  f  ^'t 

1^,  I  ItSmao  %tholic  ChajM,  and  »  ^^^t^W^^^^ 
^hildaon  is  divided  into  ^^'^^^  ^'^f^k^^ 


K*e? 


iii;i  I 


iiiii'i 


«^.    The  f  uteodast  iMid  Wattteim  feoto 

^^J^J^^M,  hme  ««tb  ft  havim  for  puWife  womhip. 

ij^,.  ^^  » »  e«lteg0  «id  gtwninarliitfci^ 

lOTtti  <»rttM<:oUe|i|^  amettniM  Above  TOjOOtritoMirt, 

^Iri^iMi  lli6ieft||;if  ippvernment  itahdi  jm  he}m 

^i«»ofi^i|ffii  ipnl^  Broad  rMfir  oii  tfid  Coilga^ 

,  ,gii§«^f^,  I#!olnino4^  thfe  mhnttitirtti 

»o#fer  C(^iiilM;  a^  a  b«iiith»^b#  each  ictai^ed  iii 
"^V   l^he^oIlei^^^liiapfMt^ce^^M^^ 
(ifr -4111^  VifHt^et  ti^tOmm  of  ^nte»  hiKs,  k 

lotAieill  in0C)gti^sriihli»  vOlagey  of  froiii9^  t» 
f  hdhaei^.     ,^;^^      \  ■'^••.  :''  ■  ''■y-''>: 

,  >    Thet;iilafiiif|  a^^  0^ 
1^^^^^^  tjpit  oiie  kown^  iaOted  CaiiK^ 

0Cmtm  «v«^|  witfck  c^ataint  about  450  on 
ifl^who^iisOamMtio^itt)^    ^ 

|?i!ii€icoaifcJ^^  of^iie 

[i  Wlftiid  wWeli  ^lipfo  4<$#8«  opening  an  excel- x. 
....  .^„^...> ^TO^tSOn;|b^ JJM^  conveyance  of  produce  to  ' 

SWlf'i^r        F^^F  '°^^*'***®  are  Bull's,  iDeweels,  atjt^ 
<SUllii|lil|||lindi,  WfiHihJ^riti  the  north  pait  of  Cfwles- 

Hrf(Mjk^l4dy'l,  Paing,  ad  the  Hunting  Islsiid,  five  br 
W  ^  »S#?'^^»l!tM^  Head;  Pinkgey's,  Buil's,  Dawfiisi  ^ 

^  j!^.*>!^CtP^  i^ands  is  generjflly  better  adapted  to 
tfttfr.^Itttr^  of  cot|t»fi,  thflfett  the  main*  ahd  Ifess  suitt^d  to  rice»I 
;^J«i!aa||p'owthi#  which  is  excellent  for 

•W f>  tft^beri  I  ^d  the  paJmottoi  or  cabbage  tree,  tbfe  utiM-^ii 
^  ^  '^^^^  — '^  coii9itr«ai^  of  forts,  iras  €3^eri^ifcp# 


<&%t6^iat<jitw 


■«: 


k£|ed  C«labftv, 


n  adapted  to 
Buitt^d  to  rjcet- 

ree,  thfe  util|r«4i 

■€3H 


OTOftdlAi 


GEORGlU 


■;'•»■'»• 


;■"<. 


^J|if(f^  Th»  tun©  of  Geoffift,  j|o  ajy  ^  i 
Kmi  Oeorml}.  of  England,  exteKdi  fk^h  ^jfr] 
N.  kititu4%  and  from  5  to  iX)**  40^  W.  lot^&c 

Bimmmt^^    It k bounded. ^mt byiS^-AOt^^sm^ 
wiith  by  Botidii;  we|#t^  the JVIisata  i«w^^ 
and  potftbettit  by  South-Cari^inii*  '  ^      T^  "P^ 

I^vmommrdiPdpidaiim.    That  mi^  of  the  ||i|t 
haa  bc#a  laM  oiit  in  coiiiktiet,  it  dti^eded  ititd  foi^^ 
;  ^iern,  Middle,  WeeteriM  a^l  8oatli«E0i  ^J^lii^ 
ii  wei«  eubdNdtd  ilita:SS  couhtiei.  ' 


,-,,    rl 


M'IiitdA« 
liibertjt 

.BryootV-    . 
BtiUncill 

ColiiiaiUa 


RiBulfttiou 


Burki|.< 
Seriyett; 


Tattial 
Pace  f^  the 


»,Me 


Jowm.' 


PiilasM 


Js«^ 


^  -  "  V    -  -- — ^-    The  eaateroimi^  of  the  state  wp)^ 
fectljr  level,  )irithoiit  a  hiH  or  itone.    Mfky  oiUfes  IS^^^m^  ' 
sea,  the  ia«^d  ia  inore  ^eiren..  f  he  ridges  rise  one  abora!, 
anoiiier.  btoJfia%  diid^^^^%^  bili»  Suea^dy  incm^m' 
ft^jt^  tUl  thejr  fiaally  terminate  in  BMytoifrti      t^ii** 
vi^ct^ain  (if  ni^unteinsy  ifhick  cotomeiieej^  wr%  the  1^^^ 
km;  near  Jiadson,  riyer,  in  the  stoat^  of  ]^e^-X««-»  iSSii  l' 
B3(  |b<(jift«e  of  the  i^leganjt  and  4l#acbaia^^fttoiaittiii!s,, 


,  «. 


li;   1 


In  «^  Hmw,  ffbottt  eo  mile*  8«rtk«f  to  north- 

of^Mu     tfV&ft*  prinpiRiaiy  by  the  iMgttl*  ftwt 
i^'1^1^^  Savaiinahy  and  Ibrboate  t»  Aih 


{rivati  nm^h  of  the  Savannah,  w  smaUdr,  iod 

'^  1  irith  fit  In  its  course. 

Im  iti  ioUrce  in  the  Cbctokeei  itaqiinmi)> 
iBipw  (tfTugoto  J  ience  it,  descends  througb  tfca 
tiftj  with  all  ita  cc^llatttal  braifchei,  and  #m4t. 

W#»  by  the  wme .  *^.«^^  £'^°V«^J^  **"2S; 
B„>,iJterinil^  <»Jl'Bi,  it  «i  wined  Qn  the  eai^viMde  by  ttoe 
0S5i  i^Sch  mewise  heaaJ^  in  the  liwrer  ridgejof  the. 
mi^iiiaittl.  After  tfc^  confluencie,  havmg.  wiM  a  ^t  y 
a^titidil  <rfwiteip,  U  jMstimea,  thej^flaj  of  -Aiajainliaha,. 
mi^^C^m'^  !««#»  majestic  wver,  flowing  with  m^ 
iitoiti^  ttoloiigh  a  yast  plain  fomt,  nearly  100  milcf, 


aaurce  from  a  ^SM«  l»fce,  oi^  rather  mardr,  caUed  OuamiafilK-. 
aiw^^  aiid  Ibwt  tl««<^^      va^  Diam,  and  jjuie  fote^, . 
d^  fiSO  ia&^  to  the  Qcean,  with  which  it  commjim-- 

caffiM*^  «*^  P**^^*****'  ^^^^**^  *"*  T^ci^V  i«^^. 
j^^ii^yJWle  i!br  yCMfcUi  of  con$ide«able  burdf  a  ni9^y^ 


Jlil^miil^  ^»«w/^^  iake  of  ^^^  nwirih.  calteA 


^^ei^maes  iVorn  the  moath  of  BVoi J  ^'^^»  oiMti  Sj 
^iUmtMJt^fm^  a:^^!^  of#put  180  ^es,  ^«ed 
wkt^K^iig  water  a>^t  two  feet  deep/    I^,fpi*ai|i^  jn^^ 

Sf'^andPh^u^ion^i    Thste  arenot  maten^y #^^sg^ 
ff^rif^^Um  ;»if> 'Carolina*     Rjee,  iJotton,  tobaccoi  ^ 

^v^f^^.4*0^«^' or?t^,  fife  y^p^fStmA^.^^  we.t^H. 


"fCfmiin^c' 


r^-p 


N.. 


UeiMttd %^ff,    III Uw iiw>tjr()# WRkfi,  ig imi^w 
Inal  ^1^,  irfioh  riiet  ft!^  «  Mlow  trie.    Tf^  iiuffi^ 

ind  tiM  lMm|r0itiid^ tlM  spring  Ar«  meriutfiii  i»|4»  t  ,2? 

ftnied  fol^  the  r  weiMdHia  vl«te,  «ndii,?«,ui;li  S^,  .f 
Xhm  01  rort>  houiw,  dr  cabiu  of  Jo^,  ii|!i^1,uitf^,  lii 
•C(  .T   id  t/on  of  fiiitttntt.  tr*  -^  .        «,uj«. 

Urmu>  iondMani^fiipUtrti.  S^m  chief  vtidesof  tx- ' 
r  rf  np^«c^,tobieca  «»ga.  Jopilfer<»f  various  liSk  nail 
«tpre^  leather,  deer  akiw,  snil^eroot,  myrde  and  bt«.^  ^ 

.tate^cheege»fbh.potW^.,  appro.;  cider,  mi^^T^ 
,.  w  WW  m  the  birer  tountiei  ^wnufactuf^  pMi^  of 

thw  wanng  ttppif^  iln%  hi^ahdry uteorflg,  ^y  atoS^ 
M«dent  QB  0^  iD^han^,  who  hapmjyheiii  jTronils^ 
Bri«i!ii  and  ch#  aorthoni  rtatoa.      T^f^f9^  ^m^ 

Mii^m    im  IHer^tu^  of  i^U  «ato  which  m  y^  in  ' 
"»  '"^^.w  <J<a»iiieii5ing  0^  a  h|»^  which  iii^  thft 

hb^raJ  oadoii^rpeHts  w  imtituled  and  Siw«ed  tt  AthS^ 
n^  file  centre  of  the  «taie.  Aiiafind^y  in  SichlSf 
ijalso  tabe  supported  from  the  same  inslimtiott,  m& 
thegenfer^^sup^^nl^Bdagae  and  direcUon  d"  <^  nreiSt 
Nd  bcmrd  of-ti;iiat0es.  appdnted  for  thek  UieSryT^^ 
leoBiplMtoents,  fr«m  the  different  parts  of  theslfite,  in- 
r^»d  *«th  the  custjknary  liowers  of  qor|K>r^obi.  ^ 
^^ufcion,  thus  cojupoied,  i^  liioniinated  3itf  VnwtrabL 

Soeieties,  ^There  im  a  me^GaJ  iOfaeQf  in  this  itftte,  ijaM 
b^  ^e<^gia  M^oal  sodety,  ff  Bibl^  soci^Hy,  VemBie^  ' 
lujn.  Unioii  aiwfety.  for  the  ediication  of  orplm  njale  cP 
Br^^aft^glw«Wjofeiety,  >d  a  ^^ 


/ 


I 


•  ml; 


I;  ivi  !!':■■,  I 


ii!i:i' 


liSiti^i 


t^mileiN.  N.  W.  of  Sinraanab^  containing  1^46  inhaM^ 

SAvAilf  AH  ia  thf  largest  town  in  the  state.  It  itariild 
0li  a^san^  biujBT,  4^^et  (i%>ove  low  water  iniirk,  on  tfa6  Si 
ftt^e  olv  Savaniit^  river,  IS  milefr  from  th^  ban  It  fs  regiit- 
larly  bcuit  in  the  fbrm  of  a  parallelogram,  and  had,  in  1810, 
21<90  white  inhabitaiits,  2195  slavj^s,  5S0  fisee  blacks ;  in  all 
^215..  t  has  eight  places  forpubiicr  worship,  a  Presbyte- 
xrtaa  E|^i«copal>  JLut^ran,  Baptist,  Roman  Catholic,  one* 
for  the  biaclcs,  who  have  a:  church  for  14^  communicants, 
^d  a  Jeivi^h  Synagogue. 

AtJGffssTAi  on  Savannah;  river,  144  miles  from  the  sea,, 
iknd  127  norUiwest^of  Savannah,  ha»  2476  inhabitants. 

$VNBITRY  is  ^  sijnall  sea-pcMTt  town,  40  miles  southward' 
if  Savanni^,  and  has  a  safe  and  convenient  harbor. 

EaiUM^wicK,  in  Glynn  county,  at  the  mouth  of  Tur-- 
^e  livjeTj  at  which  place  this  river  empties  itself  into'  St.. 
Siin(m.'8-  sound..  Brunswitk  has  a  safe  and  cjipacidua, 
harbor. '^  ' '  V 

FRr^p^smCA,  on  the  island  of  St.Simmi,  is^  the  fi^st ' .  wfti 
that  wa4.  built  in  Georgia,  and  waS  founded  by  General 
Ogej^orpe. 

AitttEns  is  the  iBeatof  the  Univeruty  of  Georglai,  add, 
Hipital  of  Clarke  county,  neair  LouiAvilie.. 

Curimities*  One  of  ihe  greatest  curiosii^es  in  this  state 
i$  th^  bank  of  oy8tier<^heUs  in  the  vicinity  of  Augusta,  90. 
miles  from  the  sea.  pyster-sheiift  iMre  fouiid  lieire  in  such) 
quantities,  that,  the  planters  carry  them  away  for  the  pur^*- 
Aose  of  making  lime,  whicU  they  use  in  the  maKiufacture  of. 
mdigp.  There  are  thousands  or  tons  stdl  remaining.  The 
circumstance  of  these^shells  being  found  in  such  quantitiett 
ii|tsuch;a  distance  irpm  tlie.sea,  can  be  rationrilly  accounted 
for  in  no. other  way^  than  by  supposing  tliat  the  ocean  forr 
merly  flowed  near,  this  place,  and  has  since,  from  some  un- 
Imown  cause,  receded,  to  it$  present  limits.  It  is  generally 
believed  thai  ail  the  flat  country  in  tht^  southern  states  and: 
j^lorida,  was  once  covered  by  the  ocean. 

On  the  banks  of.  I<ittie  river,  in  the  upper  part  W  thw 
plate,  are  several  cu^ious^  and  stup^dous  monunients  pf  the 
power  and  industry  c^  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  cau!9* 
Hisre,«rajijys9  U«6«#  «f  41af||[o  %liaft  |own|. 


MiSSrSIPH'. 


in 


.     It  MMM*^ 

k,  on  t^ift  S» 

Itrtregtt- 

slacks  J  w  all 
ftPrestfyte- 

:athoUc,  one 

Qimnunicants, 

from  the  B?a, 

labiiants. 

les  southward' 

harbor. 

lottth  of  J^^-  n 
its^f  into  St..  \ 
juid  csipaciou*. 

led  by  General* 


Geor^, 


ei  in  this  state 

,f  Augusta,  9^ 
id  here  ioBUchi 

lay  for  the  pwr- 
manufacture  of 


jniaimng 


The 


Buch  quantitw* 


mnlly  accou 


hted 


Indknt*   The  Mu&KOcfc*  or  Crbbk  Indians  inhtbii^ift 

ntddlepart  of  this  state*  and  are  the  mosi  niimeroiis  trib^ 
of  Indians  of  any  witlan  the  liinits  of  the  United  Stateij^ 
Their  wb^  number  is  about  25^OQOsoul0,  of  wfaoin  bo^ 
tvireen  p  and  6000  are  gun  men.  They  are  a  hardy*  i^fSa-  ;* 
cious,  pdlile  people,  extremely  jealous  of  their  right% 
They  arc  settled  in  a  hilly»  but  not  mountainous  coohtryi 
The  soil  is  fruitful  in  a  high  degree,  and  well  watered,  if' 
bounding  in  cri»cks  and  rivulets,  from  whence  they  ar6 
called  th3  Creek  Indians^  ^      * 

The  Choctaws,  or  Flat  Hfeads,  inhabit  a  very  fine,  and  * 
extensive  country,  between  the  Alabama  and  Mi'ssisipp^ 
I  rivers,  in  the  western  part  of  tliia  state.     This  nation  had|; 
not  many  years  ago,  *^S  towns  and  villages,  contalnihg^ 
|1 2, 1 23  soold  of  which  4!*04 1  were  fightine  men.  /        . 

The  Chickasaws  are  settled  at  the  head  WtA^s  ^  thie^, 
!!pmbekbee.  Mobile,  and  Yazoo  rivers,  in  the  nortHwes^ 
:6mer  of  the  state.    They  have  Sicrven  towns.    The  num- 
ber of  souls  in  this  nation  has  been  reckoned  at  1725*  of  ^ 
lich  575  are  fighting  men. 

Islands,    The  chief  islands  on  the  coast  of  Georgia  are 

Skiidaway,  Wawsaw,  Ossabftw,  ;^.  Catherine'g,  Frederic8g.> 

ekyl,  Cumberland,  aiid  Amelia.    The  latter  is  within  the  ^^ 

lounds  of  EaEt  Florida.     On  Cumberland  island,  is  the*^ 

)l$3ndid  and  delightful  seat  of  Mrs.  Miller,  widow  of  the  ^ 

iiebrated  General  Greene,     ^^hese  islands  are  surrounded 

navigable  creeks,  between  which,  and  the  main  land 

a  large  extent  of  salt  marsh,  fronting  the  whole  stati;, 

ir  or  live  miles  in  breadth,  intersected  with  creeks  in  va- 

>us  directious.     The  islands  have  an  excellent  soil,  which 

2lds,  by  cultivation,  \large  crops  of  cotton, ,  coro^  and 

Itatoes.       .  ■  ."      ■  :'.',;■;:■-■'-'«■/•*  -v: 


x\,  the  ocean  fori- 

from  some  u#i- 

It  is  generally 
tithern  states  and' 

,per  part  ^rf"  ^ 
lonunients  of  the 

lijto  of  this  coui^ 

lOWBj^ 


THE  MISSISIPPI  TERRITORY 

JES  west  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  and  is  bounded  on 
no.  ih   by  Tennessee ;  west  by  Miksisippi  river,  which 

wares  it  from  Louisiana ;  south  by  West  Florida.  Of 
territory,  the  l^slature  of  Georgia  sold,  in  1795.  a- 

|i  tiyenty-two  milUons  of  acres,  to  four  difflTent  cPP^pa* 


if' 


111! 


ii! 


!">'! 


'11! 


Hiasistppir 

j^  fi^>f ell  9c^  %^^ 
,  in  tbo  imcidile  aiid  6|^ 
0k^l^iimfr^6i  Oeprgta  declnred  the  la#i  fidT  tbe  fif^M 
Itt^  3r®«r,  jbuil  and  vpid ;  ai^  ordered  tite  Aet,  ttAtitfptuiiiig 
ih^  gate  dC^  Wtetem  Territ^,  together  with  fiU^^^ 
cords  relating  to  it  to  be  /ommBu  burnt,  which  si^,<ik^e 
ID  jMinen^e  of  the  leg^siaU^e  bod^. 

Tbia  territory,  now  erected  into  a  distinct  govertimetit, 
Is  di^irjded'ioto  H  counties,  whose  population,  according  to 
|)ielpen«is^I8ia>  was  as  follows ; 

CQuuties. 


4f  its 
Cbfbomt 


Pcpidatiout 
4,690 


-A  eonsiileyaUa  portion' pf 


.Teffcrson 

Wwrept 

"Wayne  . 
WOkinsoQ 


Fopulation, 
4j001 


i 


1W  4M» 
"the  territoi^  is  inli»bited  h 
Ihe  Creek,  Chiekasaw,  and  Qhoctaw  Indians,  mentioned  is 
the  description  of  Georgia;  - '  >  { 

It  is  interseo^d  by  a  great  immb^  of  rivers,  runniiig  m 
^i0iPf  direction,  the  ptmciptti  dfwht6^  are  Uie  Yi»&o^ 
lo#l'<ph4ttOf  which  fall  into  ^  Missfsippi ;  Pearl,  Pas 
f|»^    Moh^,    Alabama,    Tomfoekbee,    Escambia,    am 
Cikait^  Hatcha,  which  empty  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  ani 
^•e  Tennessee,  which  iklls  into  the  Ohi^. 

The  soil  produces  ia  ^eol  abun^mce,  Indian  com,  no 
hemp,  ftax,  indigo,  cotton,  pulse  of  every  kitid^  and 
turage;  and  the  tdl>acco' made  here  is  esteemed  preferabi 
io  any  cultivated  rnr  any  other  parts  of  America.  Hoj 
grow  wild;  all  kinds  of  European  fruits  arrive  to  great  pei 
lection. 

The  cliniate  is  healthy  and  temperate ;  the  Country  di 
ligbtfuL  and  well  watered;    the    prosj^ects  bevutifui  si 
extensile,  valiegated  by  many  inequalities  and  fine  mci 
ows  separated  by  innumerable  cepses,  the  trees  of  whii 
are  0^  different  kinds,    but  mostly  of  walmit  and 
I'he  risipg  grounds,  which  are  clothed  with,  ^rass  "and  oti 
herbs  of  the  finest  verdure,  are  properly  disposed  for 
4ttlture  of  vines ;  the  mulberry  trees  are  vei^  nOmeroi 
|ndthe  winters  i9«%i|»Uy  modecAli^  At  the  hreedisg 


m 


%c^jmmA, 


fU 


anB,  meimoned  iiM 


^#«*?  fr^'*?  «^  gfeiit  abundaoc© ;  Itod  iilid**  viietv  if 
8tately;tiffib6i^,Jt^  house  and  «hjp|«iiM^  > 

^A^cnn$roaj^  em  bank  <tf  th»,18SiM|fe,j^  U^ 
4:apitftl  of  this  t^rrftory,  and  aa^rfrtig  Sf;^t|ififhi^^. 
contaiB^in  1810,  1511  iphabiikiittr ;  df  jrtiei|^  ^g  #^ 
jtavef.  Jeffewon,  iit  Wa»^'n|toii  ccMHity*  cotitniaed  4?^? 
iishabilaiits.  Hamburg  iuid  Steele,  iii  thi|  ponut^,  w6f» 
e^uajiy  pQPaldiM.  Ccrtei  Gi^ek,  and  Brfc  Pwite'  Iti  |di>« 
^our^ty  of  Pickering,  Sandy  and  Second  cr^kt  and  If Dmo 
Cmtto,  m  Adams  eoanty,  are  the  best  se^ltid  ^mm  of  this 
jiew  country.  ■  t 

^dtt  the  head  wateip  of  die  Mobile  are  found  oyster-sbeHs. 
**^y,f?  2*^  ^?  "^^•**"*«  «'*®>  and  in  such  quantities  as 
^.^?i[","*®*^®*  **"*«*'  **®%ca^ed  ^re  from  the  s«i, 
which  is^SeOmUei  dista»t.  The  Chickasaws  say  tftw  were 
i^ete^when  thehr  fath^ri  came  in^s^  Uie  country*  they  me 
f|hriheUi.in  making  earthen  wiiTA^  V^  ^ 


fmmtA^A.  r'm 


^  bcnmdaries  of  Loiiisaina  are  n<xt  iettle^;  it*^* 
Jenls^  of  course,  cannot  be  ascertained^  It  Is  estimated. 
•Wveri  to  contain  nearly  a  miition^^ ji|ii«re  miles. 

ZHvismt^  Louisiana  is  divided  into  two  govemnwn^ 
Me^eteofXjimiaiana,  teadAe  Urritorjf  of  I^euisian^* 

The  itftto  nfl4>imiaaa  comprehends^ 

1.  "Hie  countnr  between  the  Perdid©  on  Jffie  B.  the  Mm- 
jwqtoi  on  the  W;  the  IbberyiUe  and  the  gulf  on  tli^  $.  and 
Ihe  Mi^isippi  territoir  on  the  N.  * 

2.  Ttte  islimd  of  Qrieans»  which  is  the  tract  of  knd 
Iwng  betWi^en  the  Missisippi  on  the  S*  W,  and  the  Ibbtr- 
wlle  imd  hike!  Maure^as  and  Ponchartrain,  on  the  N.  fc. 
The  ibberville  is  a  bayau  oikrm  of  the  Missisippi.  which 
leaves  it  on  |be  E.  208  miles  from  its  moulli,  according  to 
the  course  oflhe  riter,  and  flows  through  lakes  Maurtpas 
and  Poiu^ar^ahi,  t0  the  gulf  of  Mexico,    the  isiand 

Utret<die»from  K.  S;  E.  to  W.  N,  W.  in  a  steaight  line, 
t  «b<Mi|  llKliiMil«b    Its  breidth  varies  from  6  to  26  mUei^ 


J~' 


■V  --t  '• 


ff6 


'  i^km^^k. 


i!  ::il,i 


and  $*^l(iiS- 


the 


3,  Ail  ti^e  X^i^t^ytypi  thj^ 

^W&tJtonr  of  Xotiisian*  coiiiprdKfends  4  t^^c^^^ 
W.  ofTthe  Ikjistiwf^  andl^tif  Ifttitiidi^lf  ^      ^  ;^.   ...    ■ 
T«i«  fiwmer  itlK)uhd«l  K,  l>y  Lou&iWurm|^fii^i|Jpi 
urrii^^  *  H?.  Idr  the  Misaihjpi  «w^  ^  feO^Ax^^^^;^ 

«,ktt«rba8 Mc*t*5a^  th^  WV;  the  «tate  of  L^uMgfia 

e  s..;  the  m^ii^r  ^  »^**^  ?,Sr^l!!S^ 

lierrii^fyr  'TeiMiefseei  Kentucky,  andJHm<w  t^^^ 
TV,  iffiiS^E. ;  and  unexplored  regions  on  the  W,        _ . 

Aiccw.^oxiMianaii  watered  by  Red  river,  the  A^n^ 
sas,  St.Francii,  andtiieMiwwiri,  with  av^."?*?^^ 
smaller  stream?,  which  feB  iht#  t!ie«e,  or  the  Umsm-t 

Clmuite,  During  the  winter  I|i6  weiather  is  very  chM^- 
able.  In  summer  it. is  regularly Iwt  The  climate  yarie 
in  nroportion  as  it  extends  nortfiyard.  TTie  sQUthf  rn  pwrtSi 
king  within  the  reach  of  sea  bfee^et,  «re  not,  scotched  "w 
^(i  cotiiitries  under  the  same  latitttdes  in  Africa,  apd  its 
northern  re^oos  are  colder  than  thoi^  of  Europe  m  oorres- 
liortdin||4»2tude»^  with#^whol€8ome^«^  ,       / 

$oim^rodueHori^-  The  soil  <tf  Louisiana  m  manr, 
parts  is  rich  andl^rtite  beyond  descriptionv  In  its  natural 
lirate  itis  covered  with  mulberry,  locust,  sassafras,  walnut,] 
«ckory,  dog-woodi  bak»  ash,  ^tc^^iOi  grape  vines  runj 
*ini|  up  almost  evewi#e^  The  fece.^<^  the  eou^ry  isl 
i^tSspersed  with  large  pwyffet^  |»rod^vcing  gt^,  floweirrj 
^R  plants,  nod  strawberries ;  and  firith  cane  swamps  Oi^i« 
htmdied,  andsome  of  a  aiousana  acres*  Tojud^e  of  thej 
prdduce  to  be  exijected  firotn  the  soil  of  Louisimia,  jhe»l 
Cultivated,  wemusiturn^oureyeslo  topt,  Arabia  ^n^ 
Persia,  liidia,CWnaaSidJ^?|«^iail^ 

tudes  "  *  ■ .     .    I 

M/ner«/5.*  Above  the  Kachitoches  is  a  rich  siHer  mineJ 

I.ead,  and  iron  ore,  pit-coal,  marbjie,  slate,  aftd  piaster  «« 

Paris  are  found.  ^^         .^  .  i 

Commerce,    The  expor#bf  Louisiana  are  fiugar^  c^tooJ 

indigo,  rice,  furs  and  peltry,  lumber,  tar,  pitcjh,  l^.flourJ 

horses,  and  cattle,  •  ,„a:,'  ^*.  ' 

From  1st  January  toSOth  September,  180*,  ^e  exp< 
from  New^Orieaia  amounted  ^  1^000^363  4^nf»»    - 


''-mmmtmu^i 


,-j-. ..  -^ 


>ii 


• 

-■ .  ,-..■*■ :   'U:<^-  ■.*■■ 

itote  of  Lbttiiyiiia 
rit&oml^Mis^ 
id  IHmoMr  teM*o- 

I'theK.  ,.  ^ '.,:'/ 
river,"  thcArl^iiti- 
avast  nomfiicrof 
the  Missiisiiw^  }' 
er  i8yel7;cH^«!fi|e• 
^he  ciimate  yariei 
lie  southern  pact^ 
I  hot  ■co»cK*4  nu 
in  Africa,  apd  iti 
Europe  in  odrres- 
tie^air, 

lOui^Iana  In  many  I 
n.    In  its  natural 

sassafcas,  vv'ttliiiit^j 
I  grape  vines  run- 
<tf  th6  eou;^ry  ii 
>itlg  j^l^,\  floweiTp 
cane  iBwtiiinps  of  a 
^djtt%eof:the 
f  Louisiana,  vhenj 
ypt,  Arabia  fe\m 
^  in  Uie  >aine  ta^' 

{  6  rich  siHet' niinej 
ate,  aiid  plaister 

k  are  sugar,  #tt( 
r,  pitch,  1^,  flourJ 

»  I8(H,  ^e  exp( 
S^doUiTft.    - 


;.lho.w{)j|)ct'jpopiiIalifm«P9f^0M(^    ^  ■  i-.-A. /.•..„>..?  .>^;v, 

'f  b«^j^)nb^  of  oillitia:  wf(|  aooiit  tfmthoMStf^  :^^ 
;  1^  iilii%|Mt^^4^^^  af«iSmf  the  ihie 
of  ^  f  ren^  :i^  C^piidia^^    Sh^ejue  mmyK 
and  A|nMqapa,i4li(^-Q'l^aQ<.        ;    ^  ^ 

,  Le00ivtg^  :  mts^fiMQ  >  ,fewjOTV«fti;«|i0^sr|(ir  VC  .   ,  . 
Jfot  moE^  thwi^vhal^of  the  InhSbitapli  iMlii^  siiiff^^  *o  ^ 
,  abief  to  read  and  write.    In  general  the  learning  of  ^.  V* 
habitants  doii  not  extend  beyond  those  tWo  arts. 

.  Chief  Tomts*    Nt w<»QkL9A|is  is- the  capital  of  l^uisia-  > 
Ilia.    It  stands -oai  the  ic^^m  bank  <^'  the  Mis«8}ppi  river, 
jvninety*lE^ve,miljes  from  its  mputh,  dnd  has  gr^at  aavanta^MJi 
I'ior  f^a^^;  Before  vthf  late  c«si<Hi  4aC  -l^ouislil^ 
|Jn?'t<^  §|ltes  /the  mMbitanto  %ei«  pfmc^^ 
|xtraeti«>n.^  ^Ilie  4)filcer8^^  «^^^  ai^l^^i^e  troop* 

>ere  entirely  Spahish.   Jnt^mttced- 4iirith  these  f»e  noW'fc 
.jr^eat  nunil)er  of  4ni^ic^n&:    .I^e  inhabitants  amount  ^ 

'243^1  !off#w. 1)0,8^^^  .■...,;[  •'>'■/-":;. 

;    TMh  ftce  lysoL  a ii^pdi^  of  tii^Uf^  iwhich'  are  iihretcKed 
^0teasts^^oM^^^  andAtf* 

'"^apas  trlbeif  f  eiiqutijg  in ^t^e  yiciiiit^  ^af  the'  to#n.    *I1l^ 
^go  chie^  naied«  iu?d.^  dtsgiiMH;^ 

'scenes^  (Inriil^iii^oxi^  Ne1r-0^dfe^^|, 

,  i^.thd  U^n)bi0M«iii^^       nioMls,  riv%  the  (^rrtuMtiM  W^^ 
jf^g'md*«Wd,  ' ,;  ,  .-,.  .:.  _^■■..,^^,,:   ,^->       ■-:>■■.■.<.• 

?  $T<'|^»{i8'iatkyi|1|gr^i^ 

6^  the  Missi^^ppi,  ii  ini)es  below ftheJ^issouri,  in  h^^ 

IS.  N.^  ,,p4iiiisii)ier^e  settliiiaei^  are  |niKle^n  the  li^ 
im«l4tter^  river  for  several'  hundred  miles.     This  t(^^A  aid 

ito  di8^Ct(^^i>tain8^5667  iuhabitawis.  ^      w ^  i 

St.  diE:siB^iEy@,  73^^^^^  Louis,  is  the  f(beii«» 

hpyise  of  the  ininet^  >ih  its  x^eigbbwliibod*    >j^a|Hiia1^B,^  with 

ats'mstrict, ;#(520:5 " ^ ' ■. ■ ;  ^'    .,  .,,.,:'■'  *;•  ■^:.:     •.  "'^ 


>^^:  ^  1 1 


.k-''     !    't. 


S(PANISFJ  AMEERKjX. 


ALL  3be  so>4t]ii»m  ■  paH  of  the  Noi^isAniericsn  c^oti^ 
iBent" 


j^  Spassi^t]^  wham  it  wa8^0)ii%ii«K#^ 


■  1,-v 


ymm»m 


I9  describing  the  Spanisti  ctomlQioi^  of  Kc^sHl-Aiii^rieib 
«t  ^§%0]^KMp«r  to  f^nsid^  iiviai«ii%{ 


it! 


.iiP?'-i'to»M»A. 


.ii->i--. :  ^  .!€ii, 


|K  eetitequenee  ofJUmiii^a  tiecomii^  a  fRUt  Iff  ^1 
|7«^0d  IJtatei,  Florida  «i  tit^t  olT  from  tKe  otber  ^afiist 
p^dyitictis.    Itl^esiagtof  ibeMi^sisiM^,  ai^  toiitif  df  Ou^ 
Itato  (^  'Georgia,  boing  limited  on  the  easr  and  ^otufei  b^ 
Jihe  Atlaatic  ooean  and  the  Gulf  of  Me?(i(^.    Its  J^ngth  11 
•bout  600  roile» ;  iita  jnei^in  breadtil)  iiet  mor^  th^  150.] 
It  in  yf  <^   i;deitenDinedv#iielber  iM  liart  ^f  it»  detiQifiii^ted| 
Weit  i^  a^  to  &<ducy|  in  th«^l^^ 
w  pur.  < /Fed  Vy  tire  United  St^«,  »riv^,  Admitting  ii| 
4q  be  4  c  ided  in  ikf or  of  lfl»ej^ur53ha^ 
jiiaiitioiiedwillbeiRachoimtrflS^;       :     . 

%m9ne  the  Vivers  dial  to  Wi  tite  4^Ci^,  8i^  JiptVj 
ItfidiEndijfm  civer«  are  1^  privcM*    Segttfl(na>  Aiialaer 

Pearl  rireni,  which  were  notieed  in  the  preeeding  aecoiuitj 
ci  ^e  igiatedBtBteii  fu^  Oirough  f  Idl^dii  int^  the  Giiif  ( 
.-^Ififieitico.'.'  .  '^  ' 

The  climate  of  Florida  is  not  mnieidally  difer#i&t; 
#ifc9flhe  southern  part  of  the  tj|iited  ^m^$  -    1 

'  f  he  soil  is' vairtous ;  but  that  Which  is  l^tfirttMul.pi^ 
4uce8  two  crops  of  corn  ip  a,3^ear,  Th^  foreits  ab^ni 
with  wood  of  autioet  every  kind ;  wliit6,  ted»  and  live  oaM 
laurel  magnolia>  pine,  hickory,  <smrem^~  luid  cedar*>  Spvd 
<tf  the  live  oaks  avte  firom  12  to  ^  feet  m  circ^mieifence,! 
apd  contain  a  prodigious  ouantity  of  ^mt>0lr«  ihf  ii 
mmlDa\j4  is  general^  100  feet  hi^,  and  mmww  htftbem 
1^P«#ei3»  afjB^w^llW  ejrtr«Bilyi«f  tiif  <M^Bft9t(0S| 


mim-iwM^lM 


lies  Jildii^  tife  l^^y  widKHiB  1^^^  it  ol  ifn  ob* 

Kmg  foiznv    The  iH^y  ou  whiolir  ibe  to#ii  Mi^i^  imp  #- 


Miiiccii 


t^ll>£l£anV4tta^kinditdWlidlihe:i^ 
|roviii0ef  io  NdirtJiwAmMior,  which  are  il^im  Po 

160,  an#  #iiatekmhi)  mUm  al>^«ii}xdivt<^Nb  into  22  ^roviii^ 
0*£»»«^ii#iA«^ ' ft<|yii&iiisl^  o»  tl»6  wetlcaii  sidi^'  <ff  the 

QkhMOei    f  he  <iliiiiftte  tif  thii  eatt^nsiye  coufili^  &  iraH^ 

Inttise  imd  anheiftthy*    i^im^  vl^  wi%  ^M)|^rijif  vtif^^ 
liteafr  to^hil^niOttiiiliiiSi,  ik>i$lcb  f^ ^^Ej^Hitto^  <!t»ivi^  1W 

I  MoHntmmand  Rkm,  *the  Imi  is  in  great  |»art^  abni|^ 
Wid  mountainotu^,  oov^red  with  thick-  wools,  ami  'wat^^ieA 
[With  Ijiifge  wvers.  Sosae  af  these  rmi  into  the  gulf  M^^Sfex- 
pco,  and  otheiii^4|)<^  the  Paeifie  ocean*  Axno%  the  fitst  are 
[those  o^  Alvarardo^  Goat^acualcd^  and  Tabasco,  ikinbog 
^elatterititfab  i^rGuadala^i^  or  Greats  Hver. 

Severed' <^1iie  JBd\!u»(iUii8  In  IdeiEf^^^^ 
^  Lakes,-  There  are  seveinfi  lldcei^  ^ich  at  once  en^#' 
ask  |h^  country,  and  faeiUtalfe  its  comniereili  The  lik<^ 
if.  NicaifwuB^  ChiipaUan,  and  Paisaqttajpa«  are  a!noa|(  ^le 
'^rgwt.  Tlt^  lakes  Tetaiico  and  GnalcO'^^  ©cctipy  a^|*eit 
'oi  the  Vide  <^  lil^cdf  irhieh  Is  the^^]l^  t^a^^ 


ii 


;!i!i:'|.i!i!i 


ill! 


«ty  of  Mexico  itandi,  on  an  iil^ndia  tlilf  Kike*  Sl '  * 

4K»  alM^'4h4oret;df  aknosl  erer^  gr«it  ^'etyj 

if^0l0tb.i '  llMre  aro  entite  mduntains  of  loacUtom^^  4mA  »-| 
mon|^dth«rir»  «Be  v«iy  con8i<len)ble,-^ti^tweciii  TcoOi^laii] 

idt!iM>coUDt»y«reiii|$r^iNrj^in8nyfo^  di4br*j 

mi  !^alkiei*.v  iWretf^niiik^-u  8ulphQraii|y  iritrio- 

Ne,  aod  iJiiaiinoiis  mineral  wafers,  Bome  ot  wluch  issuie  so 
]iot^,thatin^,8hort  t'^aa  ai^.ktnd  r€  fcuit.  or  ai^allbodj 
in^^o-boUed/itt:theqi#r^jr'''^r-.VJ^--v. .  :v-.  ^^r  -.    ■■'•■■^■'  "*".'•%•[[ 

l|ltl«  ^iler  &moQttt,^toQ9ji>  not  4l«»U^i^^it!9>  '^r  taste  i| 
pnupiogi  Ifpiii  1^^^       takeft^inbrota^w  in  gruel  lal^tf^J 
li^ilip  j^n^iiueie  ^txio«|^^  '^  4^l^oi^c»>  i«d  am 

^^  <i9i>arkfAte  fuceesa  ino^  fci!fV%K;t . 

'    t^^^ftAili^;    Ho^evef  plentiful  ka^'  tiiibk^*  niliierii^  1^^* 
dmi  ^tMi^ytko^  rmf  Mis*  thia  vMn^We^  j^i^iig^Qiii  i«:at4| 
||ioi]|;  yj^QttSf and  ab«ii(|||lt^ v^j^/  p^  do90ii^  ^1 

Mr  iiaturai  bistorV)  abotil^  I^^QQ^i^i^ifial^pl^^f ;  m^ii^  o 

Mm  ps|i^e£^raaat«B^figi^  blai^  j^liernei^^a^ 
jQlli^^  clieimut^;9^R(j^pe»/^^^^^  elm 

.  f^^  pep^T,  tomatr,^}^  pepper  ^  Toba^cpf  akd^  coiiu 
^.yery  ,cpnimoa.#iUkit^ie  lt(03|ici(|lt  ^heat,  bi^k^^  ipeaiJ 
l^iefiitB,,'  an4  V  rioe  have  been  succ^anCii^  cu)|lys^$^;,iQ  .  * ' 
amp^,  . With reapectto, plantsi tduc^^eM^i^^^^e  n 
slaaj  gitias,  pilar  oil  juices^  uuicm^V^M  Mipxico^  i&.^ng« 

^^%^v  Of^^df|ip^e<cb^4kfiil9 Jaavebeen tt{iiigpp|t«d i^ 
to  th{8.«ooiitr^lui^K»s»  a^se^Kbtiiti^^^  gpaUf  Ikogfi^dog^ 
4d4  Keat8r,,|(;hu)h  vha$%  f^U  nmltq^ed^  .QCthe  qti^i^upedi 
,uil#>froai'tinie4Rinies^p^  bave beetiiii^ecDiiQti^i  somi 
are  Ooanm*n.|^  b^^  1:]^  eonlinenta  o|>4W^{^  9|j|4  A^erlj 
j^a,;  TODie  p^diai^  tol^ei-  new.wovldj  Qtnera  ryitjVea.oigly  " 
4^e|icing4&m  of  M^co^   T^    IWQtenft  quadrupf^V  <29$ 


,^liif«  staM*  biKto,  %iia  |ii«lW^ge)rji,  polfer  caU,  #ti.«»» 

ica^  betWe  tlte^  x:ie«noti  of  t^liifiriDa,  wi^^conqiiiittd  at 
fthoat  7,0(yt>,6d0,  of  wh6m  »hW  aboriguial  i^iiidiaiii  wer« : 

4,000,000.*  -.■,-  ••■'^■■-    :  ^'  .■      'r';j,;,  ••Aj       ,^. 

0m}tmment^    Tlit  eiVil'gOtferhlBeiit  i»:M^^cer#  idniHii-- 
btered  by  ttimmals  called  atMi^ees.    tn  f hue  €0ttrfB>  the 
li^^terdl^  or  tli^  Klhg  of  S^atii^|ri^d[de8^    His  empUmfieilt  48 
the^^eaClit.truAt  and  po#<^f lijf  CathoHc  Majeftjr  bat  at  his 
tiii^il^^iu^d'  is'p  g0vev«^nt.jetttru0^  to  • 

aDy'subJeidt  in  the  world.    TJi^  ^6^tsi10cm^^^^ 
is  ti^/O^Slvm  ii  unit^ttiled  Ita^    ,  ; , 

[  mSihii^  %  Spaniards  baVe  ^irod^^  h^  ihek 
fbrmis  i^retigbn^  asVv^U  asofgoYctnuQC^  The  dhmstbiei, 
ehapcls^  aad  oonvenU  are  veryni^nierous,  aajA  rid>|y  O^na- 
ne^t^ed.  The  |)iiiMt8;  mOi^b,  fbd'nW*  of^lord^  |ni(fce 
a  filHt  io^^^  ^hitoliihabiU^  bdtHrh^^  omem^'' 

of.S^aiiwH^Ataferica»^:;5^5^'a^v^:un  ■       '■-:/t'^;^:£?: 

emi^   Mit^ic&iA^m^^in  AQ>er%  of  l^l^^ 
we  b^^i  any  accoii^i;  iti  fouifdaiion  being  dated  ap  :%r 
badk  as  lS25u    it  i^'s^tiiated  in^-the  Vale  of  Mexico,,  on  phr- 
cral  lilanidsvki'I^k^^T^  26.    fhi$ 

vale  is^utrounded  Wi^  lofty  atid  verdant  inooDteuns«  iMid 
&rd)eri3r  coMiilned  40  emiiiei^r  cities^  l>esldea^t^^Mgeiv  and 
ismiietsi  ^  iJbneeritin^  ^  ^p^g^^^t^i^^  city, 

thete^^c^  va^^^nfion^,  '^Hb  fiistOnan4^  inoet  to :  be  if « - 
|*B6d  ott,  «ay^t1i«t'it  Was  nearly^  miles  in  4r<^  . 

contained  i^vrards  of  60^000  bouses,  c(n)l|tining  eacb'^oni 
4rt6  10  Itthabittiut^^^  %  a  Igi^  ac^curatc- eimmerat^HH  naade 
by  the  Jfia^totatfes  apd  ■  linettfr^t  ^ear§  that  thfe^p^el^e^^tt 
mjiftber  of iohabitaiit* exceeifi  2i)^0€K).  #   '".,  •*    ;- 

'The;i)aildittgS  are  ot  stone,  and  the  ^^9lblic^  edifices,  e«- 
'||edialty  fhb  ehurchbs,  are  niiOj^iilit^nt,  The  city  coKittump « 
mrtiea!#  Wedth;  and,^  ttm  inland,  carries  on  eacteosive 
^eommeii^a v#itb  l^urupe,  South- Aiodrica^  and  the  Ma^^In" 
■^&8'l[^Jn(ie^a|ii  ^li^■■fe'^Jf)i^■■:Cr|^  the;east^';fnd  :A«^^- 
<K)  On  t^e  ^irgRt*^'^^  t^^  inhabjtaiifs  of  j^ico  ^pw 

ilotlitd  lb  iik;  their  biu  being  adorned  with  belts  of  geld ; 
X2- 


mm 


j       i 


888 


.  V^J?.* 


,      ■    i'lilH'ltlii 

iKii!!  •iilii'iiii'' 


mdtmOie&hf'^eMe.    lt^i«!  a  mart  fqr  at|[4%j||i^Qhan. 


u^pl  a{y«, J>^»|  ill  Ij^X*    *^  J«  an 


iiAi^eVirt'lar^e'i 

-^Tli#te  fre;  many  Mix  litg^  cili^  i^  J 

«ii#|dfC#S^Ma.  ^  _^ 

lWa^./;lPl^fe  empire  of  Mexij^ifa?  9]if^edby€^i:tes»J 


mmt  poweifuJ  B^naii?liLaf itil¥  1^  This^^ortij- 

tiate  prince  i^i^^^  sfti^aifl  kipf 4  ii>x  his  ow^,  ^eil|0Wi^»  Ji 
iiaxeviimixtiti  Xo  tnttieateJ^i^^taee  tor  thie  insults  la  iad  re< 


mi 
re-p 


Uiitetii^iilg  xo  mitigateilm^  |age  ^r  |Iiie  i 


fipmwmmifx^' 


mi 


,09aU,  iij«.Moiir«uffwer«  o?^cyi;i^  by  tbe  jtamt^  nS  tko 

ii}ifi»lore  |ji»  permission  %o  reveal  the  secrtit.  .  Hut  t^ff  ii9<i)ig- 
n^  prince  Te|itroafi^d  If  it  w^bUuf^espi  by.  «il(iing  bi9>t  '*^  Am  » 

t^  persev^od  in  aut^  fMence*  end,af^.  Ci)rt«»,.«fluMa»  . 
cd  of  a  scene  •oborifi4»  prolonging  iheHfe  of  l)ieKo«4l  i^  . 
^m^  fop:  new  ind^gnitiey.. ,  H^  wa^  «d;erwarcU  bang^  ; 


aSirrH-AMERICAi. 


THI»  ^Jvin^  f,  i4meric%,  ia  mi  exWnlive  peniaVnfa^ 
jqpied  to  i  .o.  tiK  ni  diyi«LOi>  by  ^  Utlglaai^  of  Darijeni 
'  MMeiiif  <M  J  .  Vtkierii^^  extend^  ftom  atoiit,  the  i^t|v  < 
dt^gree  nehl .  «.ne  54th  degree  of^  ^outh  )ati|iide,^^iNlh*  - 
out  ii^^ludin^.  thie  iftUnU  9^.  Terras  del  FvegQ  ;  maii^  >  .. 
lc(.,  H  of  about^ 4600 ^ea.    It«^xtr«ine.  breadth  iffMi(^.-) 

C/i»iaff.>^lfie^chaia|tft  of  ,Soii|ivr=AHWerii»  haa  ^gisoaf;. «»-  . 
fifties.  ,tn ^^eiouthero .pw^ ^hQ JnhabitafKjbi  voxperiince 
leveref  fropti%'  aii^aHpoftt ^fSj^rpetiia}:  wwjtpr, -  hyjh»  tonvi 
zone,  the  mpiilKtgijis  are  fO  lonyr  tha(  the  greatest  utcon- . 
veniehce  iathe,  ^xtremei-cQlfl  of  th#.  inountaiii9#  .and  -^• 
niQJikure  of  jl(b&  plains.^,  yhe.  provinces  coiit%udu|k  t0^ 
eouatdr'are  8ub|^ct  to  excessive. ^jj^itx  aod:to,  *ioi«»t.i^f^«^ 
^jTwiii^lbundipri  )ind  Jightnip^^^^^ 

Iraeif  a;(*A«Co»»ir^-iJThe  face  of  this  counti^iaL  oveiv 
spread  with  mighty  rivers»  which « flov  thypugh  imiM^se 
tracts  of  verdure. aim  fi^rtilityvv  Ilie^sea  coast  j«  veTy-iitK 
t]f  bl^okenjb^  gulfs  or  jnlcf^,  except  sucl^  as  are  fnfm^^yjir 
the  tasi^tlM  bTthe^rivei^  Though  a  (^jontry  of  spacidUa 
|ilainsl  Its  'aiouht^s<  aro  the  most  r lody  jo  Uie .  glQh|» ;  and 
m  volf^f^o^i  w|tti^;jKre  num«c9!»^  9rje  t«i|ibW      '     "^ 


f'iiiiij  it. 


'-'it 


■lVf:f;i 


HP:. 


■f, ,;! 


m 


mi^mA^imttTit. 


:WI 


j'lil 


tihtf  )i%hcit  point  in  Out^dtAiii;;  ndirhr.  Mtti^  ilie  MlAior. 
il  S0i«8Q  4cet  «bov^  tltii  |e^  Wiho  iiih  ind  8000  i^i 
III  jher  Chiin  toy  moub&f«i  fa'tlfe  cifltcle^  JiiM4>^ciro.  ■  Cli^ 
tadasiv  A't^AcftitfOj  SMI  nittcs  80uUi^a»t  of  (hm(*>i  ili  18;^60^ 

fwstitt  height..  V       , 

Thttfe*  ar^  ofchier  rena«c]||;abtti  cHahir  oTmounltiniv  biMide 
lilt«  A&a^;  Whl^  HiQ  hfo^i4^c*rifo^ed«f.".^'rhefirBtiB  that. 
#lf  tlito^litoMiiern'^iQaitf  beHroeh  lime  and  Urn.  degrees  of. 
«ldiilij4iititua<»/  The 'htg!it«t  (JN^nts  6^  tl^s  bhainv  are  U 
•r  15j000'^eet  ibbte  the  t^vtA  of  tha'  aei.  Sevtftjl  6f  ft« 
Mimmits  are  oovera4  with  perpetual  8now»  and  often  |>i>ur 
down  torrents  of  boiilug  sulphureous  water; . 

The  second  ran(|;e,  or  ^hat  of  I^arimtL  between  tihi^e- 
and  «even  degrcies -ho^hJalitude,  Uk  hnt  little  known.  It* 
stretches' from.,  the  Andus  eastc  towaxds  t^opayauv  foi;ming, 
nomerout  cataracts  in  the  waters  of  the  Oronoko. . 

^llhe  lihird  i^tt;  or  that  of  Ch>q^itoi» .  twites  -  the  Atod6s>< 
af  ;Ferti  ^and  CMii  •  nUth  the  m^itntains  6f  Brasfl  and  Fa^rlt^ 
.  gait3r.>;  Tlif^  hi^jy^t^^^^^ttpmiHt.  ^je  faetween.  15  an4  20  de-- 
gjfwasaoailhiatituda..  '  ''' 

iJLmlm. .  8ott(ih-.Af^riOa  hhs  na  inland  8eat»  and  bat '  fe^^ 
\ike^  and  those  ai;e  anaall  c^mimred  with  the'immenide.' 
lakes  of  l<0rth-:An^£fia*t^.  In  Ama^nla  ahtU^azil;  iht^e 
are  none.*.  Titicaca^  in>F«ru,  is^e  most iimportiriit' piece 
i^^waterJki  SiMiXli^iAlfnettea;  itstfign  is' oval,  its  cnrcuid*- 
ftraace  about  240  mflesy  tod  iCi^depth'70  or  SO^tiioms.  > 

J2i)ber.^./ The  rivet.  AmaxiM,  eaUed also  this  Marag^^ 
is  •  the  largestr  rive^ .  in ;  the  Worlds '.    A  Aurnber .  6f  "ivieH 
jiNihkU  x\x&  do#n  #ith  amazing,  impetnosity  from  th^  ciest- 
em  diocUifity-  of  the  -  AndeSv  unite  m  a  spacious  plaih^  lind'.  I 
fOi'to  this  noble  river. .  In  itAi  tfogitisi:it.  i^ni;  s!m%iirds 
ftottL  wtsBt  ;t9  eaHt  across :  Seufa^ America,!  and  f)iUt~  mto  the 
Adantie  oaean  j^ndfnr^i  th&  equator^  by  a  n^bnth' :  150  miles 
hieoad.    It .  is  h^te^'f^i'sed  with  a  vaftt  numbei*^  dt?  islands, 
«iiiidi'ftr«  -too  ollen  overflowed  to  admit  of  «tiltorf . .  ^me  | 
oftha  rivisrs,.  wliichfall  inifttt^  aee^  veiybro^d  aiidd^^ 
fl^icm^  of  these,  ffom  th^  south  ami  southiiiBest,pr4KWdi' 
«ii^^fro9»  the  mouUi  west^Murd,  are  Uragua,  parafmar  Mtf- 
dfiira».^BurQ«i,  Yul%,Yulaciha;   Ucayal.    From  the  "^"^ 


riofit  iirii^ed  with  biwrltwf  lMr»'6^^^  .^ 

The  wciba  finr  lil'tM  it^  RIV^  UWmt  PfKhm 
of  Silver.      It  •  llM ;  iitt^  tN  jAdktTo  ^«fii  l^ftfe^ 

river,  the  ■hot«  t^nnot 'W  •eeii  Initt  !&»  ttiididl^  i^;th|v 

stri^jEttnii'- '        ,.  . 

It  ii  chiefty.  ci)niDt»i^d  ortir^ 
,  anc^  Parinsi%  'fie  a^igi^i^'S  ait<ipS^^ltftiH^^ 
i  are  >f  i  petrUyrng'  qiial%'ahd  iiii  i&&  to  wi^  1^ 

'flaMiEeuiDfftmldaUc'tk^        f  /i-^  • 

considered  bbwever!  as^ha^ng  iiiant'#iW%'  IbniRid'^'^^ 

river  18  irmackabIfe:fo)Fiy  re#^t<^  ^^'^^^^^litt*^^^^^^ 

in6iiai8;|gadr4u4^|the$iaHj^^         «, 
iP^ola'.  Q^tbt}§  r be^lii  i{riAiaII/1i>t^liltt%^ 

its  greatesi'dlininatuKi..  Ifr^  aiierihilet^bii^lil^ 
^  and  WariaWe. .  :^  ," 

The  QtJwr  rivers  oflBouth> Anierieai  l^lo^ft more  IBm(*»» 
ticular  di^cta,  b  the  description  o#  whfcfr  th^  fviff  be 
noticed* 

ima|Is.qf  d^t|^Aiiu^rica»  ei^Mbit  0il;iut^e;generic  aiid;  lfii»»' 
cific  dlftjrences  ftpm  thosis^m  the  p|d  wortd,  thiitc  IfSSPe 
mentioned!  '^  the  account  of  the  lunrth^rn. ,  portidtef  of  ;ihis 
contlaent^  but  arefstll^  more  numerous  and  luxv^riaut  m- 
gi[;pwth^. jl)k.  cpnse^f^^^^  o^  *^e  greater urarnithvioiB  the  jdi- 
Biate.     In  ai^neroi  vieW,  it  may  be  retip(fl^?d\tliat;j^iNP 


,*WFr^'f^«^ 


'V:.:Ji.. 


iA:-^. 


lit 


larity  to  kmcif  in  ^^#l|i^  woridj^  M  we  inf4rio)[f.^ 

tijpidi^us  ib  ^e  t^ir ;  Oie  J^oi;!  iii  the  puin«^  dr^||(|^if  r 
e  li^Ai^  ill  ^  jfif^^  tt  ii  aUvnaed,  ^p^ever^  ^^ 
<hi^  ^<^Stli- Ad^pu^  tiger  w  w  la^e  and  formi^iiil^  aoy 
%i^  of  i^K^y  whtiteyer*  Moi^lcey^  m  extn@in%  nunierauir 
^d  viti(>U6  iti  tlie  Ameripm  ^eits,  aad  t^re  is  §  |;reai^ 
vaipiety  of  the  i^jiirFel,  wesus^y  is^  eppossuin  iribei.  The 
lb  i^lj^cUw  of  tite  pluin^  of'thirbirds  ia  oaly^Talled  ky  tl«ajt 
i^thi^biids  <»i'#(^  Th^  «er]^nt$  a^  lal^aioM  0*  lis 
#|eam0  ajad  mari^  eiM»inou^  inagnitiiiie.    mtiie< 

iilUc  treip»ur^»>  it  is  Well  known  ta  surpass  every  tegiat^ 
thatofMex4co_^rhafijbJii<^  ^ 

•  IHvUions,  The  wSole  of  this  eJcttensi^e  ^oun^,  f  X<:e|> 
t§iat  (occupied  l^y  the  aborigines,  was  lately  divide«f  into 
^olonipi  gevernuieQf«>  belonging  to  Sciftia,  Portugal)  Hoi-' 
llrod,  asia^attce.  The  iKisgessions  of  Hollaud  an4  France 
Hkve  fdien  tj  Engfeind.  Sonie  of  the  provinces  of  ^j>aih' 
haf  e  4^^teed  themselves  inde|^ndent,  iEiad  ptfiers  are  ;in  k 
Bt$tp«f  revolt^^^ahd  iif  Sp^n  i*  subdued  will  certainliir  b|- 
•onwriiictepenfli^  .Portiiiial  is  removed  to  Br^jj  *p 
^^J^jovincehas bei^ome^  and ^Pbably  w^l continue tp be,- 
ihf^nci|»«l^;Co^l)itly:*//  '  '    /,"/;.■'■"'•.,, 

I%ie  .^^i^pish  ieiWiories  are  divided  mid  vJceroyaltips,! 
fl^c|l^^j9l  fi^ovlnces^^  goyinninientfl;  d^rtx&bnts,  and  mis-' 
4|riii,  «,p«fishesjVestahisbiid  among  ^  Indians.  TV 
#numerAtinn  ofthem  is  upniefcessii^  Tphe  grand  diVi^oto* 
a»4  ^fe*«e.  v4cer^tjiw  f  that  of  SeW-Orana«to,   on.  tl>e 


.  •»"' 


TTIEnortfierhHiosClffo^incf  ©rfSoi^-Amerii^^^  isliOO? 
IBi^ vlPhgi  and(700  broad^.  pifluated  between  the  equator 
saiid:iS?  likltti.  and  between  i5«^  E..  and  7^  W.  len.  It  is 
facanded  on  the  £..  by  the  AtJantio  oceatti  and  Surinam; 
«.  by  A>^  "nohia  and  Pieru ;  W.  by  die  Pacific  ocean ;  and 
Ni  by  ti  g^vince^  of  Veraguayi >  in  l»'ortb;Aniteric%  vt4 
flhe  g^lf  of  Af^xico^  here  denominated  the  North  sea. 


I,  however,  Uiijif 
!em%  DUinerau^ 

ii)j(i  iribei.    The 
ifr^iTalledkythftt 

Rlligatoir*  of  Its 
;nitude.  tatoe^ 
ft^.  ev^  tegioiy 

tdiy  divided  ima 
,  PortugaU  Hoi- 
iUand  and  France  I 

rovihces  of  ^paip' 
ndotfierfaTeink 

will  certwnly  W 
^'contiouetaFber 

liitd  viceroyaliiw,! 
tttinbib,  and >ii«-' 
he  Indians.  The- 
e  gruiid  diyi^oW^ 

h»:^e^.5:'f^:¥ 


-Aiaerieii;  i»  1400' 
;ve6n  the  tqas^^ 
17.«  W.  l«n.-  Iti» 
MBij  «nd  Surfnaw ; 

npacific  ooeap-;  and 
[^jrtb^Amtefica,  «*d 

^brthsea. 
Eiiarti,:  b«a«» 


ft%asJie  first  mrtpt  th^  contlneni  cUKdvere^;^  Cpluj^ 
bus.  It  is  divided  into'  (h1e  jp^<^incf8  ^  Teifrii  Firuna  prti^ ; 
pef^  or  t>arien/  Carthikgenai  St.  Martha,  Venezuela,  Cuh 
maaa,  Pflri^,  New-Gjfan&g,  iiiid  poj^ayain.  T 
of  Oarieo  is  a  narrow  isthmus  that  joins  North  j^m,  $oi^« 
America,  but  is  jgenerally  iteckoned  a  part  oC  the  latter. 
It  lies  in  tike  form  ef  a  crescent  about  the  gr^a^bay  of  par 
fkaraa,  in  the  SOutli  sea,  and  is  4^00  ^liles  long.  The 
breadth  is  usu^ly  cal^led  60  miles  front  north  to  south,  bu|; 
it  is  only  37  miles  bfead^om  Forto  .Be^I>  jto  Fai^a^tui,  jth(^ 
hto  chief  tovrtis  of  the  profiBce..  ,   ,     -       V  ^i 

Ba^s  and  Rivers*  On  tfiRik^hores  W^^  iFacific  ocea|i 
4ire  the  hays  of  Panama  and  St.  Ailichaeil,  la  the  NorU^ 
^a  are  Porto  Bello,  Sino,  and  Guiamu 

ithe  pnnci|$)|I  riyera  are  the  Darien,  Chq^re,  $iaita  M^ 
ffia,  Conception,  and  Oronoko*  A  pa^ci^r  desi^riptid:^ 
qf  the  fast  |as  already  been  ^veix. 

CHii^dte^  i^sif,  iin^  Produdionu  The  clunote  here  is  ft3J> 
tremely  hot  and  sultry-curing  th^ 'ii^oie  year,  prom  Ui? 
month  Of  May_  to  the  4end  pf  >(oyeia^h.er*  fl^e  scnsQci  «aiie4 
winter  bj  the  inhabitants,  is  almost  a  oontinved  succeffsioa 
ef  thunder,  rain,  and  tempests ;  the  clouds  precipltatin|[ 
the  rain  with  such  impetuosity,  jhat  ,the  lo^ -lands  exhibit 
|he  appearance  of  an  ocean.  Great  pu^c  of  .tbis  country  ig 
of  consequence. almost  continual!^  jBooded  ;  <Wftd  Uus»  toge* 
t&er#i^the  exr^einrir^  heat»  sO  impregoail^es  .the  air  with 
vapors^that,  in  mao^  provipdes.  It  \s  ^eff  ^m\x<Ati^afmi . 
Tiitf  soil  in  very  different,  4he^  i^and  pii^tii  J$<po|;  e^trein^ 
rich  and  fertile;  aanid  the  coasts  ^ndy >n4  barren.  It niinr 
ptssible  to  view,  Without  admiratioi|i«  the  perpetual  yei^diOrp 
j^ the  woods,  the  Ittsitriance  of  ^e  plains,  and  jtheitcnfesri* 
ing  height  of  the  mountain^.  This  eou^try  produces  eora, 
JVgar,  ^aeco,  and'&uttsbf4llkin;C^. 

The  desert  ,of  Los  Llamos,  like  the  jSahara  (^  h^xct^ 
is  a  prodigious,  tract  of  barrenness.  For  2000  squf^e 
leagues  the  le^el'  of  the  4:0ilntry  does  not  diiiier  Ave  inches^ 
No  yegetie^bn  cheers'  this  plain  tif  sand ;  serpents  and  r^- 
[jtiles  are'tj^e  ^nly  iuH^bitants  the  traveller  meets,  for  sey* 
id  diB^i 

Chief  fovms*  Cahtragsna  is  th^  p^ncipa]#«9-poit^ 
s'n  19  Terra  Firma.  It  is  situat<^d  on  the  AJtla^Uc  o- 
-^  in  «i«rtk  lattiMd^  10»  Si',    The  bi^  on  whidi  it 


W 


town 


II  i|'iyi|»ijii|il»»  »'ifi;'p»i»»ajmni|>il 


I 
IP 


■:?■; 


m 


m 


lii 

I 


m!.-.:!i 


mM 


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!|;tw 


i:j! 
!i!ii!!i| 


lii, 


I  ! 


^!    !   !' 


:"'-^ 


alaika«;^0  tevtn  ^ii]^  wlj^»  f r^ra  n«th  Ata  w^ ;  4^9IM5if 
4i|iiiiji|  tliiit i^jpi irie  ndmare.^p'tiited  thftii  o^i^  a  riv^. 
':mpn>'«n^  1^1  a^riif  ir^  in  the  modern  itde. 

^Ii(B  fttki^  are  straig)^ :  1t>f  9a4>,  aod  >  weU  paye^*  The 
liQ1l9ee  are  prm0i|ially  .brli^,,^^: oi^  f t^  hi^.  IKhb 
(^jty  Hf  the  re8i4eiice  of  tlie  governor  of  iSe  piro«j^et-<if 
<!artl}agena ;  and4>f .  a  bishop,  whoie  Ajpif i^al  J^Hf^^<i|i9 
extt^nds  ov^r  ;t)ie  •3tdi<)le. j>r0viiic^   ^ere'iB,  here.  alvoAa 

court  of  in^j^ill'Qnk 

J^^^AUA  Js  the  eipfttf  of  iTerKa^^;^^ 
iil^^^iQi^o  liiurdv  lati^de  ^<>  ^,u^ ,  a  cfipado^  Jfy  M 

ytot^.^«^t^ties  iif  goto  'ami  si^ve^,  aiid  otbeF.  n^.in^rmu- 
/^2»e/ ,£i^  ail  piftttf  of  Peru  and  Chili ;  jiere  thejfreJIodg- 
ecl  IP  «tere  hoiii!9i,.tUl  the  proper  ^eiwoB;  ari:||irf;9  Jo^trana- 
|^rtlKeti^''to'Eure]^e*'   ■■"■■■/;  ■■'■\^       ■■»'"'>■■ ', 

"'*'Xl^ti^o  BkLXo  la  situated  elose  to/tiiese^^ofi  a^decliyity! 
^  a  ^oiivibiin,  ^hidi .  ftirrquB^B '.  J»t  mHple  J^arjbioi:,  ,  The  J 
epnveme|)ce  and  safety  of  Jti|i0  hfot^or  it  stich,Jthiit  Cfllwor 
liiis,  i«h^  first  dpcovered  it^  gaive  it  the  nm^eotl^ptioJB^h 
^oiitlryin^Vf^pMa^y  in  north  latitii4«^^^  $% 

Ll£^S  idii^ifff  Teirva  .Hro^,  «B^  jti^ 

aoitilil^ir  ChQi,  eie|t  ^^  ther^^E^dea,.:^^^^^^ 
se^Miirapng  itfronv  AMe^a/  >IVH^/b«it)veen 
akd^^  s6ut^  latiti^de,  add  threads  betwenJ5<'  east  an^  6*1 
west longtibdd, ..tli9!ti|di its hreadth^iaTliuim placeniore;'^  ~ 
500  miles* 

\Dtt»)»oit«.    Pehi  is  divided  into  ^ree  .pravinioes,  Quit 
lai^^  jind  Lps  ChailCQa.  ,^  v    i       > . ,    . 

^  ?'  |{tt)er«;    Th^Antdapn  rises  among^Jilbel An 
^^Sut  cUrects  ita  course  edj|tward>  ^rpugh .  Aniaaonia. 
df  the  rivers  c^  the  Andes  run  into,  we'  AtlAiv^i^a^d ,C8 
hardly 'be  .c<Hisidered  m  belonging  ip^^^eru.    T^iM)  are " 
streams  *of  c<mseau(mc^  in  the  whole  e:^tent  of  reru, 
fiill  into  the  Baeinc  ocean. 
■'*''•'  ^fmaU^^tciitiiin^  to  the  local  disposition  dfthe  couoj 
try,  its  high  or  loir  situation,  we  find  in  Pera  all  Ihe  ifl ' 


FBOTV 


iMmoi  temperature,  from  the  extreifte  «f  i^^t  i^'^td idf 
hcotd.  The '{)it$itks  Mate  temperate,  the  beticHes  aiid  Valli^ 
t^e  hot,  and  the  mouiitabs  are, covered  with  etei|^a«ub# 
and  ice,  wMle  their  bowels  are  fljunin^with  fire.  'a^'sentA 
part;^  of  Peru,  it  neVer  raifts,  which  defect  -is  «i^ied  l^  -ft 
gentle  dew, 'which  fallr every  tught,  .  Other  jj^uffirc'Vi^C^ 
ed  bydraadful -tempestSi  thunder,  and  lighlwng* ' 

SoU  and  Productions.    The^i»land  parta/are  fertile,  httt 
the  sea  eoo&tiB  barren.         ;  ,  '"^  '-    '-^ 

This  country  produces  frurts-pecuKar  to  the  climate, 

and  most  of  wbse  in  Europe.    The  culture  of  maize,  ojP 

I j)tt9ento;  aild  ebtton,  whrch  was  found  estaSIiihed  there. 

I  has  not  been  neg-lected ;  and  that  of  wheat;  barley,  cM^- 

■  va,  potatoes^  ^ngat,  and  of  the-iottVe  And  vine,  itLilettcUll 

Ammak,  The  most  remarkable  animals  In  t^is  cooMry 
^  lA^he  Peruvian  she^c^ed  l^imasand  vicutinas.  ^*^m 
llama,  iA  several  particulars,  Wsembks  the  -camel,  aa  iijk 
I  the  shape  of  the  neck,  head,  and  some  other  parts  ;'lrtit 
\kaM  no  bmc^f  tff^tmuch  smaller,  sasA  4s  cloven  footed.  It» 
Upper  ;{p  is  deftj  11^  mk  of  «%§*te,  thrvmgh  which,  whe* 
l^ta|edf-  it  ipits(  a  voil^Htdfis' ju!<*e,  liiat  inflatnes  the  paHT 
ltltodbJ<h.J!f^lBj»J«lfe^Ooi,  #ithwhidi  it  is  coverecf  ift 
|l#d^e»e)lt  coloi^4>at;  ger/eraily  brown.  These  arihu^ 
Isre  generally  docile,  so  diat  the  Indians  use  them  as  'breastir 
ifhurdtiia.^  Tbeir  fle^  is  Isateerhtd  preferable  to.m^tton* 
jThe  Vic«imia  resembled:  the  liatna  in  shapte,  but  fs^mud^ 
erj^'iabd  its  ^6^'shmm  and  finer. 
Mims^  Natui^  lie'^^  effeied  to  the  aridity  <3f'iinahHiRl^ 
pa  any  country  on  the  globe,'  suifth  rich  nMn***'  is  thosr'of 
'■**«<*  'Tl«»%  are  ^  A*^rert  ^^^dia  ttia^s,  hot  '^ose  bf  :88v«^ 
ibuitd  all  over;. tile  country.  Those  of  Potest  at^  Ihlb 
«tceteb*ated.'i         '■   "'     -.     •  ^         .  ' 

€iiws  and  fx^wm,  Thd  ^ity  of  LtMA'  \k  the  Capital  df 
Peru,  ahd  Of  the  whcAe  Spanish  limpirfe'  in  South- America 
it  is  seated  in  a  d^ight^al'  v^UeV)  two  l^kgUes  from  m^ 
•sa ;  and  is  twa  mil^s  long,  and  one  broad.  Tber^  atib 
lany  magnifldenfedifi^es;  particularly  chur(:hcs,-  in  LidEia.. 
It  is  said' to  contain  54^iOOO  inhabitants,  who  are  imihei&si^^r 
Hch;  All tri[iveil«rs  t^e&k  with  ttmaJsenrentiof  Uie  dei^siii* 
Hons  of  gold,  «ilver,  and  precicKtl  |toneS|  tv^li^hr  ioiitt'^ 
Tails  of  Uve  chttTches*  - 

•  U, 


Ivrnffim  I  l»^i«i  i.  «i '  U  tfcif I  *M 


mif 


iMi 


li'i 


tl 


b  ill! 


X. 


!  >  Cys^t  thjB  SAetent  capital  pf  ,fi»t%^j^fmhm  tm^k^^^ 
:|j!i^i|i«ttPtaihouf  county,  iMivA  iustance  from  the  mut  a^ 
IlliA  %iaig  l)e«»i  o^  the  decUiie^'jbut  iin  yet  a  veiy  coosiderabie  J 

^(lib  1*9  netxt  to  Ltmaj  Id,  papulation^ ,  if  h^A  iu|)erief  .|# 
i]t    It  is.like  CuacO)  an  inlarid  city. 


cjiip 


.  IP(#)|1^DS ,9long  <^e:  P;ax;^c,,^Cfani  fl;<>^ 
Agm  hpiitijd^y.  of  Peru*  in  Ifillt^de  ^4  degree*  90uth»  io  tjbe  i 
.^tkd^^^i^t  being  J4iS0^^^i^^  t^  breadth  is  abdut  2^r 
miles.  Cmx  has  Paraguay^aiid  ^uctiman «a8t,  aitd  FatiK* i 
gon^aoi^h.  ,  Jt  .conts^n^  $78*000  square  miles,  to  thisi 
ii»«it  he  lidded  Cuyp„.;or  Qij^Oi  east  of  the  Andei^  i96! 
niiiei  loitg  and  :4Q2  .brps4  icbntfunibg  1#^  a^iunrsj 


\%  Clinufie  and  Soil,  W»6  climate  lof  Chili  is  ^epe^e^lht^j 
liaoat  delightful  .in, >the  f^<)r|d»  b^ig^  a  i^edium  l^twee^^^ 
ijt^irj  i^tens#  h^at  of  the  t|(>rrid>  wad^  t>bi^^ing  .cold  «f  tiie| 

itry.wii  re. the  soil  is  not  exuberai|t]y  fi^.  r CJb^ iiJ' 

V        dnifual  and  Vegetable  Prodw^i^ii*   '*^^q\i^ 

Jtt^Ifa,^f  ChiU  are  in  grea^  ,est<^H^  r?^  sbeep)  aqt 

gofi^  are  fatened  in  th^  lux^i»(^  /Dif ,  eoas| 

a^imdv!!^^ ;P>aQy  excellent  ^jf J^itihe)^Have  also  yttfi^^'i 

''o«ri  of9r)Md^'aQdjieA.w  ■'■-'.■  ■•j-;-\:: '■..  .r.^  4^:  •  >a 

,|prm«,  a^d  fdlpthe^fi^Jis^    iThe  Europt^ao  J^uit  J^i^ 
#tlum^^^^^^  be  firopped  to  ejMdxte  |h^  to$iMttaimt|i^%#ii, 

*^tiAwfr"^t*    Orange^tieet  afe  »  bl^^pn, ,a!^v,l>^^i] 

J^oUghout  d|#  y^aJBi  <  ^he  iato^iaili^^^^     ltin4;or  n^u 

',Clidin^  l^i«0  fro^  tlie  grapes*  fi^ft%^,^^^^^  tfaii 

.   ''df^d'<^iulauid9'UL^%dn,.' •  ■'■  / 'i.,^     ,,./:< .r,'s(-^  ■ 

.  0iiripf»,  M»J»«*f  4jf  gold,  s^ye^f^|(y|>p#>  tin,  qtticksUi 
ifpa^  aiK^  leadiJMnw^  in  thia  cquntijr.  (Vast  qmintities 

vt4)l^^t« ;-  tlie  annual  |mou)3t  of ,«rhr^h,  F^9  inHmi^ctl 
is  e«tiamte(A  at  iia  i«jps  th|«^^^ 


BlJEifis  A^ET 


irholtvi^erief  > 


t'^ojmmfkmkmitu^-^j^  inim^^cr  white 

MiabitttQti  in  ChOi  was  reduw^d  at  80^  ;   ne 

Thtt  oiimbei'  |ia^  since  jnueit  ioeeeaKd.  The  nuMi^  ii 
1702«  wtonnted  ta  15^^  uueag  Thijir  iBdisins  1A0  «g 
nM  lubject  to  thrSpaai^  yoie,  are  very  h(iii«»iin<4U^ 
comotercial  transftctioiur ;  they  live  in  small  huts.  *rh% 
are  brave  and  warlike,  and  alk  the  attenonta^of  ttja  %a|iu||^£ 
ta  sxibdiie  them  have  proved  ii^ieflectHali^  ^  -1^ 

Tqwis,  St.  J4G0,  Uie  capital  bt^Chlli,  a?id  the  teat  df 
gGvernojerit,  is  90  miler frmri  the  ocean,  aud  24  ftom  thd 
Andefi,  It  id  alar^,  han^bmd  place*  It  contained;  in 
177^»  46,00a  inhabitaritt,  whidi  have  since  increased,  And 
trades  largely  with*  Buenoa  Ayi^Si  Thife  inhabitants  are 
said ^  be  remarkably  pdjite  atid  b^pitaWe^  Vacpa^rai* 
id*  the  port  of  Sti  iJagb,^  igfihe  M^i.i*^cchtjrafer<jiid-  citf  iii 
fhili,  lat  33  3  S.  t^ow^jEri-WN  is'the  second  dty  i^^ 
in  GhiU.    Itrhad  13,000  inhabi^ntS,  id  1776.  W 

Valdivia  standi  between  the  rivers  Callacalless^d 
Portero,  where  they  fall  into  the  Sojath  sea.    It  was  buili 
by  tiie  Spaniards^  in  ISSl,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  dtitt 
:'itf  Chiiir  -V- ,.  V-:  ■:*;;  '        ,  ■;'  ')^^\'-^'''  •  ■;  ^v  J .;  ,„^-:_ 

The  chief  town  io^«he  p^cMnce  df  Ctiye  is  St.  J;oiin  iti 


BUja^JSAYRES- 


IS  an  ihl^dcduntty/bcrunded  north  by  Atna^enia,  dist 
ly  Braail,  south  by  Fatagoni^,  aad  west  by  Chiji  and  JP^ 
|Hexte«ds  fjmat^  to  37"  S;  lat.  ISOO  miles  Mfe,  and 
1 1000  broad.  Thii  extensivfe  cooctry  hifis  i^eln  (^tdleitw^ 
iniBu*  naifadB.  While  attayiedr  to  Peru,  it  liras  ^j^ledr  the 
province  of  CAawffj^r  It  has  Mneebc^  called  P^^^:^, 
jaiid  La  Plata:  a  name  which  it  took  fjfom  tfi^yriver^t»i«  Pia- 
[la.    At  preseiit  the  raoit  coaumm iiSame  is  the  vicfer*)y^ty 

,  i>/t>Miony«    It  is  divided>into'shK  prtivirices,  Paraguay, 
Paratiai  Goira,  Uragua,  Tucuman,  and  Hio  dd  la  l^lata. 
I    RiverL    The  country  is  watered  by  innttine'r^bie  streaina 
land  rivers,  whi«h  too  Ove  «ra)Qd  <^r  hit  Platgi  aii^aay 


„i,   I'lh 


•6mkli6ai^  abated  by  dif^g^k  bft;s«#||.  urbf^h/ g^lP^: 
%»lMt^  jab^M«  «*•  tea  o'-ckwek  i»  tbe  morning,  and 
«9|M^  ijiegraateit  paist.ef  tbed^y.    SyBse  p^m^o^^^ 
fotintaritrb  t»ry  nipiaiftaiQpiiB ;  but  ^»  roany  *the|;»i,.w«i 
C|teQiiv«  and  beaiitifiil  pl^inB,  rwhere  thf  soU  i§  f%^Pjf  pfif  ^ 

.  '  nrodaji^i^  cottony.  lobadcO)  and  the  valtiable  herb  (^  ^ 
1 4r|iguay^v together  with  .a  variety.,^  frawt*,-  l%pr^  ares 
mho  fich,#a»t5riji^.  in  vhicb  ar«  b^e^  sacibteda  «f  cattleij 
liNil  ^i»iiid..tIJie  bidea  «5*^^^  iW*F*^rt  ^xpwted-;^  wfedt^ 

' '  #e Jidj^ilfr  lefi  ^  be  devooifed  >y  tl^^  beasts,  of  the  wfld^^ 

Pars^oay  send*  aimualty  int^  the  klngdPQ»  of  Feru,  i5C' 
«r  aXpO  miles* .  Tbey  travd  oyer  dre&yy  ^ert§.  fpr- t^d 
j^laifce  0f  ^  ortSOQ  leaguess    The  pro*i»^;  of  Ti:«^ma»j 
£imi&h^  to  Pototi^annuaUyj  ,16^  or«l 8,000  immw,  a^^  or 
liOOO  horses^  |>rou^  for^  and  /eared  ikp0u  Ua  own  to^ri- 


, ^  Tp«v»«»     ^UJENOS  AvftES  is  the  capital  ^f  this 

fou^.  Its  8itl|iat»oii,-on  the  .river  La  Plttt%.4aiMB«lt|k|| 
i^DJemmtr  and  the  aw,  temperate.  Iti»,i«gJ^^I^W|| 
Tke  tt)u^iar.'OiSMiai»i«^ts  is^about  30»QOO.  .One^i#itJ 
tl^  Ufm'uk  defended  4>y  a  ibntresi^:  wii^  »  garrison  of  sij^l 
^jliet«»  hnn4re4  tt»^»  The  to#a  atwida  4«0  nai^s  from 
W^§pi^'   f4te  access  up  the  rivfr  is  wry  difiicult.  J 

Movxp  ViojBo  stancU  oo  a  bay  of  the  aame  name^  oq  thw 
t^l^  ttde  ^f  the  wver  I^  Plata,  SO  ieaeues  aboye/iH 
ppnth."  It  lies  ^Mt.^f  Buenos  Ayr^,  and  haa  it^i 


€kUIANA. 


•^'  •> 


y  "J^HE  Intensive  country  (^  6uiaka«.  or  CAr»Rii>iANA«] 
aUt^i^tQa  a&tkg  the  ooast  of  .^ie  A^antic  oce/im.  froi^  M 
moad^  of  tll0  Hirer  Oronoko,  to  Cape  Nocth,  at  ^^  ^mouthj 
ilblbe  AmaaoHtii^,  between  2*  and#  of  n®rri|latitiidfr^ 
and  between  12*'  and  $5^  of  east  longitude* 
iHtisio^.    The  western  part  of  Ait  cotttttr^j  «aUed  »i 


•wf 


GUIANA, 


m 


ihani,  belonged^  lately  to  the  Dutch ;  the  middle  port  t9 
the  ^tiiiich,  ^hoge  capital  wa»  Caybhnb.  and  from  which 
l^e  whole  territory  received  its  nam6i    The  «a«tern  parts 
were  disputed  by  the  French  and  Dutch,  iMit  the  priiif^^^  - 
places  in  the  country  have  lately  feeen  taken  by,  apf  vrt- 
now  in  possession  of,  the  English.  ^ 

Guiana  is  now  ijlivided  into  five  districts,  callfid  Ecfftil* 
QVEBO,  DeMCRARA,BbHBI8CH,  SURINAM ^  andCAYBVXX^ 
The  four  first  receive  their  nam^  from  rivei»,  v^eh  fUH 
through  them,  aod  theliuitfcimi  the<^^  ii|. 

Erance.       '    ■':■"■'.;;:  ;,.i-,  ..■;- :■  ■„:,•,"  •'■^■.^.■, 

Clhitate  and  Season^'  In  ih»  months  of  Sept^mbery  Q^- 
tober,  and  November^  the  climate  is  mUiealtlty,  p$fftie«dar« 
ly  to  strangers.-  Al»undred  milefbuck'^^Om  tneaea  isa 
hiliy  couiitFy>  a  pure,  dw,  wholesoipe  air,  n^ere  a  &r« 
sometimes ..  would  not  be  disagreeable*  The  seasons  were. 
forinerly  .divided  into  rainy  and  dry ;  but  owing,  probably* 
^  th^  country  being,  more  clearod,  aada  iciee,  passage 
opened  fdr  thie  circulation  of  the  lUTy  this  diptiiictioa  b^  io 
a^great meaauro'^ceased^.-  /  v.j -:■..- ■•■^s.  „;:?,■■  .-■ 

^  Bivefi,    A  numher^of  fine  rivers  ppisirtht>9iig]ii  thiseoun^ 
fly ;  the  principal  of  whicb^  are  Essequebo^  teiaam)  De^ 
I  merara,  Betbiscii,  ilhd  Canya^r..  Eisequebo  is  21  mile^  wjdis 
St  its  mouth,  anclk  more.&an  S00>miles4n  length.    JSrum 
nam  is  a  beautiful^  river,  three  qaarterpf  of  a  mile  wide^; . 
navigable  i&r  the  larges  v^sels  12  miles,  imd  foi^sm<di  ;ves» 
I  tel&  sixty  or  seventy  miles  f^rfher;^   Ita  banks,  qui^  to  thft 
water's  edge,  ^ace  covered  twiiV>iever|p«en  'and  mangiefve 
trees,  which  render  the  passage  up  Uia^^iver  ^ery  delighl* 
|ful.    The  Demarara  is  aboi^t  two  miles  wide  at  ittmo^Ui^ 
If^posite  to  the  fort»^    This  river  is  n«tigable  for  veneib  that 
cim  pass  the  barf  upwards,  of  100  mil«9»^- 

S^U  and  Traductions.    Tbe  ^nd  ^ojig  tile  sea  coait  is  • 
low  and  marshy,  and  -Subject  to  imindat^ona  during  the;' 
Irainy  seascmst  •  The  soil  is  extremely  rich jt  p|r94i|oiogcot^ 
ton,  sug^,  tobacco,  Indianicorn,gingerrmdig^  rice,  trmtti> . 
coffee, "and  other  necessaries  of  lite.  ■  In  &»  woodt^atve 
JBoany  8pecj|i,^#~  durable  timber,,  and  others  higlijy  "v^l* 
Oable  for  ornamental  purposes.     This  country  has  nevet 
experienced  Imrricanes,   tliose  dreadful  scourges  oC  the 
Ife^t-lfjiies;  and  drou^tB,-irom  the  UxwuemM  tim-lm^- 

11.2 •  ■    .    ^         -■       =,.../..;•■: 


334 


GqiANA. 


mm 


it  has  not  to  fear ;  nor  has  the  prod.i|ce  ever  been  ddtl^oyeil 
lljr  jii<ects»  flfr'bythek^te'    ,    '  '  ",  ^,^;•4>iV• 

Aitmhkf  Serpents y  Sfc.  Hie  wod^i^aboiiti^  rf  ith  plentv 
«rdeer,  hitt'es,  im  r^%UUf  a  lu  .d  ofb^i^o,  4nd  two  sp^ 
dei^l^lf  %ild  lib^s,  one  of  which  ^tht;  peccat^,)  is  remttika*] 
ble  H^liaTing^oniething  resembling  the  iiavei  qd^^  Its  \3^m 
f  The  woogds  are  iofested  with  sevvr^^  sptoies  of  ti^ert,] 
but  with  np  other  ravenpus  or  dangerous  animals.  The 
rivers  are  rendered  dangj^rous  bv  aUigators.  8cort>ions  ao|| 
tarantulas  are  found  biuret  of  a  large  size  and  great  venom,  I 
and  othec  insects  without  number,  some  oC  them  very  dank] 
geroui  and  troubtesoqae ;  the  torporiiie  eel^alse,  the  toudil 
cfifrhlehi  by  meait^  brae  bare  nan^  Ptainy.  t^ondi^ctor,  bai 
tHe  eiTect  of  II  lEftitdng  etectiic  sho:ik  ;  9erpent!s  alifO*  some  ^1 
wfinch  Ifrievendmbu^V  and  others,  as  ha|.,b^en  asserted  by  J 
ttistey  ct-e^ble  periBons»  axe  IVom  twf^HJf-'i&vt^  to^.  fifty  ifse^l 
long,  in  the  w6ods  are  monjfieys^  dije  •^r«th»  jya<|  palrotrl 
ih'  all  their  varieties  {  S^so,  son^e  biuilb  of  bealitilStlvp;itt^| 
tti«yre*  among  other^)  the  flainlngp,  butfe^w-of  no  sili^ift|i|] 

r  Chief  Ti}iiotU,    '!?ARA^Autvx)^  t^^  ^«?  njrtl^j 

«li  Sui^nani  Mve^l  Ibur  leagueii  froln  ihti  seit^  is  the  prinei* 

Ealtowrn  in  Surinam,    it  contains  abpi^,  2000  >ii^hitei>  on^ 
alf-tiNrhom  are.  Jews,  and  8000  $lavesl    I'lie  houeei  ai^ 
piii!USp0j  of  wood ;  some  liew  ha^  glass  wi|adoyrs,^  but  |e- J 
Aevaky  t^ey  have  wooden^  shuttei-s.    f  he  streetf  are  S|^<;] 
eidas  and  stiraight,  an^  planted,  on  eac{)  sic^  jwith  QlAngd 
imdisamarind  trees;"'^  ;-'''\^^^      .         .''' ^  ' '^Ir' •- ':''^  . '  .^'-'^ 

PmmAHAi^A^t  at  the  iHoufti  of  thB  riyer  of  t2^ same  niunc 
•QiaiiuM  about  1800  W^ite  i^~h4>iti^t8^«^^ 
\  CAYlKii]^  prindpcd  settliemlht  ift  lim  disti^ict  < 

im  ilaii^« ;  it  is  on  ad  islapd  neait  tiie  ctftuit.    It  contaiWj 
1200  white  inhabitants,  exclusiv^  of  the*  garrison. 

Morigim^,    1%<^  inpst  tpnsidei^b^        Uiie  Indj^  na« 
Aoiis  oftxuifitia  iure  the  Canbbees,  theArvaoues,  the  iTaos,; 
oii^  "the"  Galibis.     The  Chwraibes;  o|^  .Caribbees  are  en* 
terpttsingy  ao^  sp  cautidus  of  surpiri$e>  thaf,  they  post  put;] 
gttSlarjfti  smd  centin^ls,  with  as  muieh  ci»Fe  and  art  as  |;h^] 
£iirfi|)^ani^    Tbejraie  said  Uy  haiwe  h4en  ttmii^^ 
bai8#    IW  Galibis  are  a,  pacinc  pem)le  ;  tbt^  aoaniii^Cf. 
lure  haButeJcs  and  cotton  beds,  ana  are  very  ing^mpu$f^l 


81UZIL. 


dS£ 


•ran.  The  Charaibeli  in  the  Weyl-IncOeSi  9re  tli!C>iigbt 
to  4crivfl  their  or^  from  theie  nati<«if;*  j(he  i*5?ii^ 
be*  eC  GiUana  fttjC  fpndiy  cherish  the  trttdltipn  <tf  $ic 
falter  Rfild^h'*  alliaiice  f  anc^  to  this  day  preame  mt 
EngUah  c0lor0,  w9Mch  he  left  witt  wiem  at  AaMiiC  abei|t 
'SQO  years  a^.   "    '"  ^^/:.!7\'' 


rof  t^sameniaic 


cp!VIPEEHEi»IDS  ail  the^  P^rtugueae.  aettlmnti  W 
Amenda,  and  1*  «iti)a|^^4  biLtween  the  equator  and  $S  de- 
frees  aouth  iatituae* ,  A  Hm  <Iriw%  frm  the  wooth  #(  " 
m  Amazea  tQ  |hc  month  bf  the  M  ^i*te,  ,4|i>t  far  fron| 
•he  15th  t^egree  of  £.  loiigitiide,  ^ouM^nearly  cocregpoB^ 
vr'\ih  iti  we^.ter9  .boup4f ryx^ro  .w|iich.  \t  exteiida  eaat- 
wardtoal^oat  40  dygreea  t-M^^  It*  leijgth,  JfeMj  north  M\ 
:H)U«h,.is  2500  miles;  its  Ifiroadth^  700.  .  It  it  aurroide4 
on  all.aidj^a  py.the  mpuUw.  of  i^p  riv^  Amazoil  and  hi  \ 
jPlata  and  the  Atlantic  ocean/  expcptt,  the  west,  where  ili| . 
houndjed  Ify  iVai^zoiiid  and  Jfcho  ^p^ish  poB8e8sioi»a» , , 

Dv^ui  n%  ,  It  has  tliree  grand  divisiowsi  th^  northj^r% 
'w^ich  oAiitainseight  provinces  or  captainihipa ;  the  nud^ 
^ich  has  five  ;aQdjthe  aoiiilLei^n/Wh^  in^ 

I  aixteen  provi^icefti,  ^ 

:^^m^\  liarbph,  and  "kmrs,.  Them^m^lii^ 
PDrnambuce,  All  Saints,  yRio  Jaat^iro,  the  port  Qf  St,  Vi«i» 
•eiu,  the  Harbor  of lGaJlirieI,aP(5  the^^ 
There  is  a  great  iimnber  W  noble  s^re^is,  Which  unite  iritl^ 
th^  Hvera  A^p^i  and  ta,Pia|a  j  ^ew4fe( ;pti|er#rwhich.  ^U 
|4tto  the  Atlantic^oceftf),  ,  ,        ■■■*■> 

Climafe,  Si(Alflajiff  Prot(uctiqn^^  The  climate  of  3raac^' 
|itf^^|e^pftr*jfce;aii4mil^,>heB  compared  with  that  of  AiH- 
|«8 ; ;  owi^^  chitftyl  to  ^thi^  rejreshiflg:  wind,  w|iieh  liwwi 
l^ntinuaUy  frqin  U»,e  se.ft. .,  The.  air.  fa  ^6t,oniy.cboi;  b«| 
l^illy,  through  the  night  iB^  that  th*  ,i>fiti^e9>mdie  a  fir#. 
Nrery  evehm|  in  their  huts,  .  As^  the  rivers  iiJ^thif^iountni 
pnjially  ovetfldw  thieiir  bankii^  and  leave  a  jsort  of  ^i^' 
"•'"^oft  Hie  land,  the  soil,  in  many  places,  is  aniazH^ly  ricli^ 
he  vegetable  produc^ona  are  fn^^  corn,  adgareaiieili^ 


,.uml«,i^f!!?*«-^* 


BftA2It» 


|iV 


iJ'o 


Clicll^t'if  of  ft«e4  color,  hard  aod  dry,  and  ia  chiefly  used 
ia^f^t*  but  not  the  red  of  the  bef;  kind.  Here  la  also, 
Umvtuaw  fustic,  of  use  in  dying  Vellow:  and  a  beautiful 
kind  of  sjpeakled  wood,  made  use  of  In  cabinet  Work.  Hera 
me  five  aifferetit' sorts,  of '(»abn  trees,  soma  curious  ebony^ 
and  a  great  variety  of  ceitoa  trees*. 

This  oountry  abounds-m  horned  cattle,  which  lare  hunt* 
•dfor  their  hides- only,  ^,000  being  sent  annually  intO' 
Europe.  There  is  also  a  plehty  of  deer,  hares,  and  ethei 
game.  Among  the  wild  beasts  found  here,  are  tigers,  por« 
•apinea,  jiaeuveras^  and  a  fierce  enimal  eome^vhut  like  the 
greyhound ;  monkeys.  slothV,  and  the  topirausou,  a  crcti«' 
ti^  between  a' buU  and  an  ass,  but  without  horns,  and  en» 
IJ^tHy  harmlesB  ^  the  flerii  it  very  good,  and  has  the  flavor 
if  Mef.  llicre  is^a .  numberless  varie^  of  fowl,  wild  and? 
tanie,  in  Ihis  country., 

Mitut* .  There  are  geld  miriea  in  many  parts  of  thifi| 
•ountiy^  which  have  been  wrouglit  with  considerable  profitlj 
to  tiie  ffbveroment. .  There  are  abo  many  diainond  roinesi^i 
whidb  have  been  diacoveted  .here;  they  are  of  all  colois,,] 
and  of  almost  every  shade.. . 

Commerce,.  The.  trade  of  Brazil  i& very  great,  and  in^ 
Iteases^every  year.  They  import  4-0,000  negroes  annu- 
•Uh^i  Hie  eiKports  from  Brazil  are  ^i^^^ionds,  sugar,  to<^j 
tecce,>  hidesr  drugs  and  medicines ;  and  they  receive  ia^i 
vetttm,.  wooUengpods  of  all  kinds,  linens,  lates,  silks,  hati,| 
laad^  titi^.  peirter,  copper,  iron,  beef,  and  cheese.  They| 
^ii^receiVe  firdm  Maoeira  a  great  ^U^tity  of  wine,  vine^ 
JMT^  and  brandy  t  aod.fcomue  Azores,  j^5,000  worth 
mer  liquefs. . 

mi^Tmnu^  8T<;SALVAi>oiiJa^t]i^  capital  of  i Brazil^ 
Tllis  city,  which  haa  a  noble,  spacious,  And  commodioi^ 
biEurbor^  is. built  one  high  and-  sleep  rockr  having  the sc 
#1  one  aide, .  and ,  a^iake  forming  j^  -crescent  /on  the  ofher*^ 
Thesituat^-makes  it,  in  a  manner,  impregnable hy  nature;] 
and  thi^  have  besides  added  to  it  very  i^ong,  fortifications  J 
Bis  populona,.  aaagnificient>  andvb^oud  compftfisou;  th«| 
lAestigav  and  oputent  city  in^UlSf^ 

Rio  J4iu»no  is  a  rich  and  populous  ci^,  having  'Hnai\jf^ 

fgant  churches  aiid  other. buiitiings,   9ituat^  vitl^  " 
aW  containing  200^0^  ii£ah^<^: 
VIK    9.iO)aii.CAtlioU«^ 


/ 


,  j^ifi^.  .^^w^«.. jiip6^  m^jtm  I^^M^ 

«lo^iiig« --.*.,  .•.,,^.      ,  •"*;......      ..  ..^■.s'.'^^  ^.i 

m\m  thejr  ^  pojiieftioQ  o^  All  JJau^to  %i  J^^^        flip 
city  of  ^1*  Sftlyador,  which  w  »•#  tk^  |^3«iMe  iif  f 
Tt^roy  ao^/  wrcl^rahop.  (  The  pui^  iiitiided  Urium, . 
Ufi^'^f  And sttt>dtted tb^^aartheriiprbvi^Cfifti  bc^  i><^  fs^^ 
U^e»#,  agrw#,  16^1,  to.pay  tjhe  putch  8  Jon?  b^g^W  i^^ 
linquibh  thpir  iatef^8ti»  thui-cpiiitttJry,  ^fAmh  iffif  acc^fj 
fit  J  FoiPCttgueie  reniained  In  pe4c«(ibi«  fij^^ 
Bazif,  till  aa^piit  the  eM  of.it^fl  ilKhen  ihe  SpanWi  gwrip 
[ernmetit  of  Bueioi  Ayrea,  heiiriit^  of  n.war  i>etwe^  Fipf-^ 
[u^  mi^iSff&iti,  took,  fiji^  a  iBontl^p  i^efffl  il^.fOlto^ 
|lfl<»efroiv|ie*4>rtrjB«ff  cai^S^.  Saprftujajt ;  birt,  b)ct^ 

itr^aty  of  peacv^  it  was  restored.    Jn^iSOT.  t^i-^ "■  — ** 

|iMf[»l  .family  of  Portugal  emigni|e4  M>  Vfrsa 
If drtiigueie  monarehy  is  now  established. . 


fiegent,,  ai 


AMAZp^l4^. 


THIS  lajrgir  country  Mt  newTi  b^9LJ^«r0c%  !^^ 

»y  any  Uifean  natiotu   it  i^  supposea  tol^  ii|f»i^^  i4|i^, 
IS  l(^^p«d  90^  broad  i  4kuat^  betwieea  thei^gi^ 
,    30  de^S^  south  iatjitvid«kir  It  is  fc^ounded  ]|ort^bar;Mr  • 
t  Firwa,  and  Ouiai^;  east  by  Brazil;  .8oti|h  %  JR^ife 

"ay ;  and  w^sfc  by  Piem.   u  r^Qfi*§&  ite  mm^  ftm^^m 

irsthe  wtkoie-temt^ry,;  :..;  ^.  -■^,  ■  ,  ^■^^■:,.A':.,_^  -'-•'^'v'. 

the  air  ift  cooler  in  this  c<>opti^  than  coiil^.be  (Mec^ 

jnsidering  it  is  situated  i»;  the  iniddle  of  t^tiWiftd  *^^ 
Jliii  is  fmrtly  awing  to  the  h«flvy  raiPSt  whi^b  ■  acfa^^j 
:he  ri¥era.to  overflow  i!ie»^  jiaiiks  oae  half  Qf  thfJiyear,  «|rj| 

artly  to  the  cloudineM  of  tbo  we^atheiN  which  o^cue^ilMlr- 
on  agreat  part  o^the^t^Q^  he  is  above  the  kojt'iasaft*  '^^ 
ing  the  rainy  seasoa,  fe  .couatiy  i%  ttibject  to;  drfi*f^^ 

Mrms  of thuodeci^  %h^Banf**         ^.  ^       c,.     .^^^^ 

The  86il  is  extremely  fertile,  producing  cocoa  «Hit%  pinft 
lies,  \mmm,  gfaot«w»6,  tad  a  greai  ¥a»e«f  <rf  Icogiaa* 


v^nmimm^' 


I' 


iiil 


c; 


ir  -  ii 


m 


M 


I,  ,>. ^/.■.,.*-<  ,.■  ,  - 

Hiiaitr;  eadUfi  red  wood,  jHik,  ebony,  log  iiodd,  sugar 
gollbii,  potatoes,  balitain,  koney,  &c.'  The  wooUa, abound] 
f^tigcra»,«pild  bpart,  and^ame  of  varioue  kintli  ;.the  rif.} 
ilb  tk^  fakei  with  tfih.    The  crocodile  aud  water  aerptii 
ieiiOT  wtdng  a  dfUigerouft  enlploym^nt^ 

.  The,  nati«|fe  of  /Mnazonia  are  of  a  good  stat«ire,  hai^ 
fcaodaofae  Tenures,  long  black  hair,  aad  copper  Gomplejuj 
lo^.    They  ipin  and  \reav0  cotton  cloth,  aud  build  the' 
laouaea  with  wood  and  clay ^  and  thatch  them  with  reed 
Their  arms  are  darts  and  javeUns,  bows  and  urows^  wit 
Morgetf  of  cian^  or  fish  skins.^'  The  Several  nations  aife  g< 
^eirned  fjy'  tlie|r  chiefs,  or  caciques.    ,     . 
;'  lireadinj^.the  history.  ^fS^uth-Afnerica,  itispleasli 
16  reflect  tbal^dny.part  of  itfias^s^aped  the  ravaees  of  £« 
ropean  conc|uerorS.     Atnasonia  remains  unsubdued;  ~~ 
tKe  original  mfaobitants  still  enjoy  their  native  jQEeedom 
Mi^iadeii|i4  , 


,>■-:.. 


Ill  III  :- 


PATAGONIA. 

1^18  country  is  less  known  tti^  any  ^b^  fixi 
4oath#Anierica.    It^Iies  soYith  of  Paraguay  4^^  Chili,  andj 
ift  bounded  east  by  the  Atlantie  ocean ;  sooth  it  is  dhrideil] 
"I^Oii  Terra  del  Fucgo  by  the  straits  of  Mage)^»:  ieac 
iito  the  Pacific  ocean,  wWh  liniits^  it  on  th^  IMt^ ' 

The  eliniate  i»  much  odder  in  Uiio^  coimtrj^piii  in 
■ifr^»  undttT  the  sanie  pwriUlels  of  latitudev    it  is  almc 
ifffl^b^  to  say  what-ttle^soil  would  produce,  as  it  is  m 
i^pti?ated  by  the' natives*     The  northern  ptt^  tSfe  cbvc 
f^h  wo)od;  hue,  towards  the  soutl^  there  is  not  a  singb 
lirae  [large  enough  to  be  (^  u»i>  tm  mechanies.    Tliere,  ai| 
^»iod  pastures,  w\m^  feed  incitdtHe  numbers  of  h<3»ri^c 
CUttleaiul  horaea.  -.re;,-  ;rv ;,,.  \:, 

There  are  aome  ri^rs  and  bays  on  the  coast  of  this 
iiyi  but  they  are  liMle  knowBj^^ 

Patagoi^  is  inhabited  by  a  variety  of  Indian  tHb^, 
BiORg  which  «Fe  the  Pali^ns,  from  whom 'the  count 
f|Kk«8  its^aioe  i  the  Pandas  ai^d  the  Cos^ores.     Thw 
Ifve  upon  fish  and  ^ame,  and  wbat  the  earth  produce 
■pntanfoiisly.     Their  huts  are  thatched)   and,   ootwitM 
(i|p4%l||L N^ip  of  the  oHflMte,  thejr  it^m  J#.  et 


'X 


90UTH.AMBRICAN  ISLANDa 


'4m 


\H  Ihuk  araiuitle  illiiae  of  feal  ikin,  or  the  tkiii  tfTaomo 
IbeMti  and  tl)at -Ahey  throw  off  whe*  tNv  are  m  pctioOb 
TJtey  are  exoeodingl;^  hardy,  bi^e,  and  actiw, 
[•M  of  their  atmt,^  which  are  bowa  tma  arrowa  htia 
iinu,  with  amasiiig  dexterity;  >  They  alwaya  -  hi 
lead  on  th&  eastern  ihorei,  looking  towards  the  »^.^.,  ^ 
their  fkthers.  ^tliey.  are  supposed^to  have  etnicnAed  oiifeia* 
|i)ly  from  Africa. 
The  Spaniarda«ace  hiiiit  a  fort  upon  the  i^aitfV  M«f- 
lan  andiit)ft  a  garrison  in  it»  to  prerent  iihy  o^er  E«inra» 
Ipeaa  natic^from  pasKi%.that  ^aV  into.  th^JPai^ie  cfieta^i 
liot  mofit  of  the  n^en  periihHl  by  h«ng^,  whence  the  fdilM 
llbtained  the  liame  or  Port  Fahiihe;  since  thaC  liital  maik 
i/ftntion  haa  attempted  lo^plant  cofonitis  in  Patagonia^ 
Afl  to  the  religion  or  government  of  thf  l^tagOniaiu,  mB 
%fe  no  certain  information.  Some  hate  nporCM  that  thev 
IlKl^ve  in  invisible. powers,  both  good  and  evil;  and  tfi^ 
llhey  pay  a  tribute  of  gratitude  to  the  «ne.  t^d  deprecii|# 
libewra^hand/eng^caoftheotbe^    '  "   .- 


e  coast  of  this 


SOUTH- AMERICAN  ISLANDSL 

1^  fHB  Fa4.i(p,anb  Iai.»8Kea«^arthesti-aitsof  Ma^elUi^ 
^little  to  the  northeast^  the  uHnost  extremity  <^^€^i^ 
'jaierica,  bi|ween  51<'<«nd  $6^3,  lat.  and  l^et#eeii  21^ 
i^'M^  of  £.loA.  '11m|i  ««re  cHaoovei^  by«8ir  Richm^ 
kwkins,  in  |594 }  the  «hMff  of  ^e  two  islands,  bb  etMed 
Uvmint^'a  MAipEUi,ikSMy  ii» hianort>f  ^ueeii  ElizidietlL 
The  soil  of  these  iilaaidi  m  bad,  -and  the  shores  are  beat  % 
Brpetual  ttorms.    A  British  settlement  Wae  made  heret, 
'which,  they  ware  soon  after  dispossessed  by  the  ^pin* 
^t  tt70^     !The  Spaniarda;  i^#  send  criminals  ftwn 
ipt  settlements  ^n  the  coo^ne^t.  to.^hese  inhospitiMe 
tores.'.  .  ,^i-^.; '"- .  ■■•''■'  ■' 

Tekra^  i>BL  Futtob, '  or  '*Laiid  tf  Fve^  lies  at  the  south- 
M  extremity,  of  Soildi^Amerioa>  is  separated  from  f|ie 
Qatn  on  tiie  nor^,  bf  ^i  stfalto  (^  M^Han,  and  conttOna 
hoi;^  42,000  sttpe  Bote.  It  ceHnsts  of  sevemi  i^d% 
rhiGh*f«eeiveans  nam^on  account  of.  the  vast  fireta^ 


»ke  which  thr  fiiiyt  diicovisrerft  oF  them  pensehred:    l^ip 
l4MMlrto<»  the  east  of  ^  1^^ 


„,,.^,:^$i^mf^t 


'  *  i  ill,'  r 


)      11  1 


')     'I. 


i'lllll'ir!'!! 


m^   flMf  td^^fii  barren  and  \nmai^iS6i$asi  laiit 
Km  liaeii  found  mf^  0O|ts  :f>f  «K«i  tifid  plfulitf  anlbi 
viiJiM«ty'(^  birda4)ti4li«t^9r^gri>niftdt«ndi^^      iKatanl 
£jteedbf  Mtolls^    H*».are found  #lirt«r>l*ri6,  ai^' 
nmi^  rf  adliiiut,  whictt?llaa  a  ^enr  w«tt  tinted  » 

taU,"^  ^  WM  pt  iwnalj  chdftki.    l*ienty  of  d^Ierj 
)u<d  In  Mtoa  j^ilM3fi8»..and  the  rocki  are  covered  ^lA  ve 
line  moaelel.  '  A^ecies  of  dock  isberfe  «d^  withr;  aii 
«0m  a^d  llli»)iui.    Tbe  nativeajare^of  »  mtddte  ^tatureJ 
^(£Woa^  iai  feces,  %h  cheelah  and  iatJ^sli.    Thr* 
"ire  closed  oW  the .«!»)» 4^  fl«^»   Tlie  vtlfofea'^iiiii 
2  ^fmjmtm^lm^  m  Ae  form  of  ^i  «^laaif.    Th 
M^^^  seeiM  |o  M  8^!^afe.  nUiongh  Aeie  ' 

aree^y  in  JMMe  56 degreea^^tvutft,.  t% are 


■■ii    kj  , 


Ltt^tand  i^^  70  degi^ee^  umm* 
I  aiEOjRGi M  ;  To  tVeaitward  of  Te«»  dellFtaegd/  m  U 
ivS^tSii  degreea  south,  and  titoxA  m  30  east  long^iMt 
^l^clustor  oC^axren  is}$ndsi  called  SoirCHi^tiN  6so«o(i 
One  ofSen*  is  tewe#»r5a  aUd  60  teagsieiyn  lengifc.  ' 
is  a  dismal  region,  the  land  of  ice.  The  vales  are  des 
lute  of  shrubs.;  coarse  gfassj.burnet,  and  linchen  are  ^ 
fril^vqjetabiea*   P :     '  v        . 

i  €w4i<o^,  Iho  miles  long,  and  21  broad,  is^mpamtid  frpi 
Jike  eojui  of,  ChiU  by  &  narrofp  aea,  iforming,.  a  bay.    Q  r 
ifeweea  0  «ad  4i  degpinea  soOlhil^iliyftb  :  Tto  W 
BFodvpcas^  all  neceMarys,;nr«fM«»-    A»beegfi4  »^Jgn 

Siuintii^s,  is  foa»l  an:^ i^^eaaal.  rit  1^  alaindlffiere 
)rt,  caUed  CJiocas.    CaitKO»  m  4hifif  t&*m,' stands  be 
iw^en  tw^  brooVa,  w^  <«  small  castle,  wMch  .^^smnan^ 
>^e.harbor.    The  hoiijM$a  are  few  and  scattered*      ^ 
-Juan  WvjmJkVDmf*^^"'^  i«  *be  PaeifiQ  oceiai, 
leagues  west  c^  l^e  oontilient,  latitude  S3~  degreas  spt 
tengitu<Je  A  de«ee»  west,    It  is  suppose^ .  to  hate  bet 
.  inhabited  by  a  S^ai^pTdv  whoae  r^nau  it  retaatsy  akhoui 
lo^g  since  abaniidnedby  him  and  his  fiation.    ttisma 
tenuufkablelbr  having  been  i^e<^ettdeai^  of  Alexande 
Selkickr  a^sotchiian,  whose  life  ^>iiidVidventttres&cni*^ 
od^te^piU  for  the  cfN^atfiid  novels  Robinson  Crus 
1[&lM^bj»r  is  in  Cumb^land.baji*  m.  the  north*  side  df  < 
island.    It  is  v^resenti^by  thiiiie  idha  hare  yisitfld  it, 
an  clanli^  paradises    On  tiie  iotflNrast  ia  aainall  " 


yrmT'iWs^i^B. 


^a 


>^iBedBoA7  Island,  ^d  a  reck,  galled  Moivsjrt  iEet'; 
^niost  contiguaus  to  it.  '  r;  ' 

Massafuero,  caJHed  bj  the  Spaniards  the  Leatet^  Jm^ 
Jpernaades*  Ues  ii2  leagbeB  .wefet  by  ^  south  of  the  Istot  tneh- 
^tioned  klaad  i  on  thd  north  side  is  good  anchoi^ago  f0r 
jilyjping.  i  *    .  ,     - 


WEST-INDIES., 

IN  that  impienBe  guIlT,  which  Sows  bet^veen  North  atid 
3outh-Aoiericft, ,  lies  a  multitude  of  isljjinds,  which  at  the 
4inie  of  their  first  discovery,  were  called  the  W*st-W»a 
I  islan'ds|,  on  the  supposition  that  they  extended  so  as  to 
form  a  connection  with   tliose  of  the   East -Indies      the 
[fallacy  of  the  supposition  was  soon  discovered  ;  bat  the. 
!  aaifne  is  still   retained^  to  prevent  confusioii  in   geograph- 
[ical  accounts  of  the  isi^nds.    They  lie  in  the  fonn  of  a 
I  semicircle,  *«Bd  stretch  almost  from  the  coast  of  Florida  , 
|4e  tha  mouth  of  the  river  Orpnoiio,  in  South- America. 

The  climate  in  all  the  West-India   islands  is   neai^y  the 

|j»me,  allowing  for  those  accidental  differences  whicfi   the 

I  several  situations  and   qualities    of  the-  lands  themselves 

(produce.     As  ihey  lie  within  the  tropics,  and  the  sun  goal 

[quite  over  iheir  heads,  they  would  be  continually  subjectr 

€cl  to  an  extrsjue  and  intolerable  hvnit,  if  the  trade  /windt 

[did  not  blow  in  upon  them  from   tlie  sea,  SEftd  refresh  the 

[air,  in  soch  a  manner,  as  to  enable  theni  to  attend  their 

|qoncerus>  even   under   the  meridian  sua.     On  the  >othtt 

ihaiid,  as   the  night  advances,  a  breeze   begins  tn  be  pigr- 

ccived,  which   blows   smartly  from  the  land,  as  it  were 

fro:ti  the  centre,  towards  the  sea,  to  all  pointa^«  of  the  cem* 

)ass  at  once.        '      *    ,        '  '^  •; 

The  rains  make  the  only  distinction   of  seasons  •  in  the . 
[West-Indies  ;  the  trees  are  always  green.     They  hawe  ne 
cold,  no  frost,  no  snows  ;  the  storms  of  hail-ai'e,  however^ 
rery  violeat  when  they  happeif.       ? 

The  grand  stipb  commodity  of  the  West-Indies  is  stt* 
jar.  The  juice  of  the  sugar  cane  is  the  most  iivdyi  e*» 
it'llent,  and  the  L-ast  cloying  sweet  in  nature* 

•Tlie  islands  of  the  West-Indies  are  genirally  distribiit^ 
l»y  navigfitors,   into  four  clusters^  caued  Xiie  BahA1iA«^4 


W 


ii<n%. 


lte*.K.^AlS^3«^$f^■^*• 


9Ae 


WEST^INDIES, 


■iii 


The^  jl3iiilj[es  ttr6  scnnetunes  dLvud«d  into  two  clttsse^,  dcr 
«omi8i^  The  Grsat  and  LittI'*  Anti^lkji»  AU;tiieai^ 
kltocbi*  exce(>t  Hii^ficmiolia,  ^liiic^  is^  b^ 
t(rGlreat*Bri^|un,  FrftpeCt'^Sp^n)  and  I>enmark.  As  the 
vsoal  dUtinction  of  European  possession  is  fle^ti^  and 
anoert&int  we  shall  consider  the  principal  of  these  jwiandj| 
di  th0ur  prde^y  from  north  to  south. 

THfi  BAHAMA  1SI,ANI>J5,^ 

'  CAf^iiED  1^  the  Spaniards  1.ucayo$,  •H^e.^etween  2f 
ifed  27**  of  N*  lit.  and  between  2*  E.  and  6*^  W,  lop.  and 

;    comprehend  all  the  isles  to  the  noniib  ,of  Cuba  and  His. 

■X  poniola.    They  are  About  .£kX)  in  i^uniber  ;  some  of  thetq 

arec^ly  rocks  ;  others  are -very  low  and  narroiw,  oar  littlaj 

E»<)t«  of  land^aknost  on  a  level  witli  {;he  water  ;  but  t%  m 

liiem  are  lai^e  iM^d  fertile.    jFive  xvnly  are  ishal^ted,  vizji 

Piroyideoce,  Harbor)  Cat^  Ele.uthra^  apd  £;!cujtia.    Turk'»| 

inland  lias  about  500  men>dn  it  during  the  salt  seaaon,  biitl 

fiaost  of  them  return  to  the  other  isles.    The  p.rincj|ial  isl-| 

and)  whicAi  has  eiicen  its  nmne  to  the  «4iole  ;clui>teT, 

Greajt  iiah  :ma«  wh^se.  situation  is  about  20  leagues  Ire 

||ie  eoast  of  Florida^  from  which  it  is  separated  by  thi 

'sirfutdT  Ha  anu^  or  gulf  of^orida*    A^mh^rgris  Is  foun^ 

on  tite  icoasts  of  ^ese  islands.    The  inhabitants  catch  gre 

Bumbears  of  green  tuitle.    The  only  ael;k^e  cuitivated  fct 

exporjtaticn  is  cotton.    They  produce  gri^t  quantities 

dyiiw;  W0(  ds,  itnd  some  lignunivitfle  and  m^oeiUiy.    The 

4wM   commerce    consists  in    furnishiqg   wi^i   pToyisioii 

such  ships  as  are  driven  in  by  bad  weather. 

^    One  of  tfiose  islands,  Gpanahani,  or  Cat  Xslatid,  |«€c 

biroted  9b  being  the  first  spot  of  the  ne'^  world  deScri< 

by  C<|lumh»s,  who;  as  a  memorial  .ipf  deliverance,  gave 

the  appellation  of  St.  Salvador.    These  is^nds  were  the 

I^IlU  <^  inhabitants,  who  were  simple  and  mild>  and  live. 

'    happy  in  the  midst  of  plenty.    T$ese  unfortunate  peopI| 
were^  transported  to  the  ^nines  <^  St.  Domingo,  after 
Spaniards  had  destroyed  the  inhabitants  of  that  large 
tad  ;  so  that  fourteen  years  alter  their  discovery,  not 
|ers<m  was  .left  on  one  of  the  Bahamas.    Charks  II.  ai'terl 
irirds  gxanled  thamt*  Ibe  proprietlw  of  CarAlina}  vl 


irEst-MDiisf. 


m$ 


,lb1s*    AU;tlie«e 
(pendent,  ;^)elinjf. 
^loark.  ^^As  the 

of  these  |*land%. 


[)5,  ■-.'■:„:: 

fCub*  and  Hiar 
ejr  ;  90ine  of  theD» 
I  liMTow,  orUttlft 
jwater  ;  Uut  I^  <Wj 
ire  i»babited,  vwi| 
iE^cuilMi.  TurkV 
le  M^t  season,  but^ 
The  pymcjqpal  iik 
5  «*ole  .clubter,> 
t  20  leagues  fr« 
separated  by  the 
nbergrisis  fovuw 
^itantfi  catcb  gm 
;icle  cultivated  ft 
igr^t  ,<|uanUUes 
m^ogaby.  Thai 
vita  pToyyuor 

iftf* 

cat  Xslai^d,  i|  € 

Acv  world  deicri 

fdeiiverance,  gave 

i^  islands  were  thi 

nd  Diild>  and  liv( 

unfortupate  peopl 

j)omingo>  after  U 

its  ofOiat  large  ii 

lir  discovery,  not 

CiiarksU.  a<t( 

•f  Carolina)  v 


irhic^  it  now  tbe  teat  odT  governmOnt.  Tbo  S|«inilurcllt 
«nd  Arr.ericani  eaptured  these  islands,  during  |Mb:A0^i^ 
ican  war,  bat  they  were  retaken,  is  1782}  attd'SireitUlitib- 
Jsct  to  droat-Britain.  ^.  • 

.  *■  '  '      '  ''     --^  ";■    ''' ,  ■ 

tHE  ANTILLES. 

TO  the  southward  of  the  Babsaaas  lie  the  AntilkSr  ox* 
tending  from  18  to  24  degrees  north  latitude*  The  mpst 
remarkable  of  theiit  are  Cuba,  Jansuca^  Hlsponiola,  and 
Porto  lUco.  .      '        . 

Cuba  is  the  mdst  v^udbk  island  of  all  tl«^  Sp^siliai 
I  Wftst-lndles,  and  is  situated  between  20  and ^3  degree» 
itoii^  latitude,  uid  between  1  de^e  east  and  10  degreet 
ve^t  Icmgitude ;  lOOmilea  south  of  cape  Florida.    It^ 
laearly  700  mHt^  in  lengttt,  and  i^out  70  iir"  breadth*    A  « 
lehain  of  Ml:        :  Ithrough  the  loiddHe  of  the  island  from 
least  to  west,    f  v  n/odueer  aU  the  coauQO<£tie8  known  in 
le  West-Indies,  particuSirly  ^p^'t  long  pepper,  and  oth- 
gpicM,  cassia,  nsti^a^  tnastio,  aloes,  tobacco,' and  si||^af. 
be  prindpal  pact  of-  dte  plantations  are  ^m  the  beauS^l 
laiiis„of  Havanna,  aJftd  i^  ciidtiyated  by  about  ^,00(> 
iaves^    The  otlier  inhabitants  amount  to  about  50,O0O*r 
Ifae  course  of  the  fillers  iiET  too  ^oi^  0  be  of  any  coose^ 
kuence  lO  navigation ;  but  there  are  several  ^oig4<  JNo^iloni 
the  island,  which  bekMgkg  to  the  prind|ia3  towns,  Havaa- 
St.  Jago,  Santa  Cruz,  wad  La  Trinidad.    There  are 
vast  number  of  snudl  isles  roiuid  this  noble  island,  ^e 
^land,  abound  with  fishi.    In  the.  woods  are  some  very  vak> 
)le  trees^  panicularly  cedars,  so  large*  it  is  said,  ibat 
>s  made  of  them  will  Itold  50  men.      The  hills  are;, 
ich  in  mines,  and  in  seme  of  the  rivers  there  is  gold  dusU: 
Tere  are  also  fountains  of  bitumen.     ' 
Havanna,  the  capital  of  Cuba,  is  a  place  of  great  strengtbu 
id  importance,  containing  2000  bouses,  and  a  number  of 
lurches  and  convents. 

This  island  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  in  1492.    li 
taken  possession  of  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1511,  wh<)^i^. 
m  exterminated  the  mild  and  peaceable  naliveSy  Co  (!fce ' 
»UBt  of  500,009. 


f_.«,&.;«*?r<  *"'-•■ 


f!i:(' 


Wi 


H\l\<M 


III 


\ 


u$ 


m^sT-mtimm 


Jamaica,  belongin^^  GreaiMBrttahii  tml:  dne:  ef  4li.j 
inofk|' viable  iipfepdug^s  to  that  crOwtt;   w  SO^lekgul* 
*f  he,  centre  of  the  islanfl  is  in  lat.  18  1ft  | 


it  id  150  iMiles  long>  jind,  on  tt\ 


t^ih,  iiadlon.  .1  36  west 

.1  .a$  J9la»d  is  intersected  widra  ridge  6f  it^#p  rockf^j 

'  from  which  issue  a  vast  number  of  small  rivers  ofpure^.j 

wholesome  water,  v'hich  fall  down  incntaracts^  but  none^l 

are  navigable  f^r  marine  ves^iels.      Hie  Blue  M&untaiU 

|*eak  ris^  7431  feet  above  the  level  ctf"  the  sea.    Sugar  it] 

ttie  gra^st  and  most  valuable  production  x^this  isknd., 

It  produces  also  cocoa,  ginger,  pimento,  or  as  it  i»ci^lled,l 

Jamaica  pepper,    and  vulgarly  allspice;  the  wild  ciRnikj 

inpn  ;  thermachineel,  wbose  fruity  trough  uncomnmidy  dt*! 

li^tful  to  tlie  eye,  contains  one  dflthe  worst  pO|i|M>ns  in  li.] 

lure  4  the  cabbage  tree,  remarkidile  fw  its  Jheight,  and  fa 

^e  hardness  ^its  wood,  which,  when  dry,'i8  iBConnptiblc 

.4»^  hardly  yields  to  any  kind  ef  to<^;  the  pahna,  afford 

iog  oil^  much  esteemed  by  the -negroes;;  i>oth  ai  food  and] 

Jiqtedicihe  ;   the  soap  trbe,  whose    befrries  answer  all 

/purpcMes  of  washing; /the  mangrove  atid  olive  bark,  ns^f 

ta,  tantters;  the  fustic,  redwood,  and  idgis'ood;    Jamaic 

tan  boast  of  a  botanical ,  gard^,  contwnine  the  rarest  cok 

lectiQU  of  curiou«  trees  $iid  plants  perhaps  m  the  world. 

X^^^  originally  a  part  of  the  Sp^ni»li  empu 

Mi  America.    It  was  reduced  un^er  ine  ^-itish  ddmiaf©!? 

;  cJtiX656,^and  eveii  since  hM  been  subject  to  Great-Brita 

It  is-  subject  tb  ektthi^uakes  atid  hurricAnes,  which  ^ 

flone  it  incredible  damage.  .  Kingston  is  the  capital^ 

ccMitains  1660  houses;  besides  negro  huts  and  #£ire-^houi 

It  is.^  place  of  great  trade  and  opulence. 

HispANioLA,  or  St.  Domin«o  lies  at  the  entrance 
thegulf  of  Mexico,  between  17  and  21  degrees  northtlii^ 
It^de,  ami  between  1  and  S  degrees  east  longitude  ;  45 
-!  miles  long  and  150  bioad.     The  face  of  the  country  pr 
' :  ients  an  agreeable  variety  of  hills,  vallies,  woodg,  and  ri* 
ers.     It  is  extremely  fertile,  producing  sugar^  cotton,  i»l 
go,  tobacco,  maiz-i,  and  cassirva  root.     The  European  Cfltj 
tie  arc  so  mwltiplied  h^rC;  that  they  run  wild  in  the  wow^j 
Tile  two   great   chains  of  mountains,  which  extend, ire 
*  east  to  West,  and  their  11  amcrous  spurs,  give  rise  to  ,inr 
morable  river;$,  repel  the  violtMce  of  the  winds,  vary 


WKST-IWIES. 


im 


lettparatuiT  of  the  lur,  and  multiply,  the  reioureei  jof  htr#^ . 
man  industry*    tliey  al>ound  Mfith,  excellent  timber*  lin<i 
ntines  of  iron,  leaa,    copper,  silvtjr,  gola^  Uome  precioi^ 
stones,  and  mercury.  C 

Hispantola  was  the  cradle  of  Europc&n  power  in  tlie 
tew  world.  Columbus  landed  on  it  th*>  t>th  of  Deeember*^ 
1492.  ^The  natives  called  it  HauHi '^gmfying' lughet 
mountainous  land;  it  was-  also  caUed  QuM^ueyav  thai  iff 
great  country*  or  mother  of.couatriei.  Oth^  s^  it  h|»d' 
«he  niiae  of  iSoAfe^  which  means  ft  country  Ml  of  habi^'^~ 
tiQns  «uid  vtUa^ep. .  Colunibus  oalled  it  Hiwanipiai  Qr^tii-^ 
tie  Spain,  irhidb  a^e  Uie  Spaniards  stiil  retain,  though 
St,  i^omneo  is  ^e  name  commotily  vteied  by  other  natioris, 
socailtd  from  St.  Doniingo  the  capital,  which  was  thuiB 
Aamed  by  Columbus,  in  honor  oi^  bis  father.  Wheig  the 
Spaniards  discereredtiie  island,  there  We^e  on  it,  «^  least* 
a  ittiliion^f  happy  inhabitants,  who  wer0  redueeu  to^,O0O 
m  the  shor«  space  of  1^  years  I  •  It  ftirnied  5;  kmgdo^^  eacb' 
governedjby  caciques.  T^  names  of  the|e  kingdoms  trei^ 
Maqua,  Marien,-  Higuay,  Magtiana,  aud>  Xaraguay.  Hie 
Spaniaordg  had  possession  of  the  whole  idland^  for  120 
years,  w:ben  they  >vere  compelled  to  share  it  with  the 
[French.  About  the  Jrear  1793,  ah  insurrection  began  a- 
mongthe  negroesi-which^  after  Uie  mo^  horrid  scenes  of 
bloodshed  and  crudt^,  has-  terminated  ih  the  expulsiou  of 
{the  French  from  alnu^t  all  parts  of^the^  island^  and  the  ee* 
[tebiishment  j)f  a  governmenli,  administered  by  negroeft 
I A  negro  chief,  named  Dessalines,  has  assumed  the  ^e 
I  of  Emp.eror  of  Hayti,  and  the  island  is  now  chiefiy  y^^t 
[his  control. V  *      .  • 

The  principal  I?rench  towti  was  Cj^e  Francois,  whld^, 
Ibefore  its  destruction,  in  179S,  contained  8000  people. 
[The  city  of  St^  Domingo,  at  the  same  ti.^,  contained 
|20,OOO.  •       i 

PoKToRioo,  belonging  to  Spain,  is  20  leagues  E.  S. 
|£^  of  St.  DoraingO)  ICK)  miles  long^  and  40  broadi  The 
(iftiids  are  beautituUy  diversified  with  woods>  valleys,  and  ■ 
[jiiains,  jmd  are  vtjiy  fruitful,  jjieiding  the  same  "produce 
iM  the  oiher  islaodsw  Gold,  which  first  induced  the  Span- 
[iards  to  settle  here,  is  no  longer  found. 

The  capital  town,  which  is  called  Porto  Ric*,"  is  on  a 
\tBatXi  island,  ioiiied  to  the  matu  isle-by  ft  caufeway,  extend^ 
W2 


\ 


^^. 


w:e$i$i|!Idps. 


logacroasth^  harbor.    It  is  large  anctwetlllii^ttiieMt 
m$lui»hd^  and  so  well  4ej(end^  pa  to  be  almdat  impreg^M 


:    4  -■ 


THE  vmoiN  i$i-?ns        ^  : 

a  ^riroup  of  small^  islanctet  exteiijing  oyer  a-  space 
^,aht/  %  leagues  frairi^  eaat  to  west,  ana  16  firoiia  nortl^] 
to  «oi       and  nearly  approacl^the  east  coast  of  Porto  Rico., 
li'jiey  I /.jlong  to  several   European  pbiveriy  but  ^ehiefiy  to 
6rf  eai-Brhaih  and  Denniark.,  ;V^v    /^    ^^ 


■>(  ■ 


THE  C^EJBBEES 


vEXTEND  in  a  semicireular  form,  from  the  island  of] 
IfOi;to  ^co,  the  eai^ernmost  of  the  Antilles,  to  the  coast] 
j^iJO>ath-Aifierica.    Thfc  sea,  thus  enelosed  by  the  maiit|| 
iiuijl  0nd  Jie  isleSj  is  earned  the  Caribbean  sea;, and  it^N 
g^ilf^  channel  Iea4s,  northwestward  to  the  head  of  the  gulf 
•i*lSf^xieo>  through  thi|^  sea  of  Hondur^,, .  Th#  chief  ofj 
tiiiese  islands  are   Saifta  Cruis,    Bambucav  AngiaiUa,   Stii 
Martin,  St.  Bartholomew,  Barbuda,  Saba,  St.  Kustatia,  St.  | 
Christopher,    Nevijj,    Antigua,    Montserrat,    Guadafoupe, 
Desea^a,   Mariagalante,    DominicO,    Martinico,  St.  'Vin- 
^  cent,  Barbado^s,  and  Grenada,    These  are  ciassedjnto 
WiNpwA^BD ;  and  Leeward  IbLES,  by  seamen,  with  re- 

S«dtr)£l:e  usual  courses  of  tk     ships  ftom  Old  Spain,  w; 
e  Caiiaries  to  Carthageua,    or  New^Spaicb  and  PortoJ 
]B«y|Io.  ~.      ;;■  ;':^.  iw:':/- ■         ■^^"-^^■/■■■K./w,:<^\:-\.'.-ii 

Barbadoes,   belonging  to  the  English,    is  the  most 
'  easterly  otf  aU  the  Caribbees,  and  one  of  the  most  pdpu-, 
ious  spots  on  the  earth.    Its  extent  is  not  more  than  20,1 
miles^  by   13,  yet  it  contains   16,000  whites,   and  ;600al 

'  blacks^ -^'"'  ■  .    .-■,.,  .^ /'■:'-:','      '■-■  ,  •"  '■' 

MjVltTTNKiuE  is  tbe  residence  of  the  govemor  of  all  the 

French!  West-rhdiss.    GuADAtioui^B,  which  also  belongsi| 

10  die  French,  is  the -largest  of  the  whole  group.. 

Jri^ipad,  though  riototie  ofthe  Caribbees,  may  be] 
properly  noticed  in  this  piece.  It  lies  near  th§  coast  of-l 
Terra  Firma*,  36  leagues  long  and  18  or  20  broad.  Be^j 
side  the  products,  c'orurnon  to  the  West- Indies,  this  islandi| 
hai  a  remaxkable  laM  of  pejU'okum/  or  fossil  oii|  wliiclii 


Kintoii; 


m 


t^^  &yaJ^uihW  0h}evt  of  expoitation,  asbemg  the  best 
pre^efvatiyeof  tKe-bbitprnofshipij,  fromjhe  irorins  which 
are^i  4«^trU0ti?q  to  them,  ia  the  VV  est^ndie?  and- other 
«rarn»  cluiiates.  Xrinidatl  was  netted  by  the  Spaniardi^. 
lisut  b3$  lie||i]ii  Qe4iB4  ta  Jbinglandv.        ^       '. 


Extent,     EUROPR  is  njuch  the,  smallest  of  the  four 
|r&"  I  divisions  of  the-  globe.     Its  tength  from  the  rock  ^' 
^isbmi,  in  10  degrees  w-et,  to  the  (/raiiai)  jiiQuntaiiis,  in 
60,  degrees  eafit  ImigViude.  ftomi  Groenwicli,  is  aibout  3300^ 
TBi'its.     Its  !jrv3adth  triMB  caj)e   Nbird,  irt  Danish  Lapland, 
Ifititade  T2  d'jgret?s»   to  cape   Matypat^^iri/  Greece,  latttude 
iS^  degrees  liOi-th^  is.  abotit  2SS0.     It  ct)ntains  f^,5,00,QQ^ 
»(Jufiri:5  miles.;  - 

boundaries,  Europe  is  bounded  on  t**^  east  by  Asfaj. 
south  by  the  Me<litv;rianean  whxh  se||>a/i  ,  it  from  j^fi;i-  , 
ca  ;  west  it  has  tUe  Atiaot-c  oc»^anr  Which* contains  tli<5 
most  westvry  Kurbpean  isie,  that  of  Iceland  ;  ndrth it  i/i. 
limit .;d  by  the  i^  rctic  ocenh.  emhrating  the  remote  ipi^. 
ff  vSpitzbergen  and  Nova-Zt  mbla, .  br  t|tfe  Nejur,  Latid,  tl^ 
aiostnortnern  land  yet  discoveftd*.  '  -       '    ''  ■  "*^ 

•    CiiiJinte.     Though  great  diversities  of  cUmate  trndcaiibtf - 
^dly  exist  h  Europe^,  yet^the  eixtreme  of  cold  only  is  j^t,. 
The  heat  is  in  no  parjt  comparabli*  to  that  of  thfe  toiSi^ 
lone,  from  whieheyen  its  mo  c  sonthern  provinces  ar^  far. 
dfistaiit.    -It   ijsjs  jptrincipally  in  the    northern; /ternperiit^ 
xpoe  ;  a  small  portion  extends  beyond  the  arctic  chrcle.i.  '^ ,  ' 
Seasu     Of  the  waters  which:  indent  aiid  peninsulate  they* 
Bhores.of  ti^uropej  the  principal   is  the  Mediterrai^e^an  sea>. 
2000  hiiles  Idng,  which- separates  it  from   Africa  on  *^the» 
I  south.     On  thif  northern  side  of  this  sea,  ai^e  two  extensive* 
[gulfs  ;  that  of  Vinice,  sometimes  called  tbe  Adriatic,  and 
the  Archipelago.    From  the  Archipelagd,  a  strait  <jjil)ed 
the  Hellesj^iant  conducts  to  the  sea  of  Marmora;  and  an- 
other, styled  the  strait  of  Constantinopte,  leads  ft-om  tfial 
Uothe  £uxine,^or  Black  sea«    The  strait  of  CaliSi  ciQllf: 
j  lftcj»  the  Eu3«ne  with  the  seaofAao^^ .  ^     Vv^ 


'T,^ir'"^>' 


:!| 


:ir^ 


i 


"rt«??s' 


s«i 


The  Baltic  is  an'  inliHidiiea  in  the  northwJMt  bart  o^llKii 
me,  fprmecl  by  the  coasts  of  Russia^  Deniiuurk,  Sweden, 
aaa  Germany.  The  Baltic  opens  from  thf)  Atlantic  iceaa 
by  a  gulF  pointing  aorlheast^  called  the  Sca|f|^rae,  and  af» 
terw^rds  parses  south,  by  the  strait  called  Caftegiit,  to  the 
Mst  of  which:  is  the  sound  df^.  Elsineur,  Where  all  vesieli 
p^y  a  tirftiute  of  cout  teryjto^enmark^  The  length  of  the 
Baltic,  from  jiouthwest  to  northtast,  is  more  thtm  200 
leagues  ;  its  breadth  vufiesfVom  US  to  50  leagues.  To  the 
Bortheast  the  Baitic  spreads  into  two  ektensiire  hranchei, 
•ailed  theguUs  Qf  Bothnia:  and  Findland.  Tides  are  itn- 
known  Ib  this  sea,  and  the  waters  huye  an^  uncommon 
lireehiieas.    It  is  usually,  dozen  three  months  in  the  5^r. 

~  T^  White  sea  is  a  bay .  of  the  An:tic-  ocean,  indenting^ 
Hiia  north^irn  shores  of  B^iftf^ 

The  German  sea  is  a  part,  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  wa3h-- 
in^  the  western  i^pre  «  6<^rnyMiY.    ^4  nother  ^^         ofjj 
iHp  Atlttntic,  called  (the  British  dbanael,  flows  between 
Fn^ce  and  the  Britigb  isles^v  .  -V^ 

The  bi^  <>f  Biscay,  is  between  ca^  Ortegid,  m  Spai% 
pdd  the  French  island  of  Usharit..  - 

^islands,    T.he  ifdands  of  Europe  wUl  be  descnbed  un* 
det  the. respective  countries  to  which  they  belong.^      : 

Mfyer9,.  The  moiBt  considerable  rivers  are  the -Tojga,. 
fllie  Dattdbej  lSk»  Dnesper,  the  Bhine,  ^4  M^  ^^^<    Thi^se,, 
IUi(  weft:luroihet»,  sma<tler  in  siizto,  Juit  etjuid  Hi  utility,  will 
Wno^^  und^  the  respective,  countries,  through  which.1 
mewM&Piffs.  ■  ■    :        ■,..;■  *,'  -■ 

:  mxmntainsi.    TK^  niost  eleifated  mQun^ins'  oiT  Europe 
sre  ihe:  Alps..  Next  to  these  fund  the  iPyrennees,  and  the 
j«c tensive,  ridge,.,  which    divides   Norway    fhmi  Sweden..^ 
The  Cin|»athian'  DH^imtmns  and  t(he  AgpehinesU'e  of  in*^j 
l|^pT '  extent  lilid.  height; . 

inkabitanis^^    The  number  oi  inhabitlmts-:  uan  £urdpfV; 
^eording  to  Hassel^  isl!79,665,0W  ;  ^  ^ 

'Qoverhm^iis,.  Modern  Europe  scarcely  affiDrds  an  ex)» 
ample  of  any  kind  tQifgpvernment  but  of  monarchies  ;  t>6me 
fi^'whidiare  limited* .  etheta  ab«oiutie  and  despotic.  \  jji^ost 
flf  the  countriesj^  n>rmerly  denfon^inated  republics,  hav« 
l^en  O'ansforined  iitta  absolute  moaarciiies,  or  military 
despotisms*.  li::  :v;-:/.'^^:^ ':'':;: '>->i  ' - 

keti^mi  Tlie  Cpnstiw  religioB  is^abliii^^^ 


nnuurr,  Sweden, 
i  Atlantic  icean 
a^gt^rae,  and  af- 
Caitegiit,  to  the 
#here  all  vesieii 
be  length  of  th«. 

n?ore  thfHB  200 
leagues.  To  the 
CeBBive  bninchei, 
t.  Tidei  are  un- 
e  an^  uncrommoii 
th»in  the  51^. 
peeaii;,  Indenting^ 

Qtic  ocean,  wa3h- 
nother  ptHtiou  ofjj 
I,  flfwa  between 

^Ttegal^i  m  Spaiiv 

be  decR^nbed  un- 
'  belong.N 
»  are  the  Tolga,. 
the  Elbe.  Thlse,. 
lid  in  utility,  will 
ifs  through  :whidt^ 

ntftins'  ot  Eurom 
^rennees,  and  the 
y  from  Sifeden.; 
^eiuoes  ar4  pf-in^  j 

c^mta  itti  Europe^ j 

t;^  affbrdg '  «in  exw 

lonarchies ;  t>ome 

despoticr  l^ost 

republics;   W^ 

lies,   or  military 

iblis^ed-  throagh<> 


EUROWr 

lUf^vwjRp^  of  Europe,  except  Tiirlcey/  and  may  \m^ 
cooiprehenaed  unde^  tfat%6  >i°HMtid^  denMlbm^  ■ 

the  Greek  church  ;  2d,  the  H^man  catholic  ^  aiidSd,, 
ProtestttntlsraH  which  last  is  again  divided  into^  i>tttheraik- 
ism  and  Caivinispi,  so  called  frOm  Luther  and  Gal^n.  line 
turo  distinguished  reformers  of  the  16th  celitUry; 

General  History,  Eui^ope  was  anciently  peopled  by^  ' 
Celts  in  tfie  ^est  and  south  ;  by  the  Fini  in  Uie  northeast ; 
find  by  the  Lupps,  or  Iiaplander»|  irt  the  nortiierh  ex^em^ 
ity.  The  fkythians,  froni  Asia,  people^  ir  cfonsiderable 
part  of  Europe*  ' 'l;he  Saimatinn,  or  i^claVonic  tribe%  the 
sncesters  of  the  present  RuestaM^  Poles,  Aqc.werll;  like- 
wise from  Asia.  The  Moors,  IVom  Africa,  peoples- 
Spain  at  a  very  early  period.. 

Though  Europe  is  ^  the  least  extensive  qjaarterjbfthei 
flpbe,  yi^t  it  may  be  coasidercd  as  the  principal  in  evei^ 
Sling  n^latin^  to  man  in  society^;  mildness  c^  air,  fertility 
of^soii,  producing  <:  411  (he  necessaries  and  most  o€  the  lulft^p 
uries  0^  life ;  and_  in  the  beauty,  strength,  Cotitage,  anS 
Wisdom  of  its  iiihftbitants.    li ere  the  atts  of  utility  and 
emumenl;,  and  the  sciences,  both  military  and  civir  have^  ' 
been  carried  to  the  gr'^atest  .perfection.     If  we  except  th6 
earliest  ages  of  the  world;  ii  is  in  Europe  that  we  find  tb^ 
greatest  viariety  of  character ^  government,  and  ittliRneii^» 
m^  ii'om  wbeQCe  ye  draw  the  gr^test  DUinbers  Of  }lhcft 
tnd'  memorials,   both  ibr  our  entertainment  a&d  inaHPui^ 
tion.. 

The  laaguage»^  of  Europe  ar<e  derived  &6ib  the  i^x  folf 
-bwmg  :  The  iireek,  Latin,  Teutonic  or  Old.  Germa^ 
^e  C'etfcic,  Selayouic,  and  Gotliic.  ^^ 

Eurcvpij  hiis  subdued  to  its  siibjc-dtion' a  jgi%at  part  of  thfe 
i^;hW  divisions  of  the  world.  It  governs  all  that  part  jpf 
the  Aipeiican  bontineixt  which  has  been  peopled  fronnf  Eu«^ 
rope,  the  UnitcM  ^atea  exceptbd^'  1^  possesses  alpgtost  all 
the  isianids  which  hHVe  been  discovered  in  the  three'^gre^t 
Oftians,  th-  f  acilic,  the'  Atlantic,  and  ^e  Indian.'  It  gives 
laws  to  Kior^i  than  half  Asia,  to  the  greater  part  of  th^ 
coaat  of'.'Vfnca,  and.  to  several  interior  countries  Of  Cofl-  ^ 
si.eraliie  cxtf^nt -sO  that  nisarly  half  the  inhabited  wvA^ 
hows  to  Europe..  *      V 


jm 


tjknAW, 


LAPtiAflD. 


'ill 


\'fM 


w 


m 


m 


AT  die  uorthem  extremity  of  £ur«|)e 
0m  coimtry  aCthe  Laplanden,  extending  from  the  N( 
mpe,  in  l«t.  *ll  SO  to  tihe  Wfcite  K^f  under  the  Arctiel 
^rcle  I  450  miles  long,  and  300  broad.    Park  of  jUplt 
belonn  to  the  Danes  ;  another  part  to  che  Swedes  ;  ^ 
a^rd  to  the  Husaians.    Swedish  Lapland  comprehendij 
all  the  cotintfy  from  the  Baltic  to  the  mountains  whic 
•ep^Mrat*  Norway  from  Sweden,     the  Russian  part  liesl 
to  the  cast,  and  bordert  on  the  White  sea.    Danish  Laf 
land  lies  north  of  Norway. 

Climate,  The  winterp  here  are  exii'cmely  coldi.  Snowl 
•ften  covers  the  ffround  four  or  ftve  i«et  deep.-  The^ 
heat,  fyf  a  short  tinie»  is  also  excessive.  Punpg  soe  „ 
iiontha  in  the  summer,  the  sun.  never  sets ;  and  for  thsif 
Sfime  space  in  winter  it  never  rise»^  Yet  ^e  inhabitanisij 
ave  so  well  assisted  by  twiUght,  that  tihey  ar^  not'!  compeir' 
ImI  to  leave  tbear  em^iloyments  ^n  account pf  darkness. 

General  Appearance  and  Productions.    The  country  is 
AiU  of  r<>GlhS  and  mountainsr 'fens  and  morasses,  barren 
heaths  and  sandy  deserts.     There   are,   however,  some 
lal^ei,  coo^nins  islands  which  form  pleasant  habitations; 
•tod  are  believed,  by  the  nMives  to  be  the  terrestrial  para< 
dHtef'^tenr  roifes  akid'  othef  ftoweito  grbw  wild  on  theit 
;  borders  in  the  summer.    The  banks  of  lakes  and  riven 
pir^ddcc  pine,  fir,  birch,  and  other  trees,  with  some  whole- 
•ttne  berries  and  vegetables.    The  mountains  fire  said  te 
lie  rich  in  roek  crystals,  purple  amethysts,  topazes,  load- 
stonei  i|uicksil«er,  native  chuiabar,  &e.    Copper  and  lead 
IDtnes  have  been  discovered  and  worked  to  aavantage.* 
"The  most  remarkable  animal  of  this  country  is  the  tein^ 
deer,  which  nature  seems  to^  have  provided  to  solace  the 
Lapand^    for  the  privation    of  other  comforts  of  life. 
These  Ci'0atuve»  provide  for  themselves  both  summer  and 
winter,  fieeding  on   grass,  leaves  «i)d  moss.     The  Lap- 
landers make  use  of  this  animal  in  travelling.    IteBesb  is 
theie,  chief  food,  and  its  skin  .their  clothing.    It  supplies 
its  owner  with  a  bed  ;  with  good  milk  and  cheese.    Of 
the  intestines  and  tendcms  are  made  thread  and  eetdage  ; 
tmd  the  benea  and  hems  are  eifered  te  idete^ 


III 


DENMAHC 


M 


liJkditautt,    Mannersi  and  Cutiomt,    Tlie  inlMbitimli 

jf  thii  country  are  a  fingular  race  of  men,  idboi^  i  feet 

kigh,  ai\d  iU  >&ape<l,  their  deads  tuoi  large  in  prop^ction  t9 

]ieir  bodieik    Thev  ^re  aold  to  enjoy    remarJfiaSle  healtfel 

id longefitjr.  iKmikimea  .Hvioginore'  than  100 ^ears,  pind 

^equentiy  ^  80  or  90^  cheerful  and  active*    Their  aiit 

plotlied  iwith  tli^tv^  oi  the  rein-de^,  or  undTeMed  .•Qee|M. 

Itins.   with  the^  wool  inwardf.     Their  aniiis^meBU  ar»  > 

looting  with  oows  and.arrpws*  and  wreetliag.    Their  hayf 

Dine  religioiis  .seminariiis  instituted  hythe  king  cfr  Pea-' 

irk  ;  but  are  mostly  pagans,  and  arejaid-to'be.addletti^l 

magio,  and  invoke  demoni,  wham  ikhey  ooiimiissi<iii  ta 

moT  their  eiiteniies.    lli^y  live  in  huts  iVpm  ^  ita  $0 

in4ia>ueter,  and  6  high,  cpyereid  ^ith  briers,  jblbrk  of 

firchi  <>' aid  skins  of  beasts.    Marriages  among  tli^'^  d04 

end  wholly  on  ^e,  pleasure  of  the  parents,  ^hg  pay  na 

kgaild  to  the  inclini^;iou8  of*  their  children*    In  genera^  . 

hey 'acknowtedse  the  king  of  Sweden  for  their  |Qvereig% 

'  )ugh  soque  of  tilieoi  pay  tribute  to  the  Deui^s  and  Rus- 

The  Lapps  were  originally  one  people  with  the  Finn% 
"lieir  language  has  now  «ome  ^nity  to  ^e  FinnislC 
Ji«y  are  said  to  have  a  genius  for  poetry  ;  of  which  the 
)rra  Moor  and  Kein  Deer  -^oiig  in  tlie -Spectator,  trans<> 

ed  from  two  songs  in  the  |japlu>dic  tongue,  are  |»ioofi|i 

DENMARJJ. 

Exlmt,  THE  countries  .:con8tituting  .the  kingdom  ki 
)eamark  extend  from  about  54  20  N .  Jat*  to  the  northt^ns 
itremity  of  the  European  .continent,  bein|[  about  140(1 
lies  longy  by  a  medial  breadth  .of  150  miles. 

Divimns,  ]^efore^ivifl|(  a  general  descriptiopi  of  the 
jingdom  of  Denmark,  it  will' be  proper  to  take  a  separata 
lew  pfthe  s^everal  countries  which  compose  it.    Thest 

DBNMAftf  proper,  includuig  the  islands  at  the  entranoe 
of  the  Baltic.  - 

The  kingdom  of  Norway. 

|.  ICELANI}. 

The  FERao  Isles^  and  soiee  others  in  the  Atcflid  m4 
Attaatic 


.  r.  -J** f*"( « 


^sm 


XMINMABl:. 


wm 


'i! 


/DkNMAnK  -Propir  £(msi8t»  of  a  small  penmfuU,  |||»{ 
^tending  tbout  220  miles  to  the  northward,  of  iat.  54  90\ 
;and  the.  islands. of  Zealand,  funen,  l.aiand,  FttUter,  vpi 
^ome  gmall<^  hk»,  coutaining  1, 54^*000  inlmbitanfi.    Hn] 
.p^ninfuUi  is  bounded /on  the  »puth  by  Germany  ;  on 
Uroat  ji>yt  Ihe  Atlantic  ocqan  ;  north  and  east  it  i|  wasl 
by  the   Scaggcrac  and  (j:^ittgat,  which  form  the  .^ntrai 
Jnta  the  Haitic  isea.     This  peninsula  ibrms  the  pror~ 
i4»r  hlcs^vick  and  Jutland.  <      . 

All  tUi&  tvrv  twry,  together  with  tl»e  dutthy  of  Holftcii 
vJiiijSerjinaJjy*  »f^'(-Ji  bijion^s  to  Denmark,  is  generally  £a 
and  'otiic  aoil  mudy.   /thu  a^  is  rendered  foggy'  'ty  tb 
.»i'igItUoarl)Ood  of  thoa^aii  and  iiik(8,  of  whx'h  the  cput 
is  full  ;  bivt  it  has  no   coiibitUrtibie  rivcr.     During  Wint 
;thv\f  hi)^i)oir9  arj  frozen.    The  land  is  fc-rtiie,  pcoclucingi 
bundance  of  gruin.of  all^sorts.     I'he  ptustures  art?  ri^h  ai 
give  sustonauce  .to  multitudes  of  he)>es  tmd  horned 'cattl 
Norway  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  entrance  to  \\ 
Baltic,  b^torc  described  ;  west  and  north  bV  the  Atiunt 
.oceau  ;  ca&t  it. is  separated  from  Sweden   by  ^'chuih 
]gnoutttai)t>i,  colicctivcly  denominated  the  Norwegiitn  iMpij 
The  mof^t  southern  point  of  NorViray  ia  called  the  Ki 
in   latitude  57  30,  from   which  it  reaches  to  the    Nor 
Cape^  Iat.  71  20.     Its  breadth  is  from  SO  to  260 miles. 
U  diyidud  into  4  goyeriiments,  Aggerhuys,  or  Chrihtia 
Chrt«itlan8and«     Berj^en^    and    Drontheioi,    aad    conti 
$12,000  inhabitants. 

The  cUniate  ^'  Norway  is  variable.     At  Bergen 
If  later  is  niodcriite ;  in  t,he  nor^i  and  ieaetem  parts 
•oldris:  mterijs^,  from  October  ^o  April*     Norway  abour 
id  lakes,  and  Hvors  ;  the  f<>rnier  are  &o  large  that  they 
,  pear  like  inlets  of  the  tea.  It  is  also  full  ot  mountains  i 
-|brest«,  which  furnish  luasts,  plants,  beams,  and  board 
And  are   exported  to  all  parts  of  Europe.    .The  princij 
forest  trees  are  pine  and  fir. 

Bears,  lynxes,  and  other  mid  imimaii,  harbor  in  fa 

aats  ."and  mountaiiis.     Here  is  allsa  the  lemming,  a  sped 

V  of  rati  '  JSoinetiines'  they  issue  from  the  ridges   in  mulli 

tudes,  destroying  every  thing  in  their  way. 

Norway  is  rich  in  mines  of  silver,  copper,  iron,  le&di 
eobalt.  Marble  and  other  useful  stones  abound.  ^ 
niagnet  ui  ibuUd  in  their  iron  minea.    Ithai^  some  ik 


BBKBIAIK. 


W^ 


¥iit  4«M  001  f  rodiiM  Mm  h^Mmi  Jl^  ^  1»i 

IcxLAMp,  ■Bbl«n4  in  tht  Alkpiti*  ooeali  befMM  M 

and  67  ^gfo—  oortli  bUitiide,  and  4»9«9Jpe»^A>  ani  iUf  ii^ 

[greM  iroft  Joitfitiida*  »  8Q0  ^lilef  loAf  M  V80  b^oad»  m|| 

[^uiiM  47tS0Q  uiliabiuuiti.     Tbc  coiit  ii  Kigg94  tiA 

roken  by  oomeitut  biii^i  and  creeks. 

Iceland  u  fall  of  mouotaini  whqfe  Mpe  "are  odv^red  irlili 

rlaitiqg  anow  and  ipe,  while  their  howela  are  fiUe^  with 

and  lava.    Meant  Keda  is  the  meat  noted  of  tbeievfri- 

(canoea ;  ita  ei^ptioaa  haye  heen  frequent  and  ^Qxy  d<^ttrueo 

ire.    iliere  are  alwaya  many  founttiiBa  Of  boiling  waftr  in 

I  Iceland,  <aome  pf  which  form  aponta  of  an  «atoni«^ng 

|W>fht.    In  apme  facta,  ^ere  ia  tole^njble^  pasture,  and  it 

jittie  ^rain  ia  prodvcp^d,  hut  not  enough  to  auppl y  die  waoMi 

^f  lia  luliabi^nta,  whoae  wealth  ^naiata  pcincqMUY  of  an;]!! 

latile  and  aheop.    ^eise  are. hui  fi^.  treea  on  tne  iaUnd. 

[ioiong  the.  wil4  ai^mala  are  ^hite  heara,  whidi  are  brOu|^ht 

'en  Greenland  on  iaUnda  of  ice. 

The  Fi»Ro  lairANfia,  Si  in  number,  ,Ue  in  the  Allaiitio 
men,  betyfo^n  ^i  and  i69  degfeea  north  latifude,  and  have 
""'^0  inhabitanta.    Stkomob,  the  largeat,  ia  17  milea  loi^ 
8  /brpfid;;    The  r«at  are  much  amaller,  and  many  of 
ham  unihhaMjted*    They  are  mountaiiioHa ;  but  the  aoili 
Itheugh  8hal|¥w,  ia  fertije,  yielding  barley  and  pafturage 
'  sheep.    Thejf  are  the  reaort  ix  great  nunibera  of  aea 
ri,  which  furnish  eider  4own,  a  TaUiable  article  to  Ihe 
iwlera.    Theae  iikmda  aro^aubject  to  teirnble  atornla,  lind 
rhnrlwindi. , 
Popu^ion*     The  Daniah  doaunioaa  coniahi  logger 
K,609,6Qb  inhabitanta. 

■Manmrt*  The  aerviiade  of  the  peaaantfyin  pui^natk 
roper  ff^<^  theaa  i^ritloaa  and  indpl^Mi* .  These  of 
^omi^  are  mbf^e  free^^/nduatnou^  and  ehter«^riainj||^  Al- 
HWt  every  iWwi^ian  ia  an  artist,  and  auppUea  ^ufnM^ 
rith  hia^own  Bianufactur^  The  women  are  handiibme  aiid 
leeurteoiii* . 

I  .fidifti^n*    Tlieeat^Jiahed  religion  isLutherania^irbut 
[other  jimominatjions  are  tolerated.  /         T 

Latigifftg^  0nd  Ititfrtaure*    The  Unguagea  ,of  all 
taoish  dominiona  are  dialeeta  of  the  Tteutonlc  aad  0r 
IThai  of  Iceland  ia  said  to  be  the  purest* 


^*i*i*«*«i  *'**■'■'■•:" 


M\ 


lilp 


;! 


mi 


^ 


DENMARK. 


|f%e  Baueftarebut  liHle  celebrated  m  £iteratuife* 
^<l  Brahe,  the  fanims  ai^oaomer,  wtis  a  native  of 
kiag4oni.    Then  is  a  university  at  C«penbi^en^   i«4 
ji#tSer  at  IttaL    There  are  also  two  academical  coU^ 
and  thirty  Mro  other  great  tchoola  in  the  pifnctpal  toif 
!  At  Copenbagen  m  a  royal  aociety  of  fdenaaii;  another; 
^IceWdic  history  iad  literature ;  an  academy  ^V* 
aad  architecture;  and  a  eoUeg&'ef  physicians.   Tbe 
v^sity  has  futtda  for  the  gratuitous  support  of  3^  i^tud 
Oovemment.     Denmark  is  an  absolute  monarchy, 
,^e  adMtaJstrat^on  of  it  has  been  distiiij^ishc^  for  wiu 
jbstice)  wsd  moderation. 

Army*    The  army  anounted  in  1600,  to  74,6S5  men* 
Cities  and  Towof.    Copimhaobv  is  the  capital,  and 
r|Bidtfnce  of  the  king.     It  is  5  miles  In  circumferepi 
^gated  on  the  western  shire  ^  the  islaiid  of  Zealand, 
^Btainia  60<000  inhebitabto.     The  hous^  are  chie^y 
jKdek  ;  the  palaces  of  the  adbUity  are  splendid/ 

BssoBN,  the  capital  1^  Norway,  has  16,000  inhabit 
Altosta,  ia  the  dutchy  of  Holstein,  has  SD,000^    Chsi 
nkn^,  10,000«    Dromthsim  has  62Q0,  and  is  the  nn 
northerly  cil^  of  Europe.  '     i^ 

JHd^or. ,    The  Danes  enuitterate  « long  list  of  prio 
fhfoagh  \  period  of  near  S(X)0  years,  and  affirm  that 
^Sbuntr;  received  its  name  firom  Dan,  their  flt«t  kiBjg,  w1 
feigned  about  the  year  1060  before  the  Christian  era.    Bi 
the  hisHtr^  of  Denmark^  for  oeveral  a^es.  af^er  Dan,  is 
j(id  yrvth  wild  and  fabulous  accounts  oi  hcfoes^  and  other 
iurditits. 
Oa^  of  tke<iiiOflt  illustrious  of  the^iagf  pf  Denmark 
.^  CaTi**te  the  Oreat,  who  was,  at  the  same  time,  king  ^f " 
^ark,  Korway,  and  England ;  he  died  A.  P.  ims,*  1\ 
laa&ous  Mar Muret,   daughter  o^  Wddemar  II}.  ifho 
cended  the  throne  in  1987,  raised  Denmark  to  its  hig 
'  |Atch  of  ffl^y,  and  was  justly  styled  the  Semiramts  ot 
<lorth.     She  formed  the  uiotion  of  Calinar,  by  wiiich 
mtw  aoki^wledge^  sovereign. of  Sweden,    Demteaii^, 
)}<>rwa;y.    The  uripn  was  dissolve^  in  1 448  \  but  the  tli 
iMhgdcMW  were  again  united  in  1457,  lender  Christian 
^d  fittoe  more  separated  in  1464.    la.  1536,  t)^  pr< 
ipst^l^on  tra^  estaMi^td  by  Chnwifn  Illf    Hfa. 


llflli  ^iWioii  iV.   wa»  «*icwen  head  of  tlie  ptoUlMn^ 

L^i,  fbtioied  «g«piil  tlieliottse  of  Auttrig,  1629*    l^jt 

ll*  Fred«f%  III.  puoendecf  Uie  throne  m  m8,  pid  604^ 

f^cied  hiiMstt'  io  mUch  to  the  admiratipii  of  ^p«o]^% 

ftil  ^«7  aiiembled  lit  1660r  «ad  declared  heret^lax^ 

[diit  which  bcifbr^lua  been  oloG^ve,  and  the  ^ower  of  im 

\%t%  abiolate^  wbicb  be£;Mro  IM  been  extremely  li«ited« 

[Cikinitiaii  "^I.  wli<»  sanded  the  throne  in  1790,  and  b|ii. 

UrtodtOtt,  Prederitek  Vi  wito  f  ucceeded  h«»  &  lY*6,  cul^ 

Jtted  peace  with  all  their  Beighborc,  and  eoq^loyed  «P 

Iteir  power  to  promote  the  happiness  of  their  luhjec^, 

jCKristiaa  VXI,  the  preient  king,  asoended  Ihe  ^9mw 

1546.      -    .  .     ....     ,  „:,,.,..„..  '■'■  -r.;. -:::■'. '^: 


Jdent  mnd  Boundaries.    THRittrtgdom  of  Sweden  liiiil 
^y  considerable  cj^U?nt>  bein^,  ftoHitho  raost  southefeii: 

EoinoBtory  of  Sconq  to  the  northern  extreni^  of  Swedish 
ipland,  not  less  than  USO  milw  ia  len|tn;  and  fr«Bi 
[the  Norwegian  Aips  to  tho  limits  of  Russi^  about  «^T 
U  is  bounded  i^orth  by  Danish  Lapland ;  east  by  Rm|M»i' 
swth  by  ttie  Baltic^  m^  th^  gulf  <Jf  JPinland  i  west. by 
Korway,  the  Sourfd,  and  ^e  Catt^gate*  _  ^       ^ 

JG^msioM*-  Th^  whole  kingdota  is  divided  mto  irfe 
»and  divisions,  viz.  t  Sweden  proper,  654 jOOO  inhabi^SMWto  * 
Oothlan^,  1,4.544000  ;  Norland  and  Xapland,  2fO,00©f 
Finland,  835,000«  Each  division  is  subdivided  into  several 
{>rovincea<  -  « 

Climaie  and  Bedims.  The  winter  here  is  long,  d^,  and 
sold ;  tibte  Summer  short  and  hot.  There  is  a  rapid  chaBge 
fron^  winter  to  Uie  heat  of  summer.  During  the  long  win- 
ter nights,  the  moon,  the  aurora  boreaiis  and  the  reflection 
•f  the  snowr  produce  «  mild  and  agreeable  light.  ^  soii^ 
ner,  the  iiight  consists  onW  of  a  short  twilight.  r  ^    : 

The  pure,  sharp  air,  which  the  Swedes  breathe,  rcnde|l 
^as  vigorous,  and  preserves  tliem  fVom  epidemieal  dii- 
mmi    They  often  attain  to  a  very  great  age. 

Face  of  ike  Countru^  Sweden  is  diversified,  in  a^otuife* 
araue  manner,  with  lakes  and  rivers,  mountains  and  val^ 
I^Mi,  f9k»,  md  «^Uviitod  fieldib    The  iMit  mmmlm^ 


,,  „  %\  ■■'ti'kir'f!^*'*" 


■■ '■'■■"^- '* -    t  .'•.  t 


'••1 


iiB0iiiitaur  i^r^e  Sev6b4rg$rTgii»  wlucK  Be^m  ii  Wc_, 

0otMi»44r  extends  t^iwwt^  tiie  b«rth;  |>^«en  K«nr||^| 

jiil^^ittici,  «eparatinj|  t^9  two  coi^iiles  bf  sun^^^ 

5A))  it^e  niaun^iii*^  Sup^fb^  are  ed|kipo«^dVf  grai^^] 

9(aeakowi,  calcftr^ous  ston^^ate,  getrifaeiMcma  aod  granit^f 

SpHand  4sricM>Hwe,    The  soil  of  the|*l&iiiftaA#tall^|rii| 

l9lc[iidi:^90  tbe  mostgcpmtioui,  k  proper  lor  cultitatioiii^^ 

-\  "irhich  is.eoiiducted  witn  skill  aiQtk  industry.    Tiiere  nii| 

siany  rich  iiastuirQa,  and  sosBie  fitfldb  of  ry^,  oatsy  g^d  bar- 

1^.,  ■  ■■  ■  ■,  '7,  '.,',■'.':        ^-"[ 

^IJLakntmdMwers.    Om^^  importani  lakes  <^| 

Sweden  is  the  Wenner,  aboui  100  milea  long,  and  50  01^  I 
(60  broad*  Xt^rejceiv^s  twenty-four  risers,  and  abbundaj 
with  fith«  NeJtt  in  pze  is  the  Weteri  which  receives  ah^ou|^ 
£)rt]rsinaH  rivers,  though  it  haa  no  outlet  esicejfit  tbej^o-tj 

SJa,^ :  The  lake  Meier  j  at  (lie  confluenae  of  whieli  idth  thtj 
f^^c  tha  city  of  $toc^olin  ia  situa^d^  h  about  sii^ty  mileir  1 
l€^g  by  <eight(een  broad,  crinkled  iridi  tnany  picti;^esque' 
iitandii.  '  :  ■^:  ■    ,/.'  ■[    y^"-'    ■ 

-^^Wedeii  ig^m  numeiwis  riwi*,'  tlie  mo^trcoiKl 

ai<lerableof  whibh  issue  mhn  the  lakes^  without  any  grea^l 
length  of  \c0ur9e.     la  ISwedish  Lapland  are  many  hrrg^ 
V^^rs  whi^  tise  ta  the  Noriregikn  Alpi^   ai%d  diil  iutb^ 
#iajtilf^94»^inia^  '     '  ^^ 

iSoimnu*    Xiinnseus  reckonSi  in  Swiedei^  USOO  JBpecies'vdq 
^anta»  sob  of  which  are  osedt  in  medinne.    Not-beedifeif 
^^w  beydnd  Uj^and ;  the  birch  graws  in  all  the  proT<>' 
sicei.^  The  pine  and  i^e  fir  are  the  prineipal  ^^resfe  trees., 
4nintalt*   The  domestic  cattle  and  sheep  of  Sweden  pre-, 
i^nt  noi^'ng  teniarkable>    Wokes^  foxes,  harea,  birds  of^'] 
pre^,  qpioor  fdwl,  fresh  and  salt  water  &(h,  are  ftiiiid.  her» 
M  grei^  abundance  ;  bears,  elks,  sables,  beavers,  and  pdl»- 
'^ts  are  more  unoominon.. 

Minerals  and  Mineral  Spring^..  Sweden  w  vet^fr  riufe  in; 
iron,  and  copper,  lead,  marole,  alum  liinestone,  coal, 
vilariol,  curious  petrifactions,  porphyry,  amethysts,  losd* 
Stone,  ^late,  %^c,  quicksilver^  sulfur,  mother  of  p^ar^ 
and  silten  ' 

l%te  are  reckoned' 860  mineral  springs  m  Sweden. 
Tiey  ahaund  in  every  province  of  the  kingdom*         ^' 


%.!:' 


.« 


■:,^' 


\0hst  cppji^r  and  brass,    'thU  Wucjle»/oi«xp©rt  *re  irdiii 

J3tt,  a^o^  inJi«ts.  they  import  IfaJen  i^otb^ ;  «f^  wi$e0* 
^iii,  totoMco,  sugAr,  coffee,  drugs,  Ac*  O^'  kt^^'^a  Ittnd- 
|S>leattetotflC^8Wii|)aid  to  inland  nati§ttti<?h. 

pdOM/^^tort.    tlie  population  of  this  ki^ldboi*  in  1801, 
iaihdunted  to  Sf^lO  1,000.    The  nob^ty  5(^0  computed:  at 
ifeout  ^500  t^nnlies ;  and  the  pesftaaaats,  the  most'  &umer« 
ftusfclasSv  amount  to  2,^M),0G0.  .\ 

Manners  an4  Customs*  The  Swedes  are  more  polishedl 
^nfi)nnerly,  and  have  several  public  schools  and  col-- 
itges,  wher6  the  arts  and  scictnces  are  taught;llieir 
w^mentili  theiground,  thresh  the  corn,  rolv  the  boats, 
&er  Their  houses  are  generally  of  wood^  with,  little  art 
in  the  construction.  ' 

iangiia^e*  The  language  is  a  dijtlect  of  the  Gothic,  h^f 
ing  agister  of  the  Danish;  Norwegian,  and  Icelandic.  ' 

Cities.  Stockholm,  standing  between  an  inlet  of  4lje- 
Baltic  sea  and  the  lake  Meier,  is  the  capital  ofSwedefi)  and 
the  rojtol  pe6ide»C€.  it  occupitis  7  small  rocky  islands. 
The  houses  ar^e  of  stone  or  brick,  covered  with  white  stuc- 
co. It  has  a  caiatte,  an  arsenal,  and  jeirjeval  acadeniies, 
and  75,517  itthabitartts.  Upj^al  is  the  next  in  dignity^ 
and  has  4400  inhabitantis.  OoTiilENBtJiiG  has  1^^'gl^ 
Jnhabitarits;:  CarlscrOna,  founded  by  Charlt^s  X^i» 
i6§0>  contains  a  population  of  about  13,800.   .  ^  ^ 

Religioft*    The  astablishcd  religion  is  the  X<utherith  ^ 
^ey  liave  oiao  arfchbishop  and  seven  bishops. 

Governnient,:   Theibrm  of  the  Swedish  gOTerni]90nt  Ja 
monarchical,  ■ ..  . 

Armtf  and  N-avy.  Tn  1801»  the  naval  and  nrilitary  troopf 
of  every  kind  Were  ISS,?^*. .  They  have  but  icMf  ships  c^ 
Uie  line.  Galleys  of  a  flat  coostructioa  are  found  mdre 
serviceable  in  the  Baltic  than  ships  of  wat>  and ^t^ftfcat- 
tejition  is  paid  to  their  equipment. 

Histor^k  Sweden  is  part  of  the  anpient  Scandinavi% 
and  appears  to  have  been  originally  peopled  by  Ficiff,  whip! 
were  coaquered  by  the  Goths,  probabij^  seven  or  eight  cen- 
turies before  the  Christian  era^  The  history  .  of  this  king- 
dom is  obscure  till  the  reigw  6f  Ingi  the  piousi  ^,Ti,  IOCS. 
Svycd*a  was  pattially  converted  to    Uhristiariity,  A.  D.- 


25a 


Mimm^ 


idm,  under  OlnflJI.    Margaret,  q|if^«^j||«H»art  mM 

monarchy  Jiy  C  itaTua  HI.  in  1772.    Ousteyua  XV.  iSI 
^WiaWed  bjF  Atthentroiii,  oft  the  ifitji  of  MarcJb.  179? 
^8iia»eded  bv  hb  sob,  then  14  jr^.  oia..  who,^ 
^^^^**oate4  Oie  tliroiie,  aBd  miiawaa  exile  in  Qvt^i 


Il 


'if;  I 


«HE^^ii»*ijnenijMi^i«  superior  in  extent  of  territery^j 
aiy  ^mp$  thatefer^existedon  the«iobe.    In  ita  crett^? 
eajt  extent  It  «treti*eR  fironi, Sweden  ijfi  the  Bahic  en  lEj 
w^e«»^  to  the^A<»fic  oceiMn  en  tfie  east ;  and^oro  the  Ar«i^ 
^ocero  nortti,  t^^e  44th  degree  of  n^rth  latitude  on  die 
iiJ^th  rbemg  lai^er  than  all  the  rest  of  Europe*    The  preik 
entarfacte,  hpwever,  is  restricted  to  Eubofba*  Kiissuw 
ift^a^is  the  Imst  and  ifio8tDc»uiou«  part  of  the  empire. 
^^.^«lKfefM*^^Thebound^  Eia^e  aw^i 

^  the  w^hj,  t^  Arctic  ocean  ^.on  ti»e  wett,  Swediii  Up^ 
landand'Fiidand.  the  Baltic a^a,  t^  Pruarian  and  Austfe 
511  |»rte  of  the  late  luDgd<?in  of  Boland*.  and  T^iffkiiMlal;  j 
dim?  cmUie  south,  the  Black  sea,  and  sea  of  Aiofranai 
w  the  east,  Its  own  Asiatic  territories..  I 

Eittmit,  ^European  HusBia  extends  from  the  river  Dni»i 
2**®'i<>.  ^®  Urghan  mountains,  abeut,  1600  miles  j  -»' 

SfSltSS^^-  **^  1000  miles,    it  M  conipirted  to  tea. 
tarn  1,^00,000  square  mjles*.  .■ 

I}mtiiisMhdP(^hUation,  ThlsimmenMenipireisdivided, 
xiifco^^ernments,  12  of  which  aire  in  Asijitic  Russia. 
'  The  whole  en»p.ire  contained,  i«.ia08,  4K40S,a»0  ia^. 
bahitants,  VIZ..  | .   ^M  T 

In  Earb^feito  Russia  ^>1?9,800 

-  ^     In  As^c  lliiiitt  -  9,274,000.  '. 


■,4 


4^fm^mi 


=-S«    1- 


illJiSSIA* 


||il>eriaii  proVliices,  and  BQQ  m  £^m9»- Mvofaify^ 
itt«  Kaf;jifefa#:a.    C^ihegM^  in  BwiOpettui^Ki^ 

lia,  tfQQQi600  were  acquired  from  -thft  pitftil^^  li  ^^d-- 
land,  aad  fSrom  th«  ^9tt^,  If^eet^  iheyetn  Wt^  mii 

ms.     -V^?:  -    ■■,-,-;.:■...:.  ^.^i-.:  ■/..-.,:.:   :r-   '■   ■  .^  ' 
CliiMtte,, ,  {n  li  eountiy  of  aiic^  «iil;eBt  .M  Ihim  • 

tttuit  jcoo^cquetttly  be  lumitei  every  dtvemtj^  or  elittt^^ 
but  ite  prey«|iing  <2li^acter  id  that  olT  eicJreiM^  cold.  l|he 
j^rovHice  of  Taiarjda  ma|^  be  compared  with  Italy,  incli- 
m:^te  and  soil.      .    ^  _.      ■    r 

S  1 1  Lakestond  Riven,  Th^  seas  of  Eiiuisiaaife  the  Bal- 
tic, the  White  sea,,  t|ie  Blaclj,  jl^i,  th#,  aeaof  Azof,  andi 
the  Caspian -«€«*-■  :^^  ^':-''-^i-,,irv,,:--..;8*':.;:^^  ■'■■■-;':'. 

There  s^e  several  considerable  lakes  in  Russia.    The 
1^  Take  of  Onega,  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  is  150^  mila^ 
lajg  by  SO  brAad,  die  wores  <^  which  cxmUuasoiiie^Tal^^^ 
ahie  marbles.    To  the  west  is  lake^adc^a,  ISO  mil^es  loipg,. 
by  70  broad;    Peter  the  great  opeiie4  a^^anal  alohg  the 
ilioreof  tbisliiU^e,  irpcnthe  VoUkov  to  the  Neva..   Oa  thft:, 
southwest  18,  the  lalie  oS  Peypmi,  f£c^m  wbich  issue*  the  fiv^I 
er  Narva*    Thi  white  lake  is  so  caHed  ftomits  bot^okii; 
ff  white  (slay-    take  Selig^?,  ill  the  -gOvt'rnnien^  of  Tvev 
and  a  small  iake  to  the  west,  ace  the  ptrincipal  sources  of 
th«  raajesttr.Voig^,^  which,  for  sptfte  distahce,,  is  the  boun- 
isay  line  betuveen  Ewrope  and  Asia..   After  a^^  f^ottrseo^ 
f50miles»  it  cuirns  tothe  southenit .  into  Asia,  and  falls  in- 
to the>CaspiaQ>  sea  at^  Astrachan..  Its.  wHolie  course,  if,. 
•1700 . mile?.;: '•:•■:  --;'■■  ^  \-.     ']j  ' "  ■  . :: :;.:  ,K  ■: ., 

TheI>on,  or  Ttiiais^  ri^eftin  AegofewraeBt.of-Tiiliqji, 
and  runs  $00  miles  iiuo  the  siea  of  Azof..  i. 

The  Nieper  the  ambient,  Borystbgneir  rises^ in  the  goyern-.r 
vent  of.  Smolensk,  at  no  great  diistaiice  from  the  sources , 
if  th^  Vo%^  and.  Puimu  Aftec^;  traverMug;  rich  and  fer- 
tile provinces,  for  1000  miles*  it  falls  into  ^e  Euxine. 

The  Niester  rise^  in  the  Carpathian  mountains,  and  fallti; 
Into  the  Buxine  at  Ankerman.. 

The  Petohori^  Me^sen,  and  several  .other  important  riv*. 
5r»,  riia  northwardly  into  ;the  White  sea  and  4  irctip  oeean... 

The  btiiier  most  considerable  rivers  are,  the  Westafiki 
Dwina,  which  falls  into  the  gulf  of  liiga  i  the  Neva,  which, 
%^<li«.  irite«»  •!  llike  Woa^ioto  t^iegulf  of.  Su^ag^ 


-    \}f<¥'.  **i'*^  »•'*•»«  ^ 


>m 


imssfX. 


iidiNi^  dt;  of  PMenburg  ;  aad  €he  Bog-,  w]^<!i^*'j 

"of'ihe  Cwintrif,    Eutopisan  Russia  h.   <,  Jri^^r.l'^*,'  aTS 
^v^t.ii^i.ry.    ^<><**uicl  thetkorth,  however  iht     anu  .    „>> 
kil^'i^^  Andbarrv '•  mouolains^  intenpert^d  V' .^n  lor^  ti(,  {l 
bogs,  Iftd  mpi  ftisef.      - ' ' '  •      ^  '   a 

jf^rodtSGtionMi    Thkve  i» a  greai  rari  iy  of  i . *uri;'  i,ro^- > »i 
tioi|a<in  Rt)«tia»    M^^iy  thouMtn-^  jpecus  of  pliiti^,  belong* 
mg  to  tb^t  parf^f  jthc  jdobe,  hav^  aireaiu'  becu  emucil-Rte^' 
by'ti^nuMt9y  And  mar.5  nrepjol  ,blyytjt  u«ikn«wn.-'  MoH'l 
^f  tbe  flp^mi,.  ne<3«<!Sttry  for  the  subs!8t<*iice  of  man   5.14' 
be^st,  w'e  cultivated  in  Kw88«a<     The  souciiera  proyilac^s^ 
«re"«xtf^iiiei^ iAirtile. .  TEhe'iir.iB. th^'  Aiost  va^iiahlLr of  ^hm 
Ifercsr  treos....-^;-*  -''''•^        ■-"'":*:,'-■  p::'-.,  '.        '  ;^ 

l^€ft;jivdc»jiicstib  ainriaals^the  fcb  abouiitii;  m  wildi| 

ieetes,  itm-^  v?r,  i>i«rtlns,  foxes  of  several  kinds,  ertiiJr.eO 
fm^}&^^'-m>d-  vanpus  (Other,  q^adi^ugeda  v«iuabte^%  thtjiii 

i*ra..  V  'T-       ■- -V^'       ••    '■■■     ■       •   '         "■  ■'    •        ^  ■"* 

>  Ifke  mmertd  More*  of  ^tbJa  cmphre,  aro  those  of goldj 

silvtr,  coppery  iron j  lead*  quicksilver,  i8ii?^glasB,s.ut^hui^' 

Bftiti  many  a^rrttt «^  j^«*pori  marbiii  and  granite.;    ^  | 

Coft^mrce<.'  Th0' <a)minerce  of  Russia  is  greatly  increasecK| 
by  H«  danak.  Th^  North-sea  iimnited  with  the  Baltic,  an^* 
both  these  with  the  Caapian.  ami Blatk  seas.  Bj^  npeanj; 
ofa'^E^Mad,  Poter£|b;i^  A1;trach1afi'  and^ 

the  (Crimea*  'ilie  anmial  eitport  of  iifijh  is  conspmed  at| 
4(^)0D^  tons  4  of  «a3t  15,000  raid  i^  talkw  94,000  tons  J 
J|!he  ituportft  of  Pjeierafeurg,  in  17^7*  were  dowptited  af 
tboijt  4,000,000;i»terlin|{.  l|jiiblia  i|  sttpposed  to  exportl 
graiaiimu«|%^  Id  the  itt^^ 

iiax,  raw  or.  inahufadiir<3d,  to  tbe  afnoant  of  a  b»i}lioii 
more*  iTh6  coin  currents  i^  the  empire  ia  estiijrfatett;  to| 
amouut  to  s6,OQO,<)0(r/k  stferUag,  and  the  paper  money  ta| 
20i0Qt>,000/.  i  EtiBf ia  csrries  on  a  great  traftic  with  Cnina..] 
hmn&m  gtwrntitiea  al'fiir*  iare  expoirted;  to  most  of  th^l 
•  ]«itiona<^'&^rope..  '  ..  '  '  •''    -'"    ''         "':''■  "''r  i 

RcUgidp  Tbe  established  reKgioHi$|harbf  tliie  G^reelf  I 
oKurdh)  but  all  religious  sects  are  tal^i?^ed*  The  chiircl^| 
is  go^riied  %  a  poitrtarch)  under  v^tiom  aSr^  arbhblUiofi'^ 

andbii^ps^  .         ,       ^ 

Ijpmguage.  T^e  common  langiwge  is  aimii«^»t«  of  tb^  1 
l^ajjali^f  Sclayoniaa  i,  but.  the  priesta  aad  d^gjj  mafee 


lBL^8$iAl 


!JCtw 


im 


^2 


of  pi;  4  mtMy  belong. 
^beeu  eftwii^ftte^'^f 

3u£tiera''proyitnc>^s-; 
t  vat\iabl«;  of  ^)mi ' 

iLhoxtnda  m  wild! 
•al  kinds,  ertnir.eO 
wMUable'for  thei*^ 

aro  those  of  golJj; 

is  greatly  increaset^j 
nth  the  Baltic,  and« 
seas.    By^  Bfieaosl 
th  Astraclileih'  and;' 
►n  is  €oiit5pntecl  ^ 
l\6i¥'  >4f,000  tonsJ 
?eire  doctiputtd  af 
prosed  to  e3^ctrtj^ 
L. ;  and  hemp   and 
[Mint  of  ft  n»^lioi^ 
re  i&  estiixifated' tor 

e  paper  money  t«l 
cimftic  with  vChina..| 
id^  to  naost>  of  the^ 

08tbf^«Kie  %eel^| 
ted*  The  cHtirch;! 
nft  aSr^  arbhbilhofi' 

SiB  Rltjte«  of  t^ 

-■a©d''<s«s 


>  «r  the  modern  ^ireek.  Itieir  atphiibcft  oooiisu  of  iB^ 
..ters,  the  fonn»  of  whtclLbave  atorong;  retewblaiiee  t<)$ 
iiose  of  the  old  Greek  alphabet. 

Literfture,    Sciences  wftd  arts  were  iiicroduced  by  |^it«r 
l^e  great  and  encouraged  by  the  late  empress,  who  also 
!nded    number  of  sohools  for  thfe  education  of  the  loir-^ 
l|  jlasses  of  her  subjects    There  are  three  universities,  cfnir 
It  Petersburg,  one  at  Moscow,  and  one  ^t  Kiof.    The  i^- 
lerial  academy  of  sciences,  at  PeUrsburg,  rmka  among  the^ 
|rgt  literary  iastitiitions  of  Europe.    ITiere  is  also  anacadV 
I,  Tof  arts  and  jtnother  of  the  K <i8sian  language. 
Manners  and  Cuxtnnts,    The  Russians,  properly  so  call«;4| 
b  hardy,  wgorpUs,  and  patient  of  labor  to  an  incredible 
p^ee.    The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks  is  after  the  Fr^ncM 
bd  English  fashfon  ;   and  all  wear  a  ottvering  of  t\»r  jsix." 
iontl^  in  the  year.    They  have  an  extreme'  &ndnesa  fat. 
leir^atiTe  soil,  and  are  seldbtti  seen  in  other  countries. 
iThey  are  Superstitious,  and  entertainv many  ikritasCic  iib- 
-18  respecting  departed  souls.    The  i|riests  give  k  pass- 
;  to  tho86-  who  are  dying,  entreating  St.  Pet^r  to  opeii  ■ 
I  gates  of  heaven,  and  certifying  that  thie  bearer  hai  be^ii* 
jwd  Christian, 
rriiere  are  no  capital  punishments,  except  in  cases  of  high 
'won.    fi^t  the  Russians  are  remark^We  for  the  severity 
J  variety  of  puhishjnents.   iafiitted  ifferdthe^  crimes^ 
iny  criminals  die  under  the  torluresjof  dii  kn^Ut,  th«K^ 
pgues  of  their  journeys  to  Siberia,  miill&ehard^hijpsaieii^ 
jfefin  the  mines.  '  v  v  [■■  .^  :j'.  \i^  ■  ■     ■■,;■:;  v^;-;!^ :'.",  ,*;'* 

jovernment.  The  sovereign  of  ft ussla  is  absolute.    He* 
Ist  be  of  the  Greek  church;     TH    only  written  ftmdin 
ntal  law  is  that  of  Peter  I.  by  which  the  right  of  sue* 
8ion  depends  entirely  on  the  choice  of  the  reigning  irioir. 
Ih,    The  emperor  has  uniimited  power  oi^r  the^  liv«s- 
1  property  of  &il  his  subjects,  Hie  mUiity  as  weR  as  the! 
santry.     The  provinces  are  ruled  by  govemoni,  ap»v. 
nted  by  the  sovereign. 

irmf  und  Niivyi.      The  army  amounted  in   1805  ^ 
1.120  men.     Russia  has  32  new  sail  of  the  line,  and,  IJSi; 
lates;  12  old  line  of  battle  ships,  and  200  galley*  and 
^  boats,  principally  in  the  Baltic,  Black  and  IVIe&rra-^ 
i^seas.  .     .'  ,.-. ^,  :-■•/: .:,-'[ 

liH^-,.  l^JmmBmG^  m  the  Nev^»  near  the  ^If  of 


■M':^' 


.11':! 


!:i  ill'".*. 


iiiii 


■■'1^;:: 


:i!ii' 


«2f 


HUfiTfifA. 


Pbfcr 


Btil«a4»  iktlieoifitalofRuipia.   J^bfcr  lili^gr««t  ^i 

^IIM^Mi  ofiiin  I,70Sf,  jKod,  from  a/  morals,  wliieli 
ftAii||t*>^l'  a  fair  fiibenMo's  huti«  aioM  a  city  y^hkk  \^ 
^jamm  271,23Q  iAl«>l^ita^»  35  jpreat  cburcliei,  aD4  nab) 
a{>lefidid  oatecep.  ^  It  it  cKfendcd  hyihe  forCreaa  ^  " 
aUdV  ^4  i*  «w4oaecl  t»y  a  ran^pan  14>  mtlea  w  tirr 
•Q<^.    It  <^ta^  on  4U1  extenfive  ccmmero^^ 

Moscow^  i55J5  miles  southeast  of  Petersburi^  ^fara 
'    4eAtriictJ^Q  in  JSeptemj^,^  1812,  by  ordar  of  jae  Ru 
#  prevent  its,  falling  ittto  the  hands  of  fiaaapa^te,  «u. 
id  i^^  houses  and  dOp^OOO  spula.    Its  circoiaferc 
#lthin  the  rampart,  was  26  mil^    It  had  1800  plajBe»< 
tfOrsiiip*    Tbdr  bells  were  of  a  sti^>eQdotiB  siiev  ana 
H^jip;  9^1\ich.wbi^ed  216  tona,^    Mqscow  was  tho  oentire  oS 
^^m!.  btand  commerce  of  Russia,    It  is  now  rebuilding*^ 

.  AnciiAN^Et-)!  on  the  B^ina,  near  the  Whiter  sea,  ill 
place  of  some  qommerce,  and  has ,  1200  houses  and  7' 
--'«-*Stants* 


^^Biu4&,0  strong  and^ popuj^ous  town,  and  nexi  to J| 
ikif^gjf  Ule  .most  cominercial  of  any  in  Rus^a..  It. 
mt  capital  of  tiie  government  of  Livonia,^  and  has  12S 
bouses,  SO,0bO  inhabitiants^ 

,Hittory.  Little  wat  known  of  Russia  tilt  lieturthe  4 
if  the  15th  .ciGinlur^,  when  John  l^azilowit:;  I.  great  di 
i^MoSeovy,  threw  olf  t^e  yoke  of  the  Tartars,  towh 
Russia  had  Ipng  beeh:  subjeot,  and  assumed  the  title 
(^;^a^.  iBni' Peter  the' ^eat  is  the  most  deservedly  celelr 
ed  of  att  thf  sovereigna  olT  Russia.  /  Perhaps  ne  cou»- 
evcr  exhibited,  in  so  shM't  a  time,  the  wpnders  t$at  nuiy| 
effected  by  t2)e.  genius  and  fxertienapf  one  many  At 
accession  to  tHe  throne,  he  found  J^is  subjects  of  all 
in  t^e  grosiSiiSt  ignQ|-^nce  aud  barbarism ;  his  num 
armies  ferocious  and  undisciplined ;  he  had  neith^  „ 
cAiant  ships  nor  men-of  war,  which  rendered  Russia  of  lit 
eonsc^^ienc^  in  tl^  politics  of  Europe.  Peter  civilized  ' 
barbarous  subj{!cts,*  disciplined  his  army,  built  cities  i 
ll^rtres^es,  and  created  a  navy.  These  national  impri) 
ibtents  hate  be^n  continued  since  his  time,  and  RuMsia  i 
holds  ia  rank  among  the  pbwei^, of  Europe,  of  whick 
p^  fojresTght,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century, 
"ll^ye  formed  no  conceptioa,  ^         • 

'P[^  present  emperor  of  Q|i$si«^  im  Altxanddr  I*  -^ba 


FOtAW. 


M 


FfMHMtion  of  hif  IhitlMifi  Pton)  I* 

I  KiP«»iAN  IftLM.  In  tt«  Mtic,  RiuVift  pcweMW  itm 
m^i  of  OrtKi  «ftd  D Aoo,  wlweh  tre  AiU  of  f«c'  t^  Cfiow- 
UTAPT,  is  tht>  fiilf  of  Fiftland,  it  femtrliibie  liiirai  e^oofi^ 
tt  bav^ttr  ir^iofi  if  t^  chief  t$9lAm  ff  tke  fm^tm  ioet 
iMi  4a»000  mhlOyiMnit. 

Hor4-2«aMBi.4,  a  l«rg^e  ijil«id  fnAe  Aft^  oomb,  be* 
'  I  ip  R«Mi|&,  firoip  A^h  cb  it  ii  leparated  by  the  ;stnt|;ni 
nijflite,    it  ha$  apiirffAbitanjtf  but  fovee,  b«ltf*t  <Mi4 
ler  wild  beMtf. 

The  isliiBcU  ff  Si^iTKBSRGtN,    9(^l?d  b^  MRie  EmjU 
.3elii«D4t   i&Qni  «  supppied  connecti^^n  »itb  ^re^laiil' 
ropur,  ioHofrth*  America,  lif  :athe  Aictic;  p.ccttQ,  Wvecfi 
Iramaland  mid  Npta  Zetnbla.    'ihe  a»ain  boad  of  SfiU^ef' 
n  ^xt^ods  :}00  mik«  from  lat  76  30  (•  807.^  ^h&  coMft 
lined  sritb  craggy  qaoi^ntaiua ;  in  winter,  it  ]•  continual 
it  for  four  ropiiUis*    The  aniinalt  are  white  bi^urs  and 
iicuf ,    There  .are  i|0  fettlejd  inhtibitanta«  and  it  it  kni>wi» 
Ij  to  thole  who  go  on  the  coiuit  Unr  whale*.    The  ms^f 
^eti^le  here  il  a  willow,  two  inchei  high,  ' 

POLANa      _ 

fOLAND  wat  once  a  nowerful  kingdom  of  Europe,  lUd 
i  aow  blotted  from  the  catalogue  of  nations.    A*  a  geogra- 
ictd  fcction  of  Europd,  howeveit,  it  stall  occupies  a  plaqii 
the  deioription  of  tbif  part  of  Uie  giobe. 
U  1772,  Poland  was  bounded  on  tlie  north  by  the  Bal» 

aad  Russia ;  east  by  Russia  ;%fioutb  by  Little  Tartar^ 

(oldavia  and  Hungary;  West  by  Germany  and  tiie  jpaltiv. 

'le  territory,  included  in  these  limits, .  was  BOO  miles  loiug* 

id  700  broad.    It  was  divided  into  Great  Poland*  Little 

Na  ^  and  Lithuania ;  eack  of  which  was  again  divided 

palatinates  or  previnceft. 

Poland  was  anciently  the  countnr  of -the  Yandiids*  who 

•igrated  fpom  it  to  invade  the  Roman  empire*    It  was 

rected  into  a  dutchy^  of  wlt^ich  Lechue  Was  we  firpt  dujco, 

D.  694,    1%  became  a  kingdom  A.  D.  1000;  p|lk> 

.  emperor  of  Germany,  conferring  th^  title  of  king  on 
foleslausL        ;     ''  '    '•■.    ■*■•  ':;.  ;."--^  ■"'^■■■' 

tfxim,  a  partition  of  this  eountiy,  pi4ect«d  >y  lito 


i 

TwIlnilG^tl 

m 

P 

m  ■ 

:,l  V, 

Br''''^-o 


:ri 


"I  \'i. 


) III. 

'1 


!l 


liiiii 


umi 


■i  ii 


■:ll 


Ml 


\n 


■A'i.        I.; 


'in  > 


h.  h 


iliii 


f^ 


l^RCSSIJU 


luAK  of  PfKiifit,  >ras  effected  by  that  »ani|rel^,  in.e6h)« 
iron  #ith  the  empress  of  RwMia  and  the  enperor  of  6i 
Mo&ny ;  by  wMioh  oEbe  tbird  of  Poland  was  dkaded  «j 
ttheaepowen.    In  179S»  tbe  eD)pr«a»  of  Kuasi*  and 
of  Priiaai^  plarned  It  lecond  parUtio&»  which  .took  plactd 
1793^    Tbeac!  mal^plied  oppreMloui  at  last  roused  the 
jit  of  the  nation,    ueneral  Kosciusko,  i^  174Mf 
(•t  the  hwd.uf  a  p9lish..arin|r,4o  assert  theindi^peHaeneei 
liis  qouiitry,  and  to  recover  the  provinces  wrested,  fremj 
He  wi«  success^  lit  iirit  ncaiast  the  kii|ig  of  l^uasia, 
^'as  «fterwttrds  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Rutei 
Warsaw,  thu  capital,  was  takeivanu  phindered  by  the  Ru 
i«ianSj  in  17l)3*    Five  tbousand  Polish  troops  fell  in  defe 
Aftho;  place  ;  and  9000  citiaens,  men,  women  artdchildr 
vtra  massacred.     The  unfortunate  kin^,    Stanislaus  lU 
•frus  coinpeiicd to  make  a  tVurnial  resignauon  of  his-cri' 
And  kingdom  into  tlie  hiiinds  of  hi*  bloody  conquerors,  i 
.^>is  a  sti\te  prisoner  till  Jbi«  death,    which  hi^pened 
.Petersburg,  February  11-,  1798, 

'  The  prus(>ut  distribution  of  Poland  is  as  follows ;  to  Rs 
tf  ft  beloug  C>our)and,  .Saniogitia  the  greater  part  of  IJltli 
jiia.  Folesia,  Volhiiiia,  and  Podolia,  having,  according' 
JiMsel,  a  population  of  4^2^3,300.  To.  Austria,  Lit 
Pott  "^d,  a  part  of  Podolia,  now  italled  Gallicia  nnd  Lc 
miria,  and  part  of  iVIasovia^  To  Prussia,  Great  Pi 
Pi»lachia,  jmd  a  part  of  Masovi^  and  Lithuama. 

PRUSSIA, 

Zxient  and  Bmndarm,    EXCLUSIVE  of  small  detaij 
cd  territories,  the  kingdom  of  Prussia  extends  froni  the  i 
«r  Oder  west,  to  the   vlerael  east,  about  600  miles* 
hlreadth,  from  the  southern  limit  of  Silt^sia  to  Dantzic 
oeeds  ^00  miles.    On  the  east  and  south,  Prussia  is  be 
«d  by  the  dominions  of  Russia  and  Austria  ;i^est  by 
many ;. north  by  (:he  Baltic. 

DiviiMHS  and  Population,    The  following  oo^ld^^ 
'  1601,  composed  the  Prus&ian  monarchy : 
j^aste.n  Prussia  Pomerania 

Westem  P^i^ia  ,  ,      Brandenburg 

Southern  P^lissia  New  March 

19ew.  Ie;a8tem  Prasfk  M^^^fifvtfi 


.F  ■■ 


SOUTH-AiiBillCilrN  tSLANDa  4# 

jlithM  tlMB  a  miuitle  ittiide  of  leia  ikin,  or  the  •kinofsajpc 

Eit,  and  tl)i|t  4li8y  throw  off  .whe»  th«v  are  iii  pction. 
sy  are  exoeedtngl;^  hardy,  ba^wre,  andf  actiw,  iha^nc 
of  their  annt,v  which  are  bon^  aad  arrowa  htiadcd  Wk 
UtM,  with  amasiiig  dexterity;  >They  alwayabulp  their 
lead  on  the  eaitern  ihoref ,  looking  towarda  the  e<»&try  of 
heir  fktheri.  tliey.  are  8tt|>po8edUo  hive  etnifiigted  oiifeia* 
ill?  from  Africa.  '    ,  ^' ' 

.The  Spaniarda^ace  huilt  a  fort  upon  the  UraitTtf  Mm- 
Jflan  an4it)ft  a  garrison  in  it,  to  pretent  iihy  othtf  Hvro^ 
^Qati(^i!roinpami}4^>  that  #a#  into.  th$'Fai*iie  i»^e«t{ 
^  mo£t  of  the  n^en  periihed  by  Aaiig^,  whence  tbephicie 
ibtaiiied  the  liame  or  Port  Fahiuie ;  tince  tW  liltal  mun^ 
joMtitm  haa  attempted  to^plant  cofonies  w  Patagonia, 
,  A«  to  the  religion  or  government  of  thf  PatagOnianit  *» 
Mve  DO  certain  information.  Some  hate  fopor&l  that  thev 
pli^ve  in  invisible. powers,  both  good  and  evil;'  aitd  tl^ 
jhey  pay  a  tribute  of  gratitude  to  the  me,  ^od  depreotl* 
^  wra^h  and  ;i!eng^C&  of  the  other. 


' » ■' » fi 


■;'f|:.r' 


SOUTH- AKEHICAN  ISLANDS. 

'  ■  ■    "         •       ■  :,.  ■••■'•      -    •  '  '■■ ''.'  ■  ■  ■'     '- 

I  f  f  HE  FAi.iiif.AiH9  Hhwm  liea  «^arthe  sti-aits  of  MatfelUNki 
llittie  to  the  northeast  of  the  utmost  extremity  of^tiyi^ 
Imerica,  bi^ween  Sl^'end  J»*»  Sk  lat.  and  l^ei#eeii  21^^ 
Iva^'M^  of  £.  Ion.  'ThM««re  cHsoovei^  by4$ir  Richiir4 
Ifiiwkins,  in  1594}  the  ohHiof  ^e  |wo  islands,  hb  ca^d 
Hawkins's  MA^i»Biii»*K»,  ib hianort>f  ^qeeii  ^izsdieth. 
the  soil  of  these  iabttia  ia  bad,  -anil  the  shores  are  beat  i^ 
Itrpetuftl 'ttorms.  A  British  settlement  Wae  made  herct, 
Uf  which,  they  were  soon  after  dispossessed  by  the  i^M^« 
'hrds»  mp.  :The  Spaniarda  i^#  send  criminals  kmn 
beir  settlements ^n. the  cooline^t.  toHhese  inhosiutiMe 


^  Tekra^  iwL-IPimoci, '  or  'Land  of  Pwc^  lies  at  the  souths 
M  extremity  >  of  Sodft^  America,  is  separated  from  llie 
hoatn  on  the  north,  bf  Uii  straits  cf  Mageuan,  and  contajna 
laboi;^  42,0Q0  sqimre  mte.  It  cottosts  of  sevemi  ibjaad^ 
pftiGh^receiva  tins  nam^on  account  of; the  vast  fires  >^ 

Kke  which  the^iHtdi|COverers.«f  Oiem  perceived."   Thip 
idofS|iilBiil4mdlitBiii  theeastof  M  f^^ 


fEVmA. 


-Sds 


iHBlbentaJc 

llfindtiii 

Itftveiwbarg 

Bast  Frieiland 

Cleves 

HdtB 

Mark 


'    QtMst 

Te^tdenbuff 
JLlngen 

Stletitt 

AiMpadi 

Balreuth 

Neofchfiiel  «pnd  •VaBengM 

The  whole  df  these  divifiiont^  according  «•  Hoeck, 
[.lained  HfOiliH9  mhiibjtantf.    Stnco  tlie  Sattie  of  Jena,  in 
1807)  io  which  the  French  were  vi^orioiw,  and  which  was 
[fdiowed  by  almost  a  complete  conquest  of  Prassia,  the  ex« 
^feent  of  this  kini^doin  has  been  consiidcrably  lenisened. 

Climate*    The  climate  of  Prussia,  though  mild  and  fVee 
from  humidity  in  some  provinces^   is  generally  coM  and 
l4noi8t.    Prussia  proper  ia  said  to  have  ^iglu  mantfis  winter, 
,iQd  it$  autumn  deluged  with  ruin. 

IfCkes  and  Rroers*  There  are  seyeral  lAes  ii»<Ftiis8ia  oF 
^nonpiderable  exteiit.  That  called-the  Sptlding  Lee  extends 
about  ^  miles  in  every  direction.  One  c^  the  chief  rivers 
is  the  Elbe,  rising  in  Bohemia,  and  paasil^g  through  the 
i  dutchy  of  Magdeburg.  The  Oder  is  perhaps  the  only  river 
[which  can  be  considered  entirely  Prussian.  The  other  chief 
I  rivers  are  the  Rusiie,  and  Nieiuen  or  MeOiel. 

General  /(ppeararfce  and  Productions,  The  only  motin- 
I  tains  in  Prussia  are  those  of  Silesia.  Except  this  province, 
the  whole  country  is  low  and  Wei.  It  pi^oduces  much 
hemp,  flax,  and  corn.  Yellow  amber  is  found  along  the 
l^ea  coast.  The  domestic  animals  are  numerous.  Be^de 
!  the  common  game,  the  forests  abound  in  elks,  wild  asses, 
[and  the^  uri,  aa  animal  of  a  monstrous  size,  with  a  Very 
^diick  and  strong  hide,  which  is  sold  at  a  great  |Nrice. 

Manufacturen  and  Commeree,  These  are  of  little  impor- 
Ltance.  Linen  is  made  in  Silesia ;  and  some  glass,  iron,  &r. 4 
I j>aper,  ii^  manufactured  in  other  parts. 

The  exports  are  amber,  timber,  cord,  skins,  leather,  fitos, 
land  hemp.  In  return,  they  recebre  wine  and  other  pr4>d« 
[ucts  of  the  south  of  Europe. 

Language  and  Literature,  The  language  is  German,  ex- 
I  cept  in  the  Polish  provinces*  Frederick  the  great  waa  one 
of  the  most  distHiguished  authors  tlie  kingdom  has  pro- 
daced.  I^iteratttre  a*^  ^^o^tion  are  almott  entirely  ne- 
l^ected. 

Y 


&6f 


mmsiA. 


|MW 


m  ii'i 


I"     I 


li.f 


L  I 


Vtioemment  mid  Religion,  llie  govemment  l.  an  ifci|»l 
lul^  iDOoarchjr.  l^o  aeiiiite-or  ^  delvi^tt^s  ot*  the  pfo|^t> ,  W 
kopirQ  in  th<|  Idpf^OBi.  .Ttie  prevuiling  religion  foimoSj 
vm  l«tlheranMm;  but  tinee  th^  acquiaitums  iii  IV»hu4|i 
the<  greats  part  of  the  inhabitanits  are  probably  UpmMj 
Cathoiici* 

Anl^,  The  :Prui«an  tamy  amounta  to  about  SOO^OOO, ; 
including  ^(^OOO  cavalry.  1 

O^eM,    KowiOHBEito^  on  the  river  Pregel,  ii:the  capital] 
contaimng  $6)400  inhabitants,  and  enjoying,  an  extenfiit»| 
compirrce.    It  has  an  univenity,  with  bb :  proiitssort.    11 
«itv  it  a^prned  w«ith  many  elegant  paiacti. 

Warsaw^  the focmer  capitaLol' Poland,  •tanda  on  the! 
Vr^ul^a,  co^teining  S57B  houses,,  and  64,000  Jnhabit&iitji,i 
notwithatanoiDg  die  population^ as  so  much  thinned  by  tlkfij 
destructive  swdrd  of  Suwftrrow.  /'        y  j 

DAN;rzic  contains  5ii55  houses,  and  4^,iy66  inhabitant|^| 
It  was  known  AS,  a^  commercial  city  as  early  as  the  teDliJSj 
p^ury.'  ...  ;,- ,  ■'■V 

The  city  of  Thorn,  celebrated  as  the  birth  place  of  tbej 
famous. asiiunonuir,  Copernicus,  .has 8bOO  inhtibtiaits.      ^ 

ta^ipry*    Ppruesia  was.  ancieptly  inhabited  by  pn  idoIs>i 
tiou|>  ana  cruel  people.  :  Coiirad,  dukt-  of  >>uKOviu,  Abotjtj 
the  midale  of  the  thirteenth  century,  attacked.  tlu>Se  p(>| 
nle  with  success ;  and,  after  a  blpot}  war  ot  fifty  years,  re-l 
d^ced  thism  to  obedience,  and  obliged  theui  to  tnibrace 
Cfepifti  'nily.    in  1525,  Albert?  margri^ve  of  Blandvnliug, 
havip^  made  hiniSelf  master  of  all.  prus&ia^  ceded  .tlie,  mc^I*! 
eru  part  to  the  king  of  Pomnd,  and  was  ackniiwle^'gci] 
dui^f^  oi  the  eastern  part,   but  to  be  held  a»  a  iitt  of  tli^tj 
kingdom.    TJie  elector  Frederick  W  iliiMm*  =  surnnmed  ^m 
Oreat,  by  a  treaty  with  Poland,  in  165$,,  obtained,  ^cpn*] 
firmation  of  thia..part  of  Prus.*>ia  .to  h,im  and  his  heirs,  fr^ 
from  vassalage ;  and>  in  i6t(B,^  he  wi[(s  declared  ,iQd<^cnd 
ent  and  sovereign  duKe    ;  In.  1701,  ,]Frederick,  son  of  rrtd» 
eri^  WjUianx,  th^e  G;rea^ ,  raised  the  dutchy  of  Prussia  Im,s| 
)uugd6m,  and,  in  a  solemn  assembly  of  the  states  of  tiy 
empire,  pliaC-d  the  crown  with  his  .own  hands  .upon  hiil 
l^ead ;  soon  ^fter  whit^h,  he  wjps  acknowledged  jis.f^ing  ^] 
,  Prussia  by  all  the  other  European  powers. 

.Ffederjck  III.  ascended  the  thrpne  in  174^9'  iMi8niili«| 
1^  IlleptB  and  ^fsjbieYj^eDto  iv^Bre  splendid  «nd  «ti9c«<i^| 


■  ^ 


^1M^' 


•••  •'  'V. 


I  .:(> 


,,,■,, '.I 


^hi 


GERMANYr 


The  E&e  ri^es  in  the  Sodetic  mouiitmnft  of  £^e&i%  afitSk- 
enters  tnf  lea  D?ar.Ciixhaten,  after  a  course  of  niibre  than 
500  miles.  It  .s^avigable  fbr-ships^  in  high  tides,  to  ISjAxfk* 
burg.  Not  far.  to  the  west  is  the  mouSi  of  tlie  Weser. 
The  inund^ions  of  this  stream  are  terrible;  the^ towns  aiid 
villages  on  its  banks  become  islands. 

The  Rhine  is  a  noble  river,  having  a  course  of  about  six 
hundred  miles ;  the  Necker  and  Maine  are  Its  gent  iuus 
tributary  streams^ 

The  chief  lakes  of  Germany  are  those  of  Constance  md, 
Bregehtz;  the  Chiewsee,  or  the  lake  of  Bavaria ;  and  the 
Zirtchni^er  sea,  in  the  dutchy  of  Carniola,  whose  watt's 
often  ran  off  and  tetum  again  iA  an  extraordinary  manner. 
:  .Germany  contains  large  noxious  bodies  of  standing  wa- 
ter,- which  are  nextto  bestiiential,  and  afiUct^tl^  iiei^i|)OF- 
ipg  natives  with  riiahy  deplorable  disonders.  \ 

'Government,^  The  political  constitution  of  Geriiiany  is 
zaore  mtrJlbate  than  that  of  aiiy  other  European  country. 
The  territory  is  divided  into  a  vast  number  of  uidependent 
'  sovereignties,  extreniely  disproportionate  in  extent  and ' 
consequence,  but  all  united  into  aki(id  of  federal  republic, 
imviAg  for  its  Ij^ad  an  elective  emperor.  The  great  diet  o^ 
th0  ||mpire  is  composed  of  delegates  fironi  a}l  the  independ-* 
ent  states.  '  ■  •:-  '   ^r^'' -^  :■:■-,  ;.„.  ;■       " 

Principal  States,  We  shall  briefly  notice  the  principal 
states  of  Germany,  and  their  chief  cities. 

BRA^JBENBUJIG  contains  84  cities,  19  market  towns* 
^(KUt  19i7  r%al  and  n(^le  villages,  2027  ancient  villaffes, 
lf)71  Lutheran  churches,  andSO'Calvinistical  churches. 
The  population  of  Brandenburg  amounts  to  755377-  souls. 
The  religion  of  the  country  is  Lutheran  ;  but  the  king  of 
Prussia-,  who  is  also  elejctor  of  Braadenburg,  and  those  of 
his  courts  are  Calvinists.'  The  Roman  Catholics  are  tol^ta- 
ted  ;  €ind  every  inhabitant  enjdys  liberty  of  conscience. 
There  is  an  university  at  Frankfort  fm  the  Oder,  and  an 
academy  of  sciences  at  Berlin.  ■  ;' 

Bealis,  on. tlie  river  Sprey,  is  the  royal  residence,  and 
Qootains  156>000  inhabitants.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for 
the  elegance  ot  its  buildings. 

Brandenburo  is  buta  small  city,  containing  only  10,300 
inhabitants.  Fua^kfort,  on  the  Oder,  has  10,500;  and 
P0TSDA.VI,  which  isfrequentiy  the  royal  residt^nce,  18,000*. 


ttTse  of  mote  than 
iffh  tides,  to  HADa* 
ift  of  tlife  Weser. 
)le ;  tlie  townft  ^ 

50UT8e  of  about  spt 

e  are  Jtff  gentious 

e'of  Constance  ajid. 
■  Bavaria;  and  the 
aiola,  whose  waters 
traordinary  manner, 
ies  of  standing  wa- 
afllict.tJwi  iiei^or- 

lerft..'"'  ■  J^^:-'-.  ■■'   .;. 

ition  of  Gerinany  w 

European  cQ\mtry. 

nbei  <^f  ^^dependent 

nate  in  extent  and 

of  federal  republic. 

The  great  diet  o» 

^1  the  indep^ad* 

lotice  the  principal 

^s,  19  market  towns^ 
|o27  ancient  villages* 
Ivinistical  churches, 
its  to  755377- souls, 
ji;  but  the  king  of 
pburg,  and  those  ot 
fCatholicsaretoMta- 
jerty  of  conscience 
the  Oder,  and  an 

-oyal  reside  nee,  and 
[iefly  remarkable  for 

Intaining  only  10,300 

\t,  has  10,S00;  and 

residence,  18?00C1. 


GERMANY. 

iiitEStA.    to  the  king  of  Prussia  belongs  also  the 
lutchy  oi*^ilewa^  274  miles  long,  and  100  jrmid,  . 

fhd  principal  rivers  are  the  Oder,  Vistiiia,  Neisse,  Bo» 
her,  Quels,  Oppa  and   Else.     A  long  ,  clwin  ot^  mountains 
separates   Silesia  from  "^  Bpharaia ;   the  higheH  mountain, 
called  Zotenburg,  is  the  priocipality  of  ScUweidnitz,  and 
is  10*  miles  in  circumference. .  The  priiicipal  manufacture, 
is  linen  cloth ;  there  are  some  wj-olien  niaaufactures,  "ISHXl-* 
-glass  houses.     Silesia  is  divided  Into  the  Upper  and  Lower  ; . 
m  tlie  Upper,  the  inhabitants  are  generally  ilornan  Catho- 
lics, speaking  the  Polish  language.     iJetween  this  country, 
and  the  United  States,  a  considerable  trade  is  c^rJed  on, 
by  the  way  of  Hamburg.     In  the  Lower,  .they  are  almost 
ali^protestants,  and  speak  their  motlier  tongue./  It 4s^  also, 
divided  into  17  small  dutchieis,  and  7  free  states,  eKcluftive 
of  the  county  of  Glatz,    In  Silesia  there  are  4'2;000  infan-  " 
try,  and  10,0vX)  cavalry.     The  greatest  part-oftbis-couatry/ 
was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  17 ^'■2,  by  the  treaty  oC 
Breslaw.'    Silesia-  surrendered lo  France,  by  capitulation. 
On  the  15th  of  June,  ,1807.  •  BaEiiLAW,  the  capital,  con- 
tains 6i3, 000  inhabitants. 

SAXONY  proper,  or  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  inthe 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  is  75  miles  long,  and  60  broad. 
Ifiis  a  very  fertile  and  couimercial  country  abounding  in 
mines.     It  is  cut  into  two  equal  parts  by  the  river   Kibe," 
and  has  three  civil  divisions,  viz.  the  dutchy  af  Saxony,  of 
which   VViRTEMBERG  is  the  capital ;    Lusatia,    of  which 
Bautzen  is  the  capital;  and  JMisnia,  tlie  capital  of  which, . 
and  of  the  whole  electorate,  is  DR£::iDE>r,  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Elbe  and  Weserritz.     Dresden  contains  2644-  houses, 
and  49,000  mhabitants.     Its  chief' manufiicturtts  are  serges, 
shalloons,  stocKings,  linen,  silk,  glass,  and  porcelain. 

HANOVER.     The  electorate  of  Hanover  coniprehencb 
the  dutchies  of  Zell,  Saze,  Lauenburg,    Bremen,   Lune- 
burg,  the  principalities  of  Calenburg,   Verden-Grubenha- 
gen,    Dieplwlz,    Hoya,    Oborwaid,   &c.     The  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  850,000.     In  1805,  this  electorate  waa  i 
conquered   by   France,    and  exchanged  with   Prussia  for 
thi-ee  of  her  provinces.    In  1807,  it  yrm  annexed  to  the 
new  kingdom  of  Westphalia.    The  capital  city  is  HAi:40* 
TER,  on  the  river  Leine,  and  has  21,360  inhabitants. 
UAVAKIA.       The  dutchy  or  electorate  of  Bavaria 
Y<2. 


feiBwIspiSw**!'*'^'^'' 


270. 


OEftMANY. 


v^i'KrT^^ 


l''§t 


ooinpn^M^ds  ihi^  greater  pu-t  of  the  cirde,  an4  is  divtiled 
into  Up]per  and  Lower  Bavaria,  and  th^  Upper  PsftUinate. 
The  len^^th  is  about  150  miles,  the  breadth*^  l^i  Upper 
Bavaria  is  for  the  niost  part  mountainous^  coitd  and  barren, 
producing  little  com,  and  less  wine ;  but  it  is  eov«a%d  ^itk 
forests,  interspersed  with  large  and  small  lakejs,  and  abounds 
in  cattle,  wild  fowl,  game,  baths,  medicincd  springs,  and 
salt  work^.  It  is  aljso  enriched  with  mines  of  silver,  copjper, 
tesa,  and  iron.  Lowtr  Bavaria  being  much  more  level,  is 
more  ferule,  and  produces  plenty  of  grain,  pasturage .  and 
fruit.  The  chief  rivers  of  this  dutchy  are  the  Danube,  Iser, 
Inn,  Leek,  Nab,  Atmuhl,  and  the  Regen. 

The  established  religion  of-  Bavaria  is  the  Booaan  Cath- 
olic The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  dutchy  is  estimat*, 
ed  by  Hoeck  at  1,389,900,  and  the  regular  military  Uprce 
at  >  12,000.  The  principal  manufactures  of  the  country 
are  those  of  coarse  woollen,  cloth,  silk  and  woollen  stufi's, 
velvet,  tapestry,  stockings,  clocks  and  watches,  1  he  prin- 
.^ipal  exports  are  wheat,  cattle,  wood,  salt,  and  iron.  The 
Bavarians  are  little  distinguished  in  literature ;  ,but  are  a  vi- 
gorous race,  adapted  to  the  fatigues  of  war.  They  have  an, 
university  at  Tngolstadt,  and  an  academy  of  sciences  at ; 
Munich. 

WIRTEMBERCx  is  a  dutchy  in  the  circle  of  Suabia, 
It  is  one  of  thie  most  populous  and  fertile  states  of  Ger- 
many, though  there  are  many  mountains  aad  woods,    it 
contains  mines  and  salt  springs.      Sxutgard,   near  the : 
Necktr,  is  the  capital.     It  is  the  seat  of  an  university,  and; 
an  academy  of  sciences;  and  has  S^2, 680  inhabitants. 

BADEN,  a  margravate  of  Suabia,  is.  divided  into  Uie 
Upper  and  the  Lower.  It  is  a  populous  and:  fertile  coun- 
try, abounding  with  corii,  henip.  Hax,  beeswax,  wpod,  and 
wine,  and  contains  200,000  inhabitants.  The  annual  rfv- 
eniie  is  estimated  at  l,i500,000  florins;  and  the*  military 
establishment  consists,  of  SOO0  men^  of  whom  300  are , 
cavalry. 

Baden  is  the  capital,  with  a  eastle  cm  the  top  of  a 
iriouritain,  where  the  pri^ce  often  resides.  It  has  2400 
inhabitants. 

HESSE-CASHEL,  «  principality  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  is  80  miles  louu  ;  the  breadth*' unequal,  llie 
m  is  whoh'soaie »  th«  i^iT  fertile  in  corn  aoa  pastures, 


OfiRMANY. 


ati4  i«  diirifcd 
per  Palatinate. 
WiSO.  ,  Upper 
mid  and  barren, 
is  covered  y^ith 
esi,  and  abounds 
lal  springs,  and 
if  silver,  copjper, 
h  more  level,  is 
,  pasturage  and 
le  Danube,  Iser, 

le  Boman  Cath- 
utchy  is  estimat*, 
lar  military  Iprce 
of  tbe  country 
d  woollen  stuffs, 
thes,  1  he  prin- 
,  and  iron.  The 
ire ;  ,but  are  a  vi- 
They  have  an. 
of  sciences  at 

circle  of  Suabia, 
states  of  Ger- 
aad  woods.     It 
[card,   near  the 

university,  and ,] 

^habitants. 

divided  into  the 

ind, fertile  coun- 

|swux,  wQod,  and 

The  annual  rfv- 

id  the*  military 

whom  300   are 

m  the  top  of  a 

fcs.    It  has  2400 

circle  of  T'p-, 

|i'"  unequal.    Ine 

rn  aRd  pastures, 


n^eh-feed  multitades  of  cattle ;  the  ddea  of  theuilis  are 
covered , with  <vines ;  ganpie,  fish>  fruit,  and  hphey  idboutid. 
The  principal  rivers  are  tli^  Hhine  a»d  the  Maine.  The 
annual  revenue  of  Hesso-Cassel  ijs  estimated  at  about 
lj2(IO,Q6()  rix  dollars.  This  state  now  makes  a  part  of  the 
new  kingt'itfin  of  WestphaUa,  established  by  Bonaparte, 
August  18,  1807. 

MECKL KKBUU©  is  a  dutchy  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Saxony,  abounding  in  corn,  pijstures,  and  game.  It  is  120 
milea  long,  and  6<i  broad  ;  containing  300,000  inhabitants. 
ScHWERiN  and  New  Strelijz  are  the  chief  cities ;  the 
former  has  9800  inhabitants. 

'  3RUNSWXCK;  DUTCHY,  is  a  district  of  Lower  Sax- 
oi^r.  The  territory  of  the  duke  of  Brunswick,  coramorJy 
called  the  principality  of  Woifenbuttle,  from  a  less  im- 
portant town  than  Brunswick,  includes  l-l-YS  square  miles, 
and  170,000,  or  as  some  say,  185,000,  inhabitants.  It  is 
fertile  in  corn  and  pastures,  and  abounds  with  mines  and 
game  ;-  it  ha^  also  several  medicinal  springs,  and  extensive 
forests.  .       \  ; 

Brunswick,  the  ca^tal,  is  the  residence  of  the  prince, 
and  has  S1,7(X)  inhabitants.  It  was  once  one  of  the  Han» 
iQwns,  and  governed  as  a  republic. 

BRISGAW  is  a  territory  of  Suabia,  on  the  east  of  the 
Rhine.  One  part  belongs  to  the  hous*.  f  Austria,  of 
which  Friburg  is  the  capital,  and  has  87<JO  inhabitants; 
and  the  other  to  the  house  of  Baden. 

NASSAU  is  a  county  of  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine, 
very  fertile,  abounding  in  mines.  It  f'as  272,000  inhabit- 
ants.    Nassau,  on  the  river  Lahn,  is  the  capital. 

POMERANIA,  a  dutchy  of  Uppci-  Saxony,  is  a  strip  of 
land  lying  on  the  borders  of  the  Baltic  ;  60  geographical 
miles  in  length,  13  in' breadth.  It  is  a  flat  country,  but 
has  some  few  mountains  ;  the  highest  of  which  is  the 
Choltenberg,  between  Coeslin  and  Zahow.  In  some  places 
piu-t  of  the  soil  is  sandy,  but'in  general  it  is  rich  and  tortile. 
The  trees  are  very  fine,  especially  the  oaks.  This  country 
j  is  fauious  for  a .,  breed  of  excellent  geese  of  a  very  large 
size.  Pomerania  contains  68  towns  and  about  46,000 
souls.  Several  of  these-  towns  have  large  manufactories, 
Pomerania  is  divided  into  Anterior  and  Ulterior,  That 
part  of  Anterior  Fomerania,  which  belongs  to  JSwedeu  is 


^„,,..-*A^.itm'm'^v*^ 


m 


GEHMANT. 


;i' 


composed,;  1.  Of  the  island  andpriDcipality  of  Rug^e»» 
This  island,  lloW  almost  a  mile  di8t;^nt  froiirthe  continent 
of  which  4fe  was  formerly  a  piirtv;is49  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. 2.  Of  the  county  of  Stialsuudi  the  chief  town  of 
wl^ich  bearing  f^he'same  Hamt',  is  thevcapital  of  Swedish 
Poinerania,  and  l»  situated  on  the'*  straight  df  Gellen,  be" 
tween  the  terra  firma  rfucl  the  isle  of*  Itugen.  3.  Of  the 
principality  of  Bath,  which  is  10  miles  ioiig,  and  6  broad. 
4.  Of  the  county  of  Giitzhow.  5.  Of  the  barony  of  Wol- 
gast.  These  different  co^unties  contain  about  160,000 
inhabitants ;  and  produce  an.  annual,  income  uk'  240,0(X) 
rix  dollars. 

AN  HALT  is  a  principality- ofUpper'  Saxony.  In  tilij^ 
priucipaiity  are  19  towns  and  iJ  boioughs,  and  the  number 
of  inhabitants  is  about  100,000: .  Ihe  house  of  Anhalt  icr 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  Germany.  The  pnncipal 
rivers  are  the  Elbe,  Mulde,  Saala?  Vvhip|)er,  and  fceik. 
The  annual  produce  of  the  wlioie  prinejpaiity  (^  Anhalt  m 
•stimated  at  between  5  and  600,000  rixdollars.- 

HANS,  TOWNiS,  or  Hanseatic.  Lniori,  was  a  name 
given  to  a  cotifederacy  of  commercial  seaports  formed  in. 
1241,  for  the  protection  of  their  trade  against  pirates.  At 
one  time  72  cities  were  in  the  list  of  Hans  '1  owns.  Their 
ships  were  oftj^n  hired  by  sovereigns  at  war;  their  power 
foially  gave  umbrage  to  several  princes.  The  cities  of  Oer- 
many  for  a  while  continued  the  confederacy,  but  it  was  £•( 
lytilly  leduced  to,. 

Jnhahitantsi . 
Hamburg  119,000. 

Lubec  45.000 

Bremen  50*000 

Dantzic-  84,000 


iite. 


298,000 
Eiioh' of  those  cities  now  carries  oh  a  separate  trade. 

Gerni&ny  contains  many  imperial,  cities,  which  are-  a^^ 
sort  ofr  little  comraonweuiths,  which  own  no  other  headl 
but  the  emperor,  and  cf  which  the  chief  magistrates  are] 
aflvereigni^/^ 


liiS:. 


MJSTRIAN  DOMBOOKS. 


m^ 


ity  of  Riig^eft 
tne  conUhent 
J  in  circu*»it;r- 
chiet*  town  of 
tal  of  Swedish 
dt'  Gellen,  be- 
en.   3.  Of  the 
5,  and  6  broad, 
satouy  of  Wol- 
about   160,000 
lue  of  *240,0(M) 

axpny.  In'  t^» 
and  the  number 
se  of  Anhalt  iff 
The  principal 
p|)er,  and  feeik. 
lity  of  Anhalt  ift 
llarsi 

)h,  was  a  name 
iports  formed  in. 
liiist  pirates.  At 
si  owns.  Their 
iv>ar;  their  power 
Hio  cities  of  Cier-  ' 
ley,  but  it  was  fi< 

tahtsi  ■■ 
),000 
>.0U0- 
KOOO 

sooo- 

3,000 
tftte  trade. 

,  which  are  a| 
li  no  other  head] 
1:  Hiagistrates  ai'oj 


Mxm&m^ 


THE  donoimonB  of  ^the  H^use  of  A«B|!rlii,  i^tetJi  if# 
within  the  Hmjit»  (^  the  German  empire,  are  the  V^lifl^ 
circle  of  Atistriat  9iMa;ipi<elLending  the  arciKiiitcl^y  (nf  Aua- 
tria,  tjie  dutcbies  of "^  Sttiria,  Gamioia,  and  Carl^li^  an$ 
the  Gowity  of  Tyrol ;  lyad  the  Burga,u  atid  Blm  fcnresty 
in  the  circle  6f  Su^ia.  •   ^ 

These  territories  afe  mo^tamoas  and  ViQ0dy  ni  sotne 
par^js,  in  others  i^t  and  very  fertile.  The  climate  ia  0ltih 
brious,  and  th^  pcodttctiona  are  similar  to  those  of  tbjD 
other  <jreri]aan  states. 

The  whci^e  Austrian   dcmiimons  contain,   according  ^l^^ 
Hassel,  2S,570,060  souls.    Their  reli^ioi^  is  the  Roinlijqi 
Catholic.    Their  system  of  educaticKi  is  indifierent ;  lUDid 
tie  claims  of  Austria  to  literary  fame  are  small. 

The  emperor  of  Germany,  who  is  £trohduke  of  the  housi^ 

I  of  Austria,  is  absolute  in  all  his  dominions.    TJhe  States 

of  Austria  coasiet.of  four  orders,  clergy,  nobdes',  knight8> 

and  burgesites.    The  revenue  is  computed  at  3,000,0p(^ 

jsteirling. 

Vi!4«4iA,  «!  the  Danube,  i«^e  cag^ta!  of  /dre  circle  of 
jAustria^  '*and  of  the  whole-  German  empire,  contaittlt)^ 
|254<,0OO  inhabitants.  The  clnef  public  buildings  a^ei  the 
limperial  palace,  the  Ubrary,  the  museum,  and  a  great 
jnumber  of  palaces.  The  archducal  library  is  much  fre- 
jquented  by  foreigners  ;  it  contains  1004K)0  printed  bookg| 
'nd  10,000  manuscripts.  A  cabinet  of  curiosities,  beiong- 
|ing  to  the  house  o^  Austria,  is  a  great  rarity.  The  sub* 
rbs  of  this  ci^  contain  200,000  iiiliabitants. 


AUSTRIAN  DOMINIONS. 


■/ 


BESIDE  the  circle  of  Austria,  Just  described,  there  arc 
[arious  oth(!r  portions  of  Europe  connected  with  Germany 
^kI  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  These  are,  1.  Bohe- 
aiiia,  2.  Moravia,  S.  Hungai-y,  4.  Travisylvania,  5.  Sclavo- 
fiia,  6.  Croatia,  7.  Daln)alia,  8.  Part  oi'the  late  kingdom  of 
^oiand,  now  styled  Gaiicia  and  Lodomiiia.  The  p  )pula- 
|ion  ot  jfhese  is  included  i%  the  number  already  mentioned. 


i^ 


-...,T-*y.W5*««Wi«fr«rf! 


'j'B'!}i'j^::»»  "^i-^T ; 


■U 


I- .      ^  ■ 


I  I 


V,  mi 


1 


1 1  1/ 


■4i^^' 


AtrSlillAN  I^QlVIINlOlSi 


■rr 


BOIIEMIA  Wtengl  is  ibosir  W 
pi2.  In  1801,  the  m^^  offm^a  instated  bjr  M^ 
fiofiicktd  certain  9i6|2f  square  miles,  S^gcities,  dO^'mar- 
Iwt,  towiif,  ll,45i^  viUag^  and  the  toc^  popti^tion 
SM06,94S*    IJwsel  |fa3^  3,229,*^         ,  v 

Bohemifi  is  one  pjf  the  higfeesir ,  count^c;^  In  ^Jpiurdpe,:  and 
£orn)8  a  large  exte^nded  t^laiiij  encircJed  by^  |iitg^  hiUa  cov- 
eted with  Mfood.  The  vale  i»  watered  by  the  Elbe,  the 
Hiildaw;  aiid  thb  Egt^a.  Its  mountaip  are  ^0  ri^hi-st  inr 
Biurcfpe,  m  ^old,  silyert  precious  stoiieSi  copper,  qj^ifsk-sil' 
^fer,  iron,  leadr  tin,  sulphur,  ind  salt  ^ 

The  natives  of  thiscountry  are  singuldiriy  robust,  and 
flCrong  built,  handsotneji  except  their  large  head8>  'active, 
shrewd,  couragiious  ^ and  sincere/     The  gentry  are  i  ngenu-- 
f^B,  hpayjc,  anymore  inclined  to  ariiui«  ihian^arts^   X2arn» 
ing  in  Bohemia  is  in  a  low  state,  tliough  t^ie  ?<ingdor|  hat 
I  university,    12  gjrnm^ia,^  22 19;  Ger4«ian-  schools,    200; 
schools  of  nvdufitry ,  and  3'^  laditfs'  schools.  *  Bohemia  ha» 
jf^^at  manufkctures  oi  linen^  wool,  silk,  paperf  glass,  |eath 
er»,&c.    Th0  number  of  soldiers  to  be  furnished  by  Bohe 
l^ia»  in  the  tiine  of  peace,  is  54,964- ;  and  in  time  of  war^j 
76,896.    The  established  religion  of  Bohemia  is  poptry/ 
but  there  are  inany  protestants,  who,  with  the  Jtws,  ari 
now  tolerate^ ;t>y  ^ne  wise  regulations  of  Jfoseph^*  in  tin 
fiife  exercise  of  their  religion?  •  '• 

Th6' capital- of  Bohemia  is  j^ragute,  a- large  and  farnoui 
city;  15  miles  in  circunfererice.  It  contains  70.C0( 
ebriiitians,  and  12,00()  Jews.  The  Mui^aw  runs  througii 
the  city,  over  whitih  is  a  bridge  of  1 8  arches. 

MOIIAVIA    is  a   niarquisate  jinutxedto  Boheraiav     Itj 
is  a  mountainous  country,  yet  very  fertile  and  popwious 
watorrd^  by  a  great  number  of  rivers  and  hrooiis*     lb 
numbei  of  towns,  viDtges,  and  market  towns  m  Moravia 
hiUi    been    estimated    at  2550,     and  its    iithabixauls 
4,138,000.     The  liinguage  of  the  inhal>itauts  i&  a  dialt 
of  the  Sclavonic,  resembling  the  Bohemiau.     The  Gernw 
Fanguage  is  cbttimon  in  Moravia.     It  t^es  its  name  froa 
the  r»ver  Moraviu,  which  runs  through  it  ;  and  k?nce  M 
K?ct  of  christians,  called  Moravians  take  their  name;,  th. 
doctrin'is  having  been  first  teuglit  here. 

Brunk,  at  the  coufluence  of  the  river>*  Zwittuaad  Swi 
%  the  ca^utal^  and  has  23.,(>kX)  inhabxt^uiti^. 


■  U 


AtlSTRlAN  DOMnaOKS. 


i»tated  byM^ 
ties,  808  niM- 


HUNGARY  19  bounded  nordi  b]r  the  Cftrpathiw 
nountfTiQi,  ea«t  by  "i^ri^ylVania,  south  by  Sewvt^ia, 
from  which  it.  is  aepanited  by  <the  Drave  and  Serwwi  metH, 
by  Moravia,  Aiisiria,  and  Stiria.  The  country  .owaid* 
the  n<M^  is  pifiuntainoua  And.barraat  the  air  is  eold ;  ^mt 
healthy.  Near  tue  Baiiube  the  aoil  is  level  and  sanc^,  the 
n  l^urope,  andS  climate  temnerate,  4»nd  4;he  ^^r  moist.  To  the  south  aro 
l^gh  hiilS:  cov- B  extensive  plains,  very  fertile;  the  climate  hot;  and  thct 
tl>e  F4be*  the  ■  air  iint«fholesdme.  The  level  country  produces,  ahund- 
^Q  ^0  rj^htst  in  Itntly,  i  orh  ofw-ry^kinid,  excellent  fruitV  wines,  celebrated 
^^^>f, '(|j^ick'8il<^lfor  their  strengtli  and  goodiii:8s>  legumes,  hemp  aspara* 
^  ■f'^s,  i^dons,  saffron,'  toDacco,  &€.    The  foreato  are  beau* 

irk  robusif  andl'aful,  and  liie  ineaduws  feed  numerous  herds  of  cattle,  («f 
reieads>  -active,  Iwhiph  the  inhabitants  yt-ariy  export  nior.- than  100,000. 
■htrv  are  ingenu-'l  Horses,  buffaloes,  asses,  mul-S,  sheep,  goats,  and  swine^ 
tan  Avts^  X^'arn»«ire  bred,,  not  oniy  sutficient  .to  supply  -tlio  wants  -of  the  in- 
tlie  Vingdoili  haiMiiabitants,  but  form  objects  of  commtifje ;  chamois,  deei;:, 
lan-  schools,  SOOwnd  beers  are  found  in  t!ie  forests  .md  niountums.  1  he 
is,  *  lk>henna  haa«r  iters  are  .well  supplied  .With  fish,  and  the  wood^  wiUi 
aperrgia**' le»***"»'ne; 

rnished  by  l^ohe»B^  The  mountains  contain  gold,  Silver,  iron,  lead,  quick- 
in  time  pt'warjtfclviT,  antimony /orpiment,  su  phur,  vttriol,  marcjsite,  salt, 
rhemia  is  poptfy.walL-peav.  ioad  stone,  diitv  rem  kinds  of  niarbie,  alabuKter, 

recioui)  stoiics,  and  a  niijtaL  hardily  known  ekewhere,  call- 
by  the   liuiigur  cms,  zinnopel,  &c.      There  are  many 
u;mi  «pnngs,  both  warm  and  cold. 
fU    pruictpah  mountains  are  the  Carpathian  and  Cra- 
13c.      Tiie   chief   rivtics  are   the .  Danube,    .Drave,    and 
citha* 

Tiiis.  kingdom,  long  -wasted  by  war,  -is  beginning  t<  be 
lop'iious  ;  it  has  few  iarge  towns,  ail  are  ill  built  and  tilled 
ih  raios.     Hungariai^s  and  Sclavonians  are  considered  m 
e  oniy  native  inhabitants. 

Tile  doctrmes  of  the  reformation  were  at  "first  preached 

re  With  success ;  but,  in  1681,  the  p'otcstants  were  in- 

rdicted  ft  ;irn  having  more  than  two  church.,  g  ma  county, 

uic  of  which  inciude   100  towns,  and  yet  their  num  /oir 

greatly  superior  to  the  Roman  Catholics.     1  he  s.ing- 

m  of  H  angary   can   easily  raise  an   army  ef  iOO,C'O0 

of  which  50,000. are  in  pay,  and  tht    like  number  i« 

'lished  by  the  provinces.     The  infantry  are  called  hey- 

^kB,  aod'the  cavalry  husj$a»s.    The  Aumber  of  iiMr4- 


ith  the  Jtw%,  are 
Jfoscpb^.  in  t^^^ 

[large  and  favnoui 

QOiitains    70,0'^ 

law  runs  througl 

^^^'        ,       •       n 
to  llohemiai     i' 

ile  and  popUip"i 
md  brooiiB.  li 
[owns  in  Moravii 

irthabixaiils 

itants  ife  a  dial 

ui.     The  Gerni 

Its  its  name  tVoa 

t  ;  and  h-cmce   rhi 

their  nanif ,  tU 

Zwitta  a»d  S>vi 


/..*t.<%*<pn*»-r^ 


.'"  )■  ■ 


^y^T^.J''- 


mB 


^MXmmA»  BOMINIONS. 


ml, 


mm 


wm 


m 


m 


•>a 


■  S 


m 


X 


vMtt»  ittfslUiilinft  TfAnsylvaiiia,  %.«iilBniM  i^0i|^4Va 
Upper  HuagSK}^ ;{  BvJBtA  <i^  JUnrer  iBLiwigny. . 

'^^mm*  .  It  produmit  supqply  of  €om  ai^  w^ ;  -  ttod  I 

,«|i  Imi  uncler^iie>  irariotiii  revdlutioid» ;  but  nm?  ^beiongi  j 

4  4iit>&  of  iib^^  they  ia^#  '|dr  tbtnr  uia8ter#i    TA^jifmi^^  1 
P||ys  to  Hk^e, emperor  l,500^iX)aiiori:iiB  annua)i37.     Thedahft^ 

riwast    Annixuans,   Greiaks,  and  MaJiounetsaK      Wte  ^ov^ 

jj^noiedt  is  cfl^ductiud  by  12  persons ;  vie.  3  RonSan  Cfttho* 

Jic^,  3  Luther^s,  S  (Jolviiuats^  and  5  Sociniaiis^   x|fe»»-j 

.MANSTADT  is  thevcap^t^J. 

SCLAVONIA  ties  betweenthe  rivei^  SaVe,  Drave,  fiiulj 
Danube.     It  is  divided  into  6  counties,  and  is  SOO  mlU 
fiong,  75  broad.    The  eastern  ^rt  is  called  Halziav  and  the] 
inhj^itaAts  Httscians     Tli«;se  toroii  a  particular  natioh,  ar 
are  of  the  ^irreek  chucch.     The  languan^  of  Scli^ronia 
the  root  af  tour  <Hhv:r8  ;  those  of  Hungi&y,  bob»aa]b»  Pq 
Iliad,  aa4  Russia.    It  has  470)500  iuhabitaots. 

CROATIA  is  a  part  or  the  aocieais  Pannooia  Spp^riorJ 
■  ioar,  accfqrding  to  othi.Ts,  of  Illyricum,  bounded  north 
Hungary,  trom  which  it  is  separated  by  the  river  Drav« 
jd»out  150  naiiles  in  length,  and  fcmn  40  to  60  in  breadt' 
The  Croa4:ians  derive,  their  origin  from  the  SclavotMans 

The  principal,  rivers  of  Croatia  .^re  ihe  Cocana  aad 
Save.    it1)i;as.777,500iidiabitaiU8. 

DAltMATIA.  Hungartair  Ddmailia  lies  on  fhe  upp 
part  of  the  Adnlatic  sea,  containing  part  of  the  auci£ 
jLiburaia,  ami  is  more  geiM^rally  called  M(»rlacUa.  Tl 
Dalmatians  are  Ronuui  Catholics^  The  ^vers  of  Dd 
matia  are  short  and  mostly  navigable.  The  country 
mourn  atnous,  but  notuiimiitiul  t  olives,  vines,  myrtlo 
and  u  great  vaiiety  of  palatable  and  wholesome  v^etabl^ 
grow  up(m  the  mountains,  beside  treasures  of  g^kl 
silver  ore  within  them.    It  haa  fertile  plains,  gad  a  i»u 


Ci 

L. 

r 

e 

caJI 

fr 


^REAT-3RrTArf. 


fpl 


♦ienjy  of  horned  cattle,  and  lurgo  uuaibcrs  of  »hcep.    The* 
air  ut  temportitti  and  pure. 

G\L|iJl\    is  a  large  cou'itry  in   the  south  of   Poland, 
ftuhraciug  that  part   of  Littic  Poland  on  the   goaih  side   of^ 
th-'  V;tituiJ,  almost  thi  whoie  of  Uyd  liussia,  and  a  siip  o1^ 
Podi)iia.     It  was  forcibly  suized  by  the    Austrtans  u\  1772, 
aiid  incorporated  into  the    Austrian   dominions,  under   thf» 
app^'iialion   of  tlie   kingdoms   oi'  Guiicm  and   Lodomirta*. 
TUw'   population   of(»iliCia  aad    Lidoiaina  la   l«i,580,7fX>* 
Tlij  ju  >vintii  n  >us  pirts   produce   tint:  pnstu  res  ;  th-   plain* 
are  aiosUy  «andy,  but  aboutid  in  lor^  »t6,  and  are   teiine  in 
cor.i.      Vaa  principal   articles    of  tiaHicure  cattle,  hidcs^ 
w  K.,  aud  hoaey  ;  and    th.se   cnuntrii-s   contain   mines   of* 
copper,  ie.id,  iron,  and  salt,  of  which  the  latttr  are  the  most 
vaiudijlu.     Lemburg,  or    Lf.opolu,  i:^  the   capital  of  thC 
wh  )<e  coa.ury,  wiiicii  extend*  .'380  nuleft  from  east  to  wetit ^ 
it»  greatest  breadth  being  190  miles. 


GREAT-BRITAIN. 


THE  Br't'sh  empire  consists  of  two  large  islands, 
GuiiAr-JlRiTAtN  itiiti  iniii-ASo,  aadagreat  nuaioeroi  gmau 
oii„'S.  ul  sjt.i  itod  i!i  thvi  iMoitii-  .tlautic  ocean,  butw  ■:>.  oO 
aiuif)!  d  gr  JS  of  nortii  iatilade,  and  betwecii  Gi.oai;  77 
dj^r^'es  eueit  i mgitad.-.  I'h 'be  islands  f  rmcTly  coasitiSut* 
td  t  U"  i\u^^  sej).w  ite  ui.i  mU-p  adent  kuigdorns  oi'  i-ng« 
]  i  li,  Sj.Hiand,  uaJ  Irennd,  )Ut  are  now  united  uad^r  on© 
sov.Teig^i,  and  o  .e  forui  ol"  g  >veraineiit. 

Gi'.Mt-iintiui  .s  Lij  II  nt  oivi  dir  i:)ie  island  ofIiu.'ope> 
CO  iiprehendmg  tiie  two  auci  .At  kmgd  ms  of  Iv.igiand  ,.nd 
Sjjauid.  and  tiie  pri  t'_!pi.ity  of  ♦V..jes  its  length,  fiora 
Lizard  Point,  lo  50  ,  to  i)u  igshy-liead,  .;8*-'  tih'  1\.  Lv..  ic 
5;M  ii  us ;  ts  jrei.lt^  ts  a'*)  )it  i>>.'^  niijs.  It  is  Kep  ir.  t- 
ei  tV*.a  ierini  ;y,  on  i"i-  east,  by  t'lat  p.irt  ot'thv.-  Atlaniic 
caiiil  t.^j  Ctji'iui  ojji.i  ;  tile  lintish  cliamwi  separat;;s  it 
ifr )  ii  Fraue  04  t  n  -ioitii  ;  atul  o.i  tii3  west  it  18  d»vi«lctl- 
ft»»u  ixciaad  >y  tiie  Irisa  sea. 

a- 


ENGtAND. 


^ 


,^-     ENGLAND, 

Tlie  prlncioal  division  of  the  Brit!!:  ^mptrfe  ig  beunS^ 
(til  north  by  Scotland,  east  by  the  Girnian  ocean,  south 
by  the  English  cMnncl,  west  by  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
Wales,  and  the  Irish  8€{i.  It  is  divided  into  40  countieH, 
iind  contains  two  archbishops,  and  24  bishops,  who  are 
peers  oi' the  realm,  appointed  by  the  king. 

'  ClimatCi  Soilt  and  Productions.  The  cliipate  is  health  v, 
though  frequent  and  sudden  changes  liappen  in  the  weatfi- 
or,  which  render  the  harvests  prtcarious  ;  yet'  rarely  lioei 
the  industrious  husbandman-  tail  ot'bcin^  rewarded  by  a 
profitable  crop.  The  soil  of  England  d&ers  in  dift^rcnt 
aounties  ;  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye,  French  whea»^  beans, 
jimd  peas,  are^^he  principal  productions.  Apples,  pea|fs« 
,  plums,  cherries,  peaches,  riectarines,  apricots,  figs,  grap^ 
and  other  fruits,  are,  by  the  skill  oi  the  Engiish  gardeners, 
wised  in  the  greatest  plenty  and  variejty.' 

Lakes  and  Bat/s.  The  lakes  of  England  are  few  in  num- 
ber, and  inconsiderable  in  extent.  Various  boys,  creeks, 
ant'  i'S\mXa  oi  the  sea  are  formed  all  round  the  coast. 

(hiiitrs.  *1  he  principal  kivers  of  England  are  the 
THar4fc|,  Severn,  Trwit?,  Tyne,  Medway,  Humber,  Mer- 
wy,  i  amer.  The  Thames  is  navigable  for  lai'ge  ships  f 
Loiul^n  uridge.  Iti|  principal  branches  are  the  Cherwes, 
^  the  Mol  >,  and  the  Dee.  The  Severn  is  probably  the  long> 
*  «8t  river  of  England,  having  a  semicircuW  course  of  ISO 
miles.  "  ■      ■■'  ■  )  >:;■. ./  •  '"p  •■• ; 

Monntaim.  The  mduntains  of  England  do  hot.  aspire  to 
t^0  sublin^e  heights  of  the  American  mountains,  or  even 
those  of  other  huropean  countries.  The  Clitviot  hills  are 
among  the  prinrtj  al.  A  central  ridge  of  hills  passes 
Ibr^gh  the  kingdom,  frpm.nof  th  to  south. 

Mineral  Waters,    The  waters  of  Bath  have  been  vjele- 
bt'ated  for  ,i|everal  centuries.    The  hot  wells  of  'I  unbridge, 
Buxton,  and  Scarborough^  are  aHl  esteemed  highly  bene 
,  ficiai  in  various  diseases,  \ 

Mines,  Eagiand  possesses  a  great  treasure  in  its  inex- 
haustible coal  mines,  which  are  worked  chiefly  in  the  north, 
•rii  couat.e*!,  wbence  the  coal  is  conveyed  by  sea,  and  by 
tho  inland  canals^  Id  ttVery  pari  of  the  kingdom* 


B-'JKi  *'*'  J 


ENGLAND. 


^9 


Uent  constitutioDr 

se  and  increcs* 

,    of  which  the 

curry  on  tbe  luoaC 


Mtifpett  tin,  leftd,  and  iron  are  foiuid  in  gi'e&t  nbunilance 
in  Great- Britain,  where  thiivc  is  made  every  year  from  50 
*o  60,000  tons  of  pig  iron,  and  from  20  to  30,000  tons  of 
bar  iron. 

j\fanufac$ures  and  Commerce,  The  manufactures  in  I'^ngt 
land  arc,  confessedly,' with  very  few  exceptions, ,  supdiop 
to  those  of  other  countries.  For  this  superiority,  tliey  are 
nearly  equally  indebted  to  nations'  oracter,  to  the  situ 
tttion  of  their  country,  and  to  tl 

The  omuieroo  of  (Ireat-Britu 
ing.      Th;;   privileged   tnuling  < 
Eai-t-India-Coinpaiiy  is  the   princ 
important  foreign  coaimerce. 

Population,  The  population  of  England  is  commohly 
estimated  at  between  eight  and  nine  millions.  Ha«sjjl 
reckons  the  number  at  9tMt2,000. 

Relis^ion,  The  established  religion  of  England  ia  th^ 
Episcopal  church,  of  which  the  king  is  the^head.  All  oth- 
er denominations  of  Lhristians  and  Jewg  are  tolerated. 
Tlieir  clergy  are  numerous  and  respectable. 

Language.  The  English  language  participates  both  of 
the  Gothic  and  Latin,  those  two  grand  sources  whence- 
most  of  the  European  languages  are  derived  ;  and  unites^ 
in  some  degree,  the  force  of  the  one  with  the  melotly.tp 
^0  other. 

Lilarature  and  Sciences,  English  literature  is  a  vast  and 
inviting  theme.  About  the  year  1100,  it  commenced  a 
firm  and  steady  pace.  A  numerous  train  of  historians, 
poets,  and  other  writtrs,  fill  the  pages  of  biography.  The 
grand  feature  of  English  lit-rature  is  original  genius,  trans- 
mitted even  from  Roger  bacon  to  Shakespeare,  Miltoi)^ 
Newton,  and  Locke,  not  to  dwell  on  claims  more  minut^ 
but  equally  iirm.  In  the  scientific  departments,  England 
must  yield  ta  France,  except  in  the  various  branches  of  the 
mathematics.  The  present  state  of  the  arts  in  England  is 
worth  ■/  of  so  opulent  and  refined  a  country,  and  the  pro- 
gress nas  been  rapid  beyond  example.  *"     .- 

Edumiion,  Tne  education  of  the  lower  classes  in  Eng- 
land had  been  much  neglected,  before  the  benevolent  iiir 
stitution  of  the  Sunday  schools.  The  middle  and  higher 
ranks  of  English  spare  no  expense  in  the  et'*»cation  of  their 
■sens,   either  b^  private  tatero  at  hemq^  or  at  lioarding 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■tilM  121 
^  lU  |Z2 
2.0 


lit 

lis 
u 


liO 


6" 


^ 


V. 


y. 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WItSTIR.N.Y.  145«0 

(716)  t72-4S03 


r.- 


iB^ld' 


fiKGlAKIfc 


i<  ''I 

rl 


mhooU.    The  BMjrt  pmrneirt '  pubUc  sclhcK)1t  »re  -ii^ 

Weijsminster,  Eton/ and  Wiiacfli-i>ttJr;i3ndth'iii  them  ha?#  ' 
4uriseii^  sprae  of  the  ihost  di8tm|;uislied  orn^entiS  of!  thf 
Ao^btiyw,  Thewftcholari  in  ^ue  time  proceed  to  jtlU'  univer- 
cittes  of  Oxford  and  Cambtidgei  foui>dution»,  of  an  txteiit 
and  grandeur  Uiat  impress  ypneratoon/  OxfV.rd  has  H 
ttolleges,  and  Cambridge  16.  \  /f"  r 

Govern)neni.  The  govjernment  of  Grvat-Britain  niay  Ibe 
called  %  limited  monarqiiy.  It  is  a  combination,  ofmd- 
uarqhicJEd  and  popular  go^Tr.n:.;:nt.  The  king  has  onl^ 
frf?e  executive  ppwer  ;  the  legislative  is  shared  by  him  a^nd 
die  parliament,  or  more  properly  by  the  petTpIe.  The 
drown  is  hereditaf^  ;  bdth  male  and  female  descendanta, 
are'cap^ble  ^f  succesisio,n.  The  kirg  niust  profess  thf 
JProtiBSjtant  religion.  ;^ 

' ^avd undmilitarif  P(mer,  In  March,  1807,  thp  Bri*. 
ishiiavy  in  commission  consisted  of  13$  sajll  of  the  line; 
lis  ships  df  from  44  to  50  guns,  155  frigates,  15^  sloopa 
of  v?ar,  and  182  gi*n  brigs  and  sinaller  vessels ;  amounti' 
ing  to  6^7-vm5ls  of  war.  The  number  of  soldiers,  sea- 
men,  &^  is  53^,00a.  ' 

Repenue  arid  Debi,  The  revenue  of  Great-Britain,  i« 
i$67,  was  27,000*000/.  sterling.  The  amount  of  the  Aa- 
tipnaldebt  waj^608,925,792// 

^  Giiies,  '  LpifDON,  t^e  metrapolis  of  the  British  epipire, 
if  one  of  the  largest  and  most  opulent  cities  in  the  world* 
4mA  Was  a  considerable  commercial  place  in  thi6  reign  of 
;Ner<>;  In  its  most  extensive  view,  as  tire  ritetropolis^  it 
consists  pf  the  City,  prppwly  so  cjedlpd,  4ha  city  ef  West- 
n^inster,  the  Borougli  of  Soutbwark,  a*nd  thv  suburbs  in 
liliiddiesexan4  Surry.  The  extent  of  the  whole  is  above 
'ifeeven  miles  in  length  ;  but  tht*^  greatest  breadth  dots  not 
texi^eed  three.  The  iiins  of  court  for  the  study  ot  the  Inw  ; 
the  qnllegfs,  learned  societies,  and  public  Sepiinarit's :  tlie 
hails  of  t%  diiterbhi  trading  conipan its  ;  the  noble  hospit- 
als, and  otner  charitable  in>titutions  ;  the  prisons  ;  and  the 
ibabljcplac^s  of  diversion,  render  this  city  deserveijly  cele- 
pfatdd.  It  is  a  bishop's  see  seiids  four  members  to  p;ir- 
iiamentim^d  con tfiSn^  600,000  inhabitants.  '  "  k_ 
"  LiVEkpooL  is  next  to  London  in  w aaith  and  population. 
It  has  7O,'00O  inhabitamf  r and,  beftjre  tlK^  abolition  act^ 
employed  1 32  shifps  in  carrying  ehvrm  t«  llif;  West  lRdi«ig; 


A, 


If^ALEI^ 


fi^ 


Htii  theu)  haf# 

d  to  ili«'  univer- 
i»  of  an  txteftt 
Oxford  hafe  H 

Britain  may  be 
binatioii  of  fiad- 
j  king  has  only 
ed  by  him  and 
^  peiTpIe.  The 
ale  descendanti; 
ust    profiM  tht 

1807  thp  Brii^ 
88Jl  of  the  line; 
•ates,  152  sldopa 
vessels ;  amount^ 
of  soldfers,  se»» 

Great-Britain,  i» 
nount  of  the  na- 

Prltish  eppirp, 
es  inthe  world* 

in  th6  reign  pf 
ife  Tftetropolis^  it 
«  citycfVVest- 
th  v^  subyrbs  ia 
|e  whole  is  abov« 
Ireadth  dots  not 

udy  ot  the  Iaw  ; 
gepiinaries :  vtlie 
t,he  noble  hospit- 
[prispns :  and  the 

deservedly  cele- 

lembera'to  par- 

•  S  'V, 

and  population, 
hv  abolition  act^ 
kiif  W«8t  Udi<i^ 


BaifYcU'  was  forme%  Mbjkoned  teco»pd  to  London  in  p^nt 
of  y^thrtrade»  and  popiilati^ii  |  But  much  of  Mi.  t(^^ 
m^ic^ihiifptai^d  to  Liv^i^boL  BtRMiNGHtAM^^  no^^^ 
iTor  its  vailt  var!^y>^f  useful  and  ornamentied'nrticlcB,  sucll^ 
as  matal  buttons,  buckles^  plated  gooda  of  aUkind4»  japao- 
nel3i  a»cl -paper  ware^  and  ^ther  1^^  ware  manufae^ures. ,  j 
Tbe  j^efmingham  goods  areei^orted  ta  ii^retgh  coantrius., 
This  city  has  beeome,  according  to  die  leknpht^iad  ex* 
prt^ssionofa  great  orator,  theiotf^kop  of' Europe.  ItJhas 
Cd^,tK)Q  intoitante. 

M ANCBffSTBR  is  Celebrated  foT  its  cotton  maniifactoiy. 
Its  axachmery  f&t  saving  manual  labor  exhii^its  sur^risuie 
ingenuity.  Fort  sMovfiifhas  a  noble  harbor, ^aixd  here,  jte 
the  grand  naval  arsenal  of  England.  It  has  lately  been 
regiSarly  fdrtili&d  towalrd  the  iand,  NEWOAfita%E>jita|id«' 
Oil  the 'i'yne.  tt  is  slttfated  in  tiie  midst  of  ;tho«6  coil  ' 
minetiV.  whiish  liave  tor  centuriea  supj[kli^di^odou  and./ tlur  - 
s«uUV^J^^land:.with  ftiel,;  /"'■■'"■"     .  ^:]y:--'}::~^^''^r.^...<  ''^:i^^ 

Htstofy*    Britain  ^itas  first  Inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  Gatils, 
Fifty-two  ^ears /before  the  brith  of  Christ,^  Julius  Csesae    » 
subjepted  them  to  the  U^fttt^  empire.    The  Romans  re^ 
maineld  toasters  of  Britain  500  year«».    The  i'icts^  Scots, 
and  Saxons,    t^eh  took  possession  of  the  island.     1006) 
Wiiliatn,  duke  orNormandy^  obtained  a  complete  victcrry 
over 'Harold,  king  of  England^  which  is  called  the  Noniiatl 
coiifiuest.     Ifi  leas,    king  Jathes-.  VI.  of  Scotiancj,    who' 
suciieeded  queen  Elizabeth^  united  bath   kingdoms,  under 
%M'  aameof  X^reat- Britain.    Georg<3  I.  of  the  home  of 
Hanover,  asce»ded  the  throne  in  1714,  and  the  succession 
has  since-  been  regular  in  this  line.     The  union  ofirela?>d 
With  Groat'^-Bfitaiin  took  ^lacc;  ailur  a  wa;tu  oppositioa. 


WALES..        .  ■ 

IS  a pTineipality  ixvthewestof  England,.  120  miles  longh- 
and BO  broad  ;  it  is  dividtdinto  lii' counties.  It  is  the 
country  to  which  the  ancien  Britons  tit^d,  when  Britain 
was  invaded  oy  ttie  Saxons.  They  are  xiow  called  Vvelch, 
and  preserve  "their  own  language.  It.  contains  751  paiisli- 
es^  68  market  towns,  and  AbO^OOO  inhabitantB.     U  bi>  atr 

:■•■     %'$■-  .    '  ' 


£-'; 


8C&ttiAKa 


■y 


^ 


^  ■  -  ■        /  '  ■ 

ia;  clear  and  sharp  ;  the  cattle  ^re  ^allr  Wale*  it  tn«tn^ 
.ttonlous,  itnd  particularly  nnjarlkaMe  ibr  goafs.  It  i>  .wa» 
terei  by  many  eons'tder^bie  rivtrsii .  It  givta ,  the  tiiie  of 
JPrinco  of  Whiles  to  tlie  eidti^fit  sao  of  Uie  king,  of  Ureal* 
%itain.'. 


SCOTLAND. 


/, 


THE  northernmost  of  the  two  kingdon][s  into  which  the 
island'ot*  Cireat.P>ritain  wasf<)rmerly  dividtcl^  is  hounded 
west  i)^  the  Atlantic  ocjiean;  horth  hy  the  North  seav  east 
by  thd  Oerman^pcean,  ioutheast  by  England,  south  by  the 
Irish  sea:^'  From  nl^rth' to  south,  it  exttiids  270  miles^  and 
its  greatest  breadth  is  150,  tiut  in  some  piact^  not  above  SO, 
It,  is  divided  into  38  counties,  most  of  wliich  synd  ,on^ 
uiembei;  each  to  parlianietit.  ,  ,  :.,;:<' 

'  General  Appearance;  Sftil  and  ProductiQns,  Natuf^seema 
9b  have  pointed  out  three  ^rand  dirisicti^s  in  Seotland'^^ ;  the 
north,. the  middle,  and  tbf  south  l^be  north  divisioiiia 
ahiefly  an  assemblage  of  vast,  dn^ary  inountains,  wi ill  some 
fertile  vallies,  on  the  northern  and  eastern  shores.  TM 
middle  division  is  traversed  in  difierent  directions  by  ran- 
.  gcs  of  mountains  ;  tHoilgh.  cultivation  is  chiefly  on  tkC; 
eastern  shore,  yet  the  arable  land  bears  a  sn^ali  pi'oportioi^ 
-  to  th  ■  mountauioufi  and  barren.  The  south  division  has 
a  great  resemblance  to  England*  iand,  with  respect  to  the 
g  ;u  usp.ct  tii' the  country,  and  the  progr^  >f  cultiva- 
tion, exhibits  every  kind  of  rural  variety,  i  climatt  i» 
various  and- the  air  healthy.  The  products  cf  the  coun- 
try are,  grain, 'flax,  woods  of  oak  and  fir,  coal,  lead,  irpn, 
£-' estone,  iimcstone,  slate,  the  raos*  jeautiful  marble,  fine 
r;K,k  crystals,  pearls,  variej^ated  pe4)bi'-8,  &c.  It  fcieds  vast 
h'rds  and  fl<»ck8,  which  are  siiiali,  but?*  Uiucb  valued  for . 
te'v  delica(;y  of  tn  ir  riesh  ;  tbe'Heece  of  thdatter  emulates 
the  finest  t>pai'sh  wool. 

/livers.  1  he  prmclpar  rivers  are  Spey, ,  Don^  Tav, 
Twted,  Clyde,  forth,  Northern  Dee,  E&k.)  Annan,  Kith^ 
and  youtfcnv  Dee.  - 

Population,  heli^ion.  Manners,  According  to  Pinkerton, 
the  v>lu  i;'  |.q)Uiatfon  of  Scotlaod  is  i,5iii(>,429.^  The  es. 
■fabiifehfe^  reii^'en    is  the  Prtsbytenau.     The  ptopte    are 


IKtKLANlX 


^:.;  -,•■■■■■■■ 
ales  ff  «n«a^ 
its.    lli^  wa- 
:b  the  title  of 

"r  V  ~   ■,  '    -"■■■  "I.  ■'-  ■ 


«a» 


into  iVicli  tlte 
4»  is  hounded 
North  sea,  «^ft«t 
a,  south  by  the 

270  miles*  and 
;tig  not  above  30, 
ivhich  s^nd  on^ 

p,  Nature  seemi; 
n  {Scotland  ;  the 
north  division^  i» 
tainft,  with  ^owe 

rn  shores.    'Iho 

retJtionsby  rai^- 
chiefly  on  tkC; 

jn^all  pi'oportioiS 

luth  division  has 
h  resptot  to  the 

|gr»      )f  cultiva- 
"I        cliniatt  i» 

Its  ct'  the  coun- 
coal,  lead,  irpn, 

ijful  marble,  fine 
c.  it  fv^tds  vast 
[liuch  valued  fov 
lu  latter  emulates 


Donj 
Annan,  ^-i 


ling  to  Pinkertpn, 

),429.    The  eg. 

Ilhe  people    are 


£ra|(ht  from  their  infancy  to  bridle  their  ^^'otie ;  thef 
ari;  temperate  and  iVugal,  by  which  tliey  save  their  cor*- 
•tJtutii'iV  and  their  money.  The  atuusen)enl»  of  the  rich 
are  *inHi.»*.o  those  of  the  English  ;  but  those  0|f  the  ptj^u 
anti^  .''nve  "i^-veral  divprsities,  which  the  reader  nmy  ptr- 
hai>!j  '»^»(.  .earn  from  the  poems  of  Burns* 

Languasei  Literature  and  Educati  n.  The  lanpungt*  ol^ 
Scothind  tWiii  v^  luier  two  divisions  •  that  of  the  Lowiand% 
consisting  of  the  ancii nt  ScandinaTftt}!  dialect;  and  thai, 
of  the  Highlands,  which  is  Irish.  The  literature  of  ScoW 
land,  though  of  recent  origin,  has  been  rapid  in  its  profc- 
gress,  and  extensive  in  its  tame.  The  iiicottish  potts  have 
bean  numwous  and  deticrvedly  celebrated  ;  their  diVitieft 
and  philosophers  are  also  universally  known  and  adimred. 
Every  country  parish  has  a  gchodniaster  for  the  instruo* 
ti6n  of  indigent  children.  There  ate  foitf  Universities,  &%. 
Andrew*8,  Aberdeen,  Edinburgh,  and  Glasgow.  y 

Cities,    EDiNBt'ROH,  the  capital,  contaiiis^about  90,006! 
inhabitants.       The    houses    ^re    of    rimarkable    ht.  glit, 
lome  being  13   or  H  st<>ries.     The  qhurch*,s  and  p races  of" 
worship,  of  various   dencmiinations,  are   nunnrpui..     Kdin* ' 
burgh  has  40  printing  houses,  in  which   are  enipioy<.'d  up* 
I  wards  of  I'iO  printihg  prv-'sscs. 

Glasgow,  oa  the   river   C'yde,  is  tlie  second  city   in 
Scotland.     The   number   of  inhabited  houses  is    upwuids 
of  10,000   and  of  inhabitants  77,'5ii5.     U  contiiins   s>  vcnfl 
iipspitals,  chHrittibie  foundations,  and  a  public  mfirinary. 

Aberdekn  IS  a  iargu  city  o;i  thxj  De-*    atit^^  entrance  in* 
I lo  the  German  oc<.'an.     It  hu£  u  uuiVojMtv  and*  i'3/XH;  in- " 
jljabitaiUs.     Pei'th,  Dundee,  and   Greenock,  are^ail  placifs 
|«f  eimneace. 

"    ■    '  •  ■   .  ;  ■  "   <    ^■  ■■-:.'-'  '    '■'■,■; 

iRELANB. 

IS  an  island  west  of  Great- liritam,-  from'  which  it  "Is- 
epaiated  by  St.  *  .eorge's  ch-timej,  6i  the  Ir.shsta.  it  i* 
f/rt  luiles  longi  a.ul  l.>,>  IjioaU,  - 

DitHsions^  Paiuldiion,  6ic,  It  is  divided  iiito  foui  provin- 
108.  v./.  Uister.  LtJi'ifetrfi,  Muuftw-r,  aaii  v'ouiiuUji'u  ;  ili>  se 
M"c  ■suudivided  iut-:  couiittcs.  liijiauuf^  isnu.alcu  i-;  con- 
about  1^1,000,000  acrcb ;  i0o4>   niUJiKet  tuwiriiy  la  i9\ 


(    -s.. 


9o§' 


It  Eli  A^ 


1  ''Xi 


f 

,;>'..  m 


IF 


#f  which  post  ^fficea  «re  kept ;  ST  charter  ichodb,  In  whicti 
17^5y<^i4ttis  of  ijoch  >ex^6  are  ,ni4intfti»ed  and  taught  till 
the  age  of,  fourteen  ;  Ibur  provijQciai  nufistries,  in  wlneii 
SOO'^childi^eu  are  prcpiircd  for  tlie  public  schools ;  S(X)p; 
Episcopal  clergy,  arid.,  according  tu  an  enumeration  in 
1801,  5,499»044  inhaoitants.  ^  '-,.:\\..y:.- 

Ctimdte,  ProducUcmxi^c,  Th'b  air  is  milj^  and  temperate^ 
l^ut  more  humid  than  in  England.  In  general  it  !S  A  iev- 
el  ^rountry,  vrell  watered  with  lakes  and  rivers ;  and  the 
4ibil  in  niost  parts  is  iertUe,  producing  corn/  hemp.  Hox 
beef,  and  butter*  Thi^  principal  inanutacture  of  Irdand  is 
Imte  linen*  This  country  is  Wbll  situated  fur  foreign  trade, 
liaving  many  secure  and  eomuiodioua  harbors* 

.HeTigion.  -In  1731,  there  were  7004>5B  Protestants,  anc^ 
l,S09,7t)S  Catholics,  lliere  is  still  a  majwity  of  the  lat^ 
Her  in  iriBland,  who,  since  1793,  have  ei^oy^d  ffreater>priy» 
ilege^  tlum  they  did  formerly.  The  laws  dtmr.but  liti^e 
licom  those  of  England  ;.  ana  the^  a8tJEdt>lisbied  reUgion;  *it 
the  same*. 

jMmneru    The  manners  !oT  the  superior  cras8e$-  in  lUe- 

Ituid  approach  nearly  to  ^he  English  standard.    The'com- 

'  «ion  people  still  retain  many  features  of  national  mantiers. 

Literature  and  Education.  The  ancient  literary  fame  of 
Izeland*  is  placed  in  a  high  rank..  Among  its  modern 
writtTS  are .  the.  justly  celebrated  nafiieaof  Usher,'  IS wift 
Cxoldstnith,  Burke^  Sharidan  ;  beside  many  celtebrated 
dramatic  writers,  and  orators*    1'.  v   ^^  ^ 

Ireland  contains  but  one  *f  fniv^rsity,  that  or  Dublhh 
ft>anded  in  Uie  reign  of  Elizabeth.    .The  peasantry  are  in> 
a^wretcheil  state  of  igpoi^ance  and  sup(^r#cition. 

Giiiis,    Dublin,  the  capital  oi  Ireland,  is,  in  peinft  ofj 
l^eautvi  extent^  and -populations^  the  second  city  in  tiie^ 
British  dominions,  iuid  the  fifth  in  Europe.     It  i^taiids  on] 
lihe  east  side  ofri;he  isiantlF,  near/the.mouth  of  the  river  Lit* 
ify,  andhas  15,000  houses,  and  16b>000  inhabitants. 

Cork,  Liiueri^,,  Belfast,  Waterford,-  Kilk^tiny,  Galway,, 
fiud  Londonderry,  are  ail  large,  aiid  populous  places,  and  | 
•elcbrated  for  aiahufactures.      j       r         ,,     ;  !||:^  ^  > 

Curipsitien:    The  Giant'sr  Causeway  so  calleu,  Js  a  re* 
■larkable  curiosity,  consisting  of  ntany  thousand  /ba&altic] 
pilUrs,  mnstly  in'  vertical  positions.  /Tlie  lake  ot'  KiJijir* 
Mtiy  and  Lough  Neagh,  celebrated  for  its   petiif)  ing  ju)»> 
.t^-  are  reckoned  among  the  curio&ities  of  Ir^und<. 


■i«? " 


"♦■'<.•.  n 


W^AXtmn  tsi^ANDs.  Adjiicent  to  the  Britiah  Islet.  lie# 
jreat  uuinlvr  of  smaller  on^t  belonging  to  ( i teat-Britaiiw 
The  principal  of  these;  are  the  I^le  of  Wight,jJers^^,  Guern* 
•cy,  Angtesea:  ami  Man,  in  the  Engliiih.  channef;  and 
the  Hcibridcs,  or  Western  Islanda,  the  Orkneys  and  th* 
Shetlahd  Isles,  in  the  North  Atlantic  oceai\}  which  <**^ 
fMisidered  as  appendages  to  ScotJancL  ' 


FRANGK 


so  cali^vJs  a  re- 
thousand  /basaltic] 
he  lakeot  KiKor- 
.s  pfctiif)  mg  po«> 
of  Ijreiand*. 


Boundaries  and  Extent,  THE  present  limits  of  Fran€ir 
are  extensive,  and  cannot  be  ascertained,  as  they  ,are  ciiiW 
itantly  changing.  By  the  tmity  i  of  Luneville,  in  180^ 
the  Belgtc  proTinces,^  and  a^l  the  tertilttry.  ot.  the  htfut* 
of  Austr^  between  Burzack  and  Basle,  togetlier  #ith  adi 
ithe  qqantrit^s  and  domain^  on  the  k>l^,  or  w<^stera  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  which  before  made  a  part  cf  the  Cferraali 
eaipire,  were  annexed  to  the  I'Viiich  Rupublic,  who  Wer# 
It.)  posses^  them  in  full  sovereignty  and  property.  '  Thi 
iRliine  is  at  |>rc'sent  the  boiuidaiy  betweeit  France  anit 
iGernnumf- .■-•■  • 

Divinons  and  Population*  ,  France  was  formeriy  dividedl 
[into  liO  provinces.  In  1?89.  the  National  -assembly  di* 
mdedit  into  ten  rpctropoUtan  circies-  and  83  depaitnaentm^ 
iBy  later  decrees  some  alterations  have  been  matte'  in  thes9 
Idivisi^Bs ;  to  which  may  be  ad4ed  nine.depjtH-tments,  intf- 
Ivliich  the  Catholic  Netherlands  have  been  divided  ;  and 
ive  tiioro,  comprehending  that  part  of  ancient  CreVmany,, 
I'hich  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hhme  from  the  Nethfcii'» 
Idndito  ^Vitzerland,  consisting  in  all  of  109  departments^ 
r^ach  depariaiient  is  divided  into  diHricts,  and  each  diai^ 
riot  into  catitOQS, 

France  contains  4QQHeitieS)  l^Op  «Dp^]i^r  towna^  iS^OOO 

parishes,  100,000  villages.     %:c^>;    i:     »^f/         , 

The  en]|>ire  of  Frahice,  ii^  l<^3>,  was  estimated  to  cott* 

iin  39,40i  ,000  inhabitants*     C      •  , 

Climate,  Genem/  Appearance.    Theair  of  France  is  geiW' 

tally  niild  ai^d  wholesome  ;  buf  in  some  partr-^theheaie 

excessivi^     The  weather  is  more  clear  and  settled  thai^ 

Knghmd,     The  face  of  thu   country  is;  plats, 

Jly  divWsi^ed  with  JiiUie  and  dol^iL 


J66 


WtAl^CR 


11 

ni^lH!! 

ttl^int  CemiUt  tnd  Karboru  llie  lotre  rlt^s  la  tltt 
tnountaint  of  the  I'evcfines,  find  runs  m  a  i>6rtliii«s^  (ii- 
Tection.  After' receivitag.the  AIHer,!  her,  In^re)  Vietmc^ 
and  6arlet\it  falls  into  me  ba^  of  biicay.    ~  >. 

Tfie  Klipne  tltes  in  i!»witzeriand,  pAsgea  thrQugtjr  tlic 
Tallaii  and  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  rec(tiyt;«  t^e  Soane  at 
Lyons,  the  Isere  at  Vaience,  and  the  Duranee  beloif  A* 
Signon,  atid  ^Is  into  the  Meditenanean. 

The  Garonne  rises  among  the  Pyrennees,  passes  by 
Bourdeaux*^  receives  tiie^Dordonne  at  Bbiirgs,  and  takes 
-thehartie  ofGironde,  after  which  it  fiow$  into  the  bay  of 
-Biscay.  .^  ■■-.■■-,>;-:■.■':•■.- "^ 

The  Seine  rises  in  the  de|»artnient  of  Cote  d'Oi* ;  passet 
by  Paris  and  K^en ;  receives  the  Aube,  Yonne,  Marnq 
CKs^,  and  Eare,  and  fallt  into  the  English  chnmel  at  Ht* 
ivrede  Grace.  U 

.France  has  many  useful  and  extensive  canals  {   thej 
thief  of  wfai#i  are  those  of  Langucdod,  Picardy,  and  3ur* 
Ifundy.:  "^:--''v4u;:--^  <r;-.:- 

The  {»nncipal' hartxnrt  or  s^a^orts  are  those  of  Ercs^j 
/TQ>uldn,  and  Bourdeauit^ 

SoU  and  Productions,    The  soil,  diversified  by  mountainlj 
ind  plainS)  is  watered  by  ft  great  number  6f  large  aDdj 
lilnKili  riyeri,  which  serve  to  fertilize  ^  coiintry  ;  and,  to* 
,  gether  with  the  canals,  -convey  merchandize  from-  one  ex'] 
tremity  of  the  nation   totheother*    Ithas  corn,  legume 
fVuit,  wines,  oil,  pasture,  hemp,  and  flax,  sufficient  for  it 
own^inhabitants,  and  much  to  sparer    Here  are  mines  of 
iron,  lead,  copper,  fOid  some  \Qi  silver  and  gold.    Manj 
places  in  France  are  in  high  repute  for  thjehr  jmineral  wan 
ters#-.  .>:^    '    ''  '-■■^  ~:lv%-'  \^-'  '^^■'  -^   'T 

Manttfadures  and  Commerce*  The  ihft^trfacturett  are  silk%] 
lustrings,  inodes,  brocades,  velvets.  &c.  woollen  cloth,  lin^ 
en,  coarsi^and  fine  ;  lace*  paper,  china  of  e:fcquisitebeau«| 
1y  and  fineness,  ^oap,  &c»  ; 

Before  her  revolution,  France,  in  point  of  eottiinei 
gianked  next  to  Englsmd  and  liolland,,    Sinc6^th&t,  hov 
jMrer^  her  ^:!i»nn»erce'  has  heen  almost  annihilated. 

Langud^igi,    The  French  language  is  a  corruption  of  til 
Homahr  miXed  with  Celtic  and  Gothic  wordb  and  idiomi 
During  the  laH  century,  it%asr  introduced  as  a  polite  lan«j 
fuage  iii^aU  the  o^^r  ooantriM  •€  Europe.    Xn  rs^' 


nANCBr 


Itfl 


iiff  Aeimeii,  «&d  precision,  U  yielda  to  n»  modtai  ipcecib^ 
but  it  wobU  force, .  iiignity,  and  Buliiiittity. 

Literature  and^ducution,  I  he  itcienccs  haye  risun^io  • 
very  grtiat  height  in  TrauCe  ;  anU  its  litcniiy  character 
coiiiiuaudii  untvetMii  respect  apj  udnjaat.un.  The  namea 
•t*  tlitsir  celtbratyd  writers  would  ajinust  till  a  ▼olume» 
The  art*  of  pi^aVting  und  scuipiur<'  arc  bet ur  under»too4 
in  Franct^  thiin  in  most  otlwr  cuuntrien  of  Eurupe.  binca 
^e  revolution,  a  lu^w  »ygteni  of  pu^>uc  iuitructioa  hat 
been  adopted.' 

Cities.  Pauis,^  the  capital  of  France;,  is  situated  on  th» 
Seine,  which  traverses  it  from  cavt  towrst.  It  does  not 
yield  to  my  city^in  thd  world,  in  the  beautv  of  its  edifices  ; 
in  its  industi^  ;  tn  its  love  of  tlw  arts  ana  sciences  |^  and 
in  its  establishments,  formed  for  the  promotion  of  humam 
khowledf^e,  and  to  preserve  Jtlie  productions  of  nature  and 
genius*  It  is  now  ten  leagues  in  oircumfereiice,  and  hag 
$47,756  inhabitants. 

Lyons  is  ia«ixt  to  Paris  in  population,  containing  100,000 
touls.    Mab»eillbs  and  Uourubaux  have  each  about 
those  of  Brest)  1 80,000.     These  cities,  top^etliei*  with  Lisle,  the  capital  o(f 
"French  fliinders,  Valenciennes,  Amiens,  and  l^houlou8% 
are  deservedly  celebrate4  for  opuienCe,   commerce^  aoi 
ivanufactures* 

Aaiiquities  and  Curiosities,    France  contains  numerouty 

snd  vi^uatile  remams  ofantiauity     There  are  niany  tri» 

phdl  arches,  the  most  perfect  of  which   ib  at  Orangey 

eatd  by  Caius  M^trius.     Nismes  exhibits^stupendoot 

sttiai^  Qi  an  aqueduibt  erected  by  th^  Eoinahs.     At  Arlea 

is  an  obelisk  of  i)rieiital  granite,  52  feet  high  and  7  in  di* 

eter,  coirisistihg  of  one  Btone. 

History i  Heligi  n  and  Curernment,    The  kingly  govern- 

ent  -of  France  continued  from   <'ioviS,  who  estublirhed 

limseii'aitSoisfOns,  in  436,  till  January/ilst,   17^,S,  whei 

uigXVt/  was  beheaded  on  a  public  scaffold  at   Paris, 

r&ace,  aftjr  continuing  a  monarchy  for  upwards  of  1200 

•^ars,  was^'by  thtf  national  assembly,  declared  a  republic; 

"ith  the  fall  of  monarchy,  0il  the  titles  of  nubility  wer* 

olished  ;  and»ll  ecclesiastical  domains,  such  as  ahbey% 

nasterieSv/conveiTtes,  &c.  were  decreed  ifiational^  proper*; 

;  aii  tvthes^ere  tiboiislied  ;  the  r*. Venues  of  the  htghes^/ 

48i»ar|ka-oler9|r  redueed^  attd  tka  Baaibar 'laafiSjB^-^ 


(re  risies  »«  tl»*! 

El    1.6TtliW6St<W- 

Ind^e,  Vienna 

Kt  througlr  tl« 
.»tbe  Soane  at 

ranee  beloif  A' 

inees,  passes  by 

toiirgs,  and^es 

^tothe  bay  of 

ote  d'Or ;  pMset 
I,  Yonne,  Marnq 
ih  ch«mcl  »t  Hi* 

rtve  cattals  ;   VM 
Hcardy,  and  Bitf- 


sifiedfey  mountain  J 
ber  bf  large  ana 
cotintry  ;  and,  to 
ize  from  one  cx' 
as  corn,  legume 

,  sufficient  for  H 
Here  are  mines  oi 

and  gold.    Man; 

th^  mineral  wa 

jufacture*  are  silk%| 
Woolleiv  cloth,  lin. 
of  exquisite,  beauti 


joint  of  C0tt»iftere< 

Since^thftt*  **° 
lihilated. 

|a  corruption  ot  ti 
wor^s  and  idiowi 
;ed  as  a  polite  Is' 


5 '  «iBi'".u^.n*Jt  ' 


fM 


IVBTHERLAima 


Jktiet  ckperiencing  a  series  of  rapid  and  Uoodj  cluuicii% 

*^'*  govertuui'tit  oi'  FranctJ  hut  become  inipitJttl  hi  >>a* 
jUgjiuiiVi.  wha  ascende*!  the  throue  in  May,  1H(H,  and 
%i'aR  crowr^  by  ihe  popu*  ii>  December  of  ti.e  same  }ikr, 
M^d  who  Qow  his  virtually  uuder  his  influence  and  coiUrcI 
ali  the  ooritineuta)  iiations  and  governments  i)i'  Luropb, 
The  Roman  Catholic  religion  huB  bten  established,  and 
ati'i  appendages  o>'  regai  governaieut  have  been  restored 
]|y  the  eniperoi^. 

i;EENi  U  ISLES.  The  islands  around  the  coast  of 
IPraOce  are  small  and  uninportiui.t.;  'ihuHC  known  by  the 
dpme  ofHy£AK»,.near  Touiun,  liave  a  barren  and  naked 
appearance^  Th((yv  contain  some  b(4anic  rich  vs.  uod  claiin 
wi(^  fame  of  being  Homer's  isie  of  Calypso.  (),i.£KOh  it  I 
lat  (he  weittern  coatt,  14  mili^  longhand  two.  broad,  li  e, 
Ystr^and  Bklli<>Lb  are  con8idera|i>le  isles  jitui.g  the 
^oast.  LtsHANT^  or''OuE8SANT,  is  the  fu|the«t  webtl-raj 
bi;ad  land  of  France,  12  miles  from  the  continent/ and  9  j 
tpii^  in  oircumfei^nce 

NETHERLANDS. 

THE  country  called  the  Netherlands,  though  united  tl 
•nd  fohned  an  integral   part  of,  the  Krendi  empire,  we] 
k^vii  thought  proper  to  describe  in  a  separute  artic;e. 

Situatiotit  aounfiarieSf  Extent.  It  it>  ti^tuated  between  491 
And  52  degreea  north  latitude,  and  between ,77  and  b^^j 
east  longitude.  Bounded  on' the  nortl^  by  Holiayd  ;' e»<t| 
bv  Genniliiy  ;  »outh  by  France  /  wet»t  by  the  Ebglitiii 
ehannel;  200  liiilcs  long,,  and  180  broad. 

Climate*    The,  air  on  the  «ea  coasts  is  bad  ;  but  m  thtj 
tntenur   inore  healtliful.     The  seasons  are^  mofte  reguit! 
than  in  England.     The"  iace  of  the  cotmtry  is  gt^nerady 
low  and  flat,  iike  Holland ;  towaird  tlie^east;  itis  sweli  ' 
vitli  ji^entle  elevations. 

Uivjeri^and  CanaU..  The  principal  rivers  are tfa^  Macs 
and  Samite  which  unite  at  Namur  ;  ahd  t^e  >icht-idti 
wliicii,,  atler  recervjng  the  two  .Ni-thes,  the  Demer,  Dyi^ 
Senue,  Ucndcr,  Lscaut  and  Lys,  empties  into  the  se 
"among  the  i^ands  of  Zealand.  The  canals  are  almost  in 
mumerable  ;  but  the  most  iuipoitattt  Me  tili«se  of  Iki 
^^         attX  OtMadi 


irBTiTEitiAyrDsi 


'109 


,  3&i(md  Productions,    Th»aoil  and  ito  ^ockiee  ire  ric^ 

ilm>ecially  in  corn,  firuita  and  Max.  The  agricttltare  ^t'  thit 
country  hut  b^en  celebrated  for  600  ^ean }  and  the  Meth- 

viands  treira  formurly  denominated  the  granary  df  FraQO^"' 
and  ('ermaiiv,  -  ' 

Mines  qm  Mineral »<,  Miqetofiron,  copper,  lead,  aad 
brimstone*  art*  found  in  thit  country ;  aUo  mari>le  quaitieaj^ 
•o^il-plts,  and  great  plenty  of  towil  nitre* 

Pnpulalion,  The  whole  Duin))er  of  inhabitantt '^in  fhtf 
»etherkand8  is  1.900^000* 

Mantwrs  and  Customs  The  Flemings  fat  %6  the  in^i^'i^ 
anis  of  Flandet-i^  and  tKe  Austrian  Low  Countries  inre  gen^ 
t rally  called,  are  said  to  be  a  heavy/  blunt,  honest  people-. 

'  Formerly  they  were  known  to  fight  desperately  in  ctefoiee 
of  their  countr^^ :  at  present  they  ate  in  a  subic^ated  kid 
not  very  pleasing  state.  The  Austrian  Netherlaiids  ar* 
exceedingly  populous  ;  but  authoft  di^  is  to  their  num* 

■  bers.  ~    .  ■ 

Commerce  and  Manufactures,  The  chief  'manofacturet 
«f  the  Netherlands  are  thieir  beautiful  linens  and  laces  ;  i« 
which  notwithstanding  the  |>oasled  improvetiMilts  of  their ^ 
neighhiirb,  they,  are  yet  unrivalled ;  particularly  in  that- 
species  called  cimlDrics,  from* Oambray,  the  chief  place  of 
iti.manatactur<^..  These  manufactures  form  the  principal 
articles  of  their  coinmorcer  ' 

/>rm  onH  Lmguag*^.  The  inhabitants  of  Frettth  Flan» 
d<3rs  jfu  mere  Frenc^h  men  and  wOmen  in  both  these  par- 
ticuicirs.  The  Fl*  mings  on  the  frontiers  of  Holland,  dresi 
lik^  the  Dutch  boora,  and  their  language  is  the  same ;  but 
the  better  sort  0^  peopk  sp;iak  French,  and  dress  in  the 
same  taste.  /  . 

Religion.  The  tiiitabi»sed  r«Ugion  h^re,  till  the  revolu* 
tion,  was  the  Rononn  GathvUc  ;  but  protectants)  and  othef^ 
sects  were  not  niolested. 

Litert^ure.  The  soctuty^  of  Jesuits  fovtnerly  produced 
the  most  learned  mon  in  tlie  Austrian,  ]Low  Countaried,  'm. 
whicii  thoy  had  many  comfortable  settlements.    Works  '  of 

|th.iv}logy,^the  ctyii  and  c4'ion  law,.  jUatin  poems  and  pUya> 
were  ^oeir  chi€^  pifoductionSb  -  Strada  is  an  elegant  histo<« 

Irian  and  poet.    The  Fiemish  paint;?r8  and  sculptors  have 

lil^eat  Merit,    and  foros  »  tcho^  bjf  themselv4)s»      Thr 

▲  'A    . 


,..;^:.' 


..  .   .    4-.. 


990 


NETHERLANDS. 


Wdrkf  of  Ruben  and  Vtindyke  cannot  tie  iuffciently  ad* 
mired. 

Vnivtrtiiies*  Louvain,  Douayi,  Tournay,  and  St.  Omer. 
The  fint  wai  founded  in  WMi  by  John  IV.  duke  of  Bra-' 
bant,  and  enjoys  great  privilejges. 

Cities,  Ghent  IB  the  capital  of  the  urovince  of  Flan- 
dert.  Its  waits  are  ten  miles  in  cycumrtTence.  -  It  has  a 
oatbedral,  six  pt^rish  churches,  and  ^00  bridges ;  the  streets 
are  large,  and  the  market  places  t^pacious*  It  has  considt  r- 
nble  trade 'in  corn,  cloth,  linen,  and  silk.  '|he  populatioa 
is  55,161. 

Britoes  holds  the  second  rank  among  tJie  cities  of 
Flanders,  ond  has  i}S,6S2  inhabitants.  It  is  a  league  and 
a  half  in  circumference,  and  advantageously  situated  on 
A  plain^  having,  by  means  of  canals,  a  navigable  comni;  •• 
oation  with  Ghent,  Ostend,  Duiikirk,  Sluys,  &c.  In  the 
14tli  century,  this  city  was  a  place  of  the  greatest  irade  ia 
Europe.  1 

OsTEKD  iil  a  strong  seaport  town,  surrounded  bymeny 
forts,  and  has  10,459  inhabitants.     Ypres  is  only  a  stroiig 
garrison  town.     The  same  may  be  said  of  Charlebot 
and  NAN^va.    Louvain,  the  capital  of  Ai^ktrian  Brabant, 
instead  of  ii(«  once  flourishing  manufactures  and  places  of  | 
trade,  now  contains  pretty  gardens,  walks  and  arbors,  andf 
3,060  inhabitants.    hnuMSEts,   called  the  ornament  ardi 
delight  o  the  Netherlands,  retains  somewhat  of  its  ancient 
manu&ctures,  and  has  66,297  inhabitants.    Antwerp,  op] 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Scheldt,  is  a  large  and  handsoi 
dty.;    The  streets  are  generally  wide  and  straight,  aiiid  suffl 
rounded  by  a  wall,  and  regular  fortifications*    Itcontaiul 
56j31 8  inhabitants' . 

It  may  be  observed  here,  that  every  gentleman's  housei^ 
n  castle,  or  chateau ;  and  lliat  there  are  more  Strong  tows^ 
fn  the  Netherlands^  than  iii  all  the  rest  of  Europe.  Ttave)! 
ting  is  safe,  cheap,  and  delightful,  in  this  luxurious  co^intrjrJ 
The  roads  are  generally  a  broad  causeway,  and  run  m 
some  miles  in  a  Straight  line,  till  they  terminate  with 
tiew  of  some  noble  buildinga.  Cassel,  whidTia  situated 
.  a  hill,  commands  a  viejv  of  thirty-two  towns,    ./v. 

History,  v  The  Netherlands  are  a  part  0f  Ih^  '^ck 
Belgic  Gaul,  and  belonged  to  the  French,  Austrians, 
Ptttob*    They  wer«  divided  ii^lo  lOpraTincet*  asfolloi 


K'-'t 


V- 


'  * 


^t*-.    r 


.  ^HOtl^ANa 


f91 


Mniumt  '  Nifliifr 

Afitwerp  H«iniliilt 

Malinet      ^  -v  Cambreiit 

Linibttr^  >Ar|aji 

Luxemburg  ,  Plandeni 

These  provinces  uonT  inak«  •  ptrt  of  the  French  emnirtf. 

They  are  divided  into  nine  department*,  and  Annexea  to 

f  riuice  by  the  order  <tf  the  govi;rnmenl< 


HOLLAND. 


-W'»>i 


THEkinglomdfriblland,  lately  called  the  T^ATAVii 

HkpubliO)  comprehends  tfjat  part  of  the  ancient  Belgic 

Gaul,  which  was  long  distmguished  by  the  name  of  tho 

S-BVBM  UnITBD  PROVINCEii,  -        "? 

SHifiatitmt  Extent ^  Boundaries,  Holland  is  situated  be« 
Iween  51  apd  54^  north  latitude,  and  between  78  and  82^ 
east  Ion.  ^00  miles  long  and  100  broad.  Bounded  north 
and  west  bv  t|ie  German  ocean ;  east  by  Germany ;  south 
By  the  Cathoho  Netherlands  aiid  France.  ,  '>  . 

Phisiom  and  Population,  The  civiV  divisions  of  this 
eotthtry,  while  jt  was  a  republic,  were  7  provinces,  vi«v 
Holland,  Overyssel,  Zealand,  Frieslond,  lltredit,  Grorr- 
ingen,  Guelderiand,  and  Zutphen,  beside  the  T^xel  and 
other  islands.  Holliuvd  contains  113  cities  oi*%)r«vi^^4^imi, 
UOO  villages,  and  2,355)0Q0  inhabitants ;  it'^juWkmr  u>^^'i.: 
inlSOl,  was  22,384  men. 

General  Aj^ftraencf.*    Tlie  soil  of  the  couni^^  is  si^.  «^ 
and  mafihy,  tha^  but  for  ^tha  constant  care  in'for^ 
and  mokinj^  ditches  and  canals^  it  would  be  hardly  capa- ' 
blQ  of  cultivation;  some  part  of  it  lies  even  lower  than 
the  sea,  from  which  it  is  secuned  l^  dykes  or  dams.    Tho 
meadow  grounds  a^e  rich,  and  generally  under  water  in 
the  winter,  '^.f 

Rivers,  Thechief  rivers  of  Holland* are  the  Rhine^ 
the  Maese,  the  Scheldt,  and  Vecht.  T*ie  Rhine  is  one 
of  the  largest  rivers  of  Europe.  Soon  after  it  enters  H6l- 
land,  it  Is  divided  into  several  branches,  forming  a  num- 
ber of  islands,  which  constitute  a  considerable  portion  of 
Holland.  Near  Amheim  it  is  divided  into  two  brfmches, 
o^e  of  irhiclv  takes  theDiipe  ff  Ysg<^^  mkA  falls  int«  ibe 


MOLtANV. 


A 


vZiiyder  2m.  The  other  branch  i»aguii  dividieft,  aad'fllir 
^rger  branch  falls  into  the  Maese  under  the  name  ot'  tht 
Xeck  ;  while  the  Rhine,  with  a  very  smaU  portion  of  its 
jwaters/  is  lost  among  the  canals  about  Leyden,  without 
.llSlJiling  into  the  sea  by  its  proper  name. 

The  Maese  rises  in   France,   and,   after  receiving  the 

freatest  part  of  the  Rhine^  it  divides  into  a  variety  tff 
ranches,  and  empties  into  ttie  German  Sea.  The  Scheldt 
also  rises  in  France ;  and  after  passing  the  city  of  Ant- 
werp,  is  divided  into  two  branches,  called  Extern  and 
Western  Scheldt,  both  of  which  are  lost  among  the  islands. 
af  Zealand, 

*■  Seasr  The  German  ocean  ^^hich  washes  the  northers 
shores  of  Holland,  is  here  called  the  North  Sea;  in  con». 
tradistinction  to  which,  a  large  gulf,  which  separates  ISlortil- 
Holland  from  Friesland,  is  called  the  Zuyder  or  South  Sejw 
With  this  is  connected  the  lake  of  Haerlem  by  acreek  call- 
•  edtheV.  ^    ■  '    't:'>.    \ 

The  chief  harboiil  of  Holland  are  those  of  the  Texel^ 
,Middleburgj  Flushing  and  Amsterdam. 

Manufactures  ar^d  Commerce,  The  chief  manuf^turet 
^  •f  Holland  are  linens,  pottery,  leather,  wa^,  snuff,  sugar,, 
^tareh,  p^per,  woollen  and  silk.  The  commerce  Consisted 
Ibrmerly  m  spices  and  drugs  from  their  settlements  is 
the  East-Indies.  The  inland*  trade  with  Germany  by  the 
tanals  and  the  Rhine,  is  almost  the  only  branch  of  com* 
merce  which  Las  escaped  tlie^  ravages  of  war. 

Language  and  Literature.     The  language  is  a  dialect  of  I 
the  German.    The  education  of  youth  is  not  so  much  a^f 
tended  to  here,  as  in  some  other  countries.^ There  are  large 
and  celebrated  Latin  schools  at  Rotterdam,  Middleburfi;,! 
Groningen,   Sec,     Holland  has  five  respectable  universi*] 
ties;   those  •£  Leyden,   Utrecht,   Hardewycke,  Franeker, 
and  Grom'ngen.      There  is  an  academy  of  Sciences  at 
Haerlem.  I 

Manners  and  Customs.  The  Dutch  are  an  industriouii 
and  persevering  people,  patient  of  hardships  and  extremeh 
ueat  in  their  dwellings.  A  humane  regulation  requires  m 
inkecpers  and  apothecaries  to  keep  a  printed  paper,  con-l 
taining  rules  for  recoverinjf  persons  apparently  drowned! 
Liberal  rewards  are  i^lven  to  4^999  whi»  expose  th9Q^|t<iTjf|i| 
tu  save  otheci^. 


HOLLAND. 


2^ 


Religion.  The  Hollandei^  generally  embrace  the  doc- 
trines of  the  reformation,  .or,  as  they  are  usually  styled, 
Calvinism ;  but  Jews,  Anabaptists,  and  iloman  Catholics 
ure  numerous.  A  free  exercise  of  religion  la  allowed  .to 
all  persuasions  except  Roman  Catholics. 

Governmernt.  Holland  ivat*  once  a  republic.  In  May^ 
18G5,  a  treaty  was  niadebetween  France  and  HpUand  for 
the  establishment  of  a  king  ;  and  in  June  following, 
Louis  Bonaparte,  with  great  ceremony,  was  proclaimea 
king  of  Holland,  by  his  brother  Napoleon ;  but  he  ba» 
since  abdicated  his  throne.  Holland  is  divided  into  11 
depaitiments,  and  is  annexed  to  France  by.  order  of  the 
government. 

Cities, .   All  the  cities  of  Holland,  have  an  appearance  o€ 
grandeur  and  neatness,  which  attracts  universal  admiration.  ■ 
The  houses  are  of  brick,  lofty  and  elegant,  the  windows 
large  and  numerous.    The  streets  are  surprisingly  clean,, 
and  adorned  with  rows,  of  trees  ;  between  which  the  canals 
extend  in  all  directions.-  - 

Amsterdam,  a  port  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,?  is  the  chief " 
tity.     It  ranks  among  the  first  cities  of  Europe,  containing, . 
5il7,024  inhabitants.    The  clocivs  and  arsenals  are  extensive,  • 
and  the  Stadthouse  is  the  most  ma^niiiceat  building  of  the 
kind  in  Europe. .         ^  ^p'     ^;^  :  \^-  • 

Rotterdam,  on  the  Maese,  is  a  great  commercial  city,  • 
of  the  size- of  Boston,  having  33,800  inh£d)itants.  Leyden, 
an  inland  cit^',  with  30,955  inhabitants,  is  tlic  seat  of  the 
principal  university,  and  is  celebrated  for  having  produced 
several  eminent  characters  in  science  and  literature.  The 
Hague  is  an  open  village,  flimous  as  the  seat  of  govern^ 
mjiit,  and  the  residence  of  the  8tadtholder ;  it  has  38,43^ 
inhabitants,  and  6,16 !<  houses. 

Haerlem,  which  has  ^1,360  inhab  tants,  Middleburg, 
and  Flushing,  are  large  commercial  cities.     Utrecht  is 
a  handsome  city,  with  32,294?  inhabitants,  and  is  the  seat 
of  an  uiuversity.     There  arc  many  other  towns,  di«tingui«lj«^ - 
ed  for  neatness  and  population. 
A  A  2 


m 


SWITZERtANDi 


ili'iii ; 


'U-<-  *s 


SWITZEELAND,  OR  HELVETIA. 

l^NDER  this  name  modern  geographers  include  all  the> 
«ou6ti^  occupied,  not  only  by  the  Swiss^  or  Thirteen  Can- 
tonsi  oi  t^e  league,  but  by  other  states  in  alliance  with  or- 
iwibject  to  them;  in  which  sense,  the  greatest  extent  from 
cast  to  west  will  be  about  180  miles,  and  from  north  to 
•oath  140.  On  the  north  it  is  bounded  by  Swabia,  ftoutbi 
J>y  Savoy  and  Italy,  west  by  France. 

'General  Appearance,.  Switzerland  may  justly  be  considr- 
^red.as  the  most  elevated  l^nd  in  Europe,  as  niany  princi'. 
,^]ial  rivers  take  their  rise  here,  and  run  in  different  direc- 
tions to  the  extremity.  T^ie  greater  part  Is  composed  of 
.  ]miQUntain6,  with  narrow  vallies  between  them.;  these  moun-. 
tpiins  are  cornposed  of  stupendous  rocks,  piled  on  ^ach. 
Hther,  and  are  from  4,000  tp  10,000  feet  in  height.  Onp 
£i^k  in  St.  Gothard's  mountain^  i&  computed  by  Du  Cret 
%  be  16,500  French  feet.. 

Divisions  and  Population*  Before  tlie  late  revolution^, 
^ift^itzerland  was  divided  into  IS  cantons,  exclusive  ot  their 
ftilies  ;  viz.  Luceni,  Uri;  Scliweitz,  Underwaiden,  Zug, 
j^rilxqrg,  and  Soleure,  which  are  CathoUcs.  The  protest- 
^t  cantons  are  Zurich,  Berp,  Basle,  and  SchafiAausem. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  reckoned  at  1 ,6,36,000.  Gla< 
.xus  and  Appenzel  contain  both  religions. 

Lakes  and  Rivers*  The  principal  lakes  ate  t|iose  of  Conr 
stance,  Geneva,  Lucern,  Zurich,  and  Neuchatel.  The, 
most  considerable  rivers,  are  th^  Rhine,  ^bone,  Aar, 
Arve,  Reuss  and  Inn. 

Productions*^  The  chief  riches  of  Switzerland  consist  of 
excellent  pastures,  in  which  many  cattle  ar^  bred  and  fat- 
tened ;  the  goats  And  chamois  feed,  on  the  mountain».and  in 
the  woods-. 

Manners  and  Cufioms.    The  men  aire  strong  and  robust^ 
The  women  are  tolerably  handsoniei  and  in  general  very 
industrious.     The  peasants  retain  their  old  manner  of  djess, 
and  are  content  to  live  upon  niiU ,  butter  and  cheese ;  some 
•f  themountaineers  never  have  any  bread. 

Cities*    The  principal  cities  of  Switzerland  are  BasiL) 
oYi  Idiie  Rhine,  1^,060  inliabitauti^iZuRicii^  on  t^e.laks. 


^Allit 


•^Ike  eoaae  i»«M,  10,35S ;  wicT  LAV^Amnt  m  die  lake  oi 
Geneva*  9,965.     Ti^iere  cr     soUegcB  at  bi.tn,  Laufai]UD%> 
Zurich  and  Lucerne. 

Hutorkal  Remarks,    A  oi  finifave  aliiauce  subsiated-  he^- 
tween  JPraoce  ai^  several  of  Ae  li^wigs  cautouafui  niore 
than  a  century,  tb  the  great  advanttige  of  i;oth..   Th(fe< 
republicans  found  in  that  monprchy  a  ettxLdy,  faithful,  aid. 
generous  fnenii.    In  1777,   the  aiiiance  was  rti^ne-wt^d  im% 
the  city  of  Soleure»  and  extended  to  all  the  tantons.   iro^^ 
this  period,  till  the  commencement  ot  that  disastrous-  j-eth-^v 
elution,  which  has  been  effected  by  the  intrigues  of  thft 
JFr.nch,  the  Swiss  wer^  so  much  wiser  than  any  of  th* 
other  European  powers,  that  they  preserved  a  peace  unin- 
terrupted, except  by  some  internaJ  di^putes^.  which  were- 
i^eedily  terminated.     Thiir  history,  thereibre,  during  th|i< 
period,  is  comprised  in  a  felw  words.-   While  other  nationfli 
</ecow<^^  on  the  blessings  of  peace,  liberty,  and  property, 
amidst  the  curses  of  war,  taxes,  and  O|.^ression,  tbese  hap*- 
pv  people  quietly  enjoyed  all  these  blessing!^.     The  present 
situation  of  Switzerland  is  a  striking  contrast  ti>  thjs.     |t> 
is  "  correctly  and  energetically  (hawn^iu  the  picture  off 
Athens,  left  us.  by  a  writer  of.  the  middle  ages  atier  Uie 
invasion.     It  is  the  empty  and  bloody  jikin  f>/  an  imwolatedt 
mctim.    She  has  nothing  left  but  rocks,  and  ruins,  and  i^cm-  • 
igogues."    Since  the  revolution  of  1797,  the  </Id  g- Vern« 
ventof  Switzerland  has  been  changed,  tlie  thirteen  mde- 
pentlent  governments  have  been  abolished,  and  the  nami;  of  ' 
Switzerland  changed  to  that  of  Helvetia.     By  ^he  coustitu-- 
tion  of  Ma/  29,  UiOl,  Switzerlandis^divided  into  seventeen  i 
departmenUi. . 

Spain;. 


Srtnationr  Boundarie>^t  ExUfnt,  THIT  kingdom  of  Spaii-T 
ies  between  S6  and  44**  north  lat.  ami  between.  6«^«  anu  78^ 
tast  Ion.  It  is  bounded  north  by  the  bay  of  Biscay; 
northeast  by  the  Pjrcnnees,  which  st par «itt  it  from  France; 
eaiit  and  south  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  southwest  ai  d  Wv^si. 
by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic ;  700  niiks  long  and  5(;0 
broad. 

JJivm<ti7t,      Spain  contains  the  provmces  of  Old  and  "> 
^eir  CastUfi;  Aadalusia^  Arrau^on,  Estramadura;  (ialiciar, 


'9»i 


AT 


^^!l^ 


11^6ii«  Catalonia,  Gnmada'»Val^^^  BiteaT»  the  AtCaff. 
t»f_  Murcia^  and  Upper  Kavarte,  jiome  of  Whfbh  Iiave  for- 
ifieHy  befn  s^aratelklDedoRts.        *  .  \ 

Climate*  The  air  is  dry  and  serefie,  exd^pt  during  the 
equinoctial  rains,  but  exee^ivi^^Iy  hot  in  the  Bouthe^n  prov: 
incea,  iii  Jfunev  July,  and  August.  The  vast^  iQduntuos; 
kOwCverj  that  run  through  Spain,  are  benefic^iartp  the  in- 
liabitafits  H  the  refreshing  brtezes  tiiat  come  from  them 
in  the  south  parts ;  but  Ui^s^  ip  the  north  and  ndttheas^  are 
m  the  winter  very  coid.        *     i     ^vx'        ;7^    : 

Bbi/s,  The  chief  bays  are  th(;ise  of  Biscay*  Ferrol,  Co- 
rnntia,  ( comnqonly  called  the  Groynne)  1*180,  Cadiz, 
Gibraiter,  C-arthagena^  Alicante,  Altea,  Valencia,  and 
Roses.  The  strait  of  .:  Gibraiter  divides  Europe  from 
Africa.'.  -"'^     v^v^,,': -,  '  ':,:,-^^ 

iimr$.  These  are  the  Duero,  which  fells-  iptb  thie  At- 
lantic oc^an  below  Oporto  in  Portugal' r  the  Tago,  or  Ta- 
gtiB,  which  faUs  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  rear.  I^sbpn  ;  the 
Giiadimia  falls  into  the  same  oceto  near  .Cape  Finisterrej; 
'as  does  the  Guadalquiver.  iaow  Turio,-  at  Su.  Liioar ;  and 
thei  Ebro,  the  ancient  iberu3>  ii&lls  into,  the  Mediterranean^ 
,Sea  below  Tortosa,  -  .  j 

The  river  Tinto  rises  in  Srerra  Moreria,  and  empties  It- 
self into  the  Mediterranean  V  near  Huelva,  having  the  ^ame 
Tinto  given.it  frojsi.  the  tinge  of  i^js  waters,  which  are  as 
yellow  f»  .9  topaat^  hardening  the  sand,  and  petrifying  it  in ; 
amostsurprismg.oianneri.  1. 

Lakes,  ■  There  $re  several  lakes  ift  S])am.  Jhat  of  Ben- 
eventa  abounds,  with  fish,  particularly  with  excellent  trout* 
Ojjf  the  water  of  a  l^ce  near  Antiquera  sait  is.made  by  the 
heat  of  the  sun. .  , 

SiiQuntains,      The  chief  and  the  highest  mountains  of' 
Spain  are  the  Pyrennees,  nearly  200  mile#m  length,  which 
fgctendjlrom  the  bay  of  Biscay  to  the  ;Kediterraneia|f,  and : 
divide  Spain  from  I'Vance. ,     .  a,  .      ^  *,,  v' 

The  Cantabtrian  mountains  a)!^e  a  continuation  of  the 
^i^nnees,^  a.nid  reach  to  the^Atlantic  ocean^  south  of  Cape 

Jtoisterse.'S^:'^''^';^^;;'  7 -^'f-: '-  -^V- ' 

Mount  Calpo,  now.  called  the  Hill^of  Gibraiter,.  was  fcr- 

■aerly  knowri  as  one  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. 

Hotl  anti  Productioiis,    The  soil  is  fertile  ;  but  thtjre  are 

Isrge  tracts  of  uncultiyated  ground*    The  produce  of  tiie. 


flPAni» 


m 


MOJitry  ijB  wliMl^  barley,  ■QlBrim,^lion«j,  rfRk»  MkldNstnM, 
hemp,  barrille§,(  and  sugar  caneis,  with  the  ricbett  alidiilotfr 
delicious  ftx^itM,  ItB  wines  are  in  high  eirtfeem*  WtKlvM  U9 
the  chief*  beasts  of  prt^y  that  infest  Spain. ,  The  w^d  bttUi 
have  so  much  ierbcity,  that  bull  fbats  were  the  vpifM  magiii- 
ficent  pectacle  the  court  of  Spain  (could  exfitibit.  Ipie  dp- 
mestic  aiuoials  are  horses  that  ate  remarkably,  swift,  mulci, 
black  cattle,  mi  sheepi  th6  wocd  qf  idiich  is  superior  W* 
any  in  Europe. 

Minerals.  Sjpain  abounds  in  miherals  and  k^etdb;  Coi^ 
•elian,  agate,  jacio^;  loadstone,  tureois  sto^s,  quicksS* 
ver^  copper,  lead,  sulphury  a^lum,  calamine,  crystal,  mar- 
bles of  iseveral  kinds,  porphyry,  the  finest  Jasper,  and  eveil 
diamonds,  emeralds,  and  amethysts,  are  found  here.  An- 
ciently it  was  celebrated  for  gdd  and  sifver  mines;  bu^- 
since  the  discovery  of  America,  no  attcintion  hat  been  pai4 
to  them. 

Commerce  and  Manufiidures,  Spain  ha»  but  little  coni* 
nerce,  and  few  manufactures.  Gold  and,  silver  are  thi- 
chief  articles  both  of  export  >md' import.  A  silk  manufoc<i- 
feure  £f  Valencia  gives 'employmenuto  2(^000  persons^  The 
other  fnanufactures  of  Spain  are  lihen,  wod,  soap,  gla^l^ 
copper,  and  hard  ware.  -  ,^ 

Population*  The  population  of  this  kingdom  is  qompufr- 
«d  at  10,S96^000  in  jBuvope,  and  10,81j6,000  in  her  col^ 
•nies. 

Manners  and  Custom^,  The  perobns  of  the  Spaniard*' 
are  general^  tall  especially  the  CastiUaQS ;  their  hair  andL 
comf^leauon  fwarthy,  but  their  countenances  very  expre«siv%. 
The  inferior  orders,  even^in  the  greatest  cities,  are  miseni^ 
bly  lodged,  and  those  lodgings  wretchedly  furnished.  Ma» 
By  of  the  poorer  sort,  b^  men  aad  women,  woftf  neither 
•noes  nor  stockii^  ;  wid  iioarse  bread,  steeped  in  oil,  and 
occasionally  seasoned  with  vinegar,  is  ^e  common  food  oft 
tile  country  people  throi^h  seVerftl  provinces.  / 

Literature.   The  literat;ure  of  Spam  is  respectable,  thoudiU 
h'ttle  known  in  other  countries,  since  the  decline  of  mm 
Spanish  power. .  Concerning,  their  means  of  common  edu- 
cation, little  is. known ;  but  it  is  chiefly  in  the  hands, of  die- 
monks.    They  have  upwinrdf  t f  20  •niiwrsiti^A ;  |li» 


m 


wjit^ 


'  ^'iteH^kn,    The  ena^uited  reUgiott  ii  popery ;  fitrt  (hi 
xnduisitiQniUll  eskutts/  now  rendered,  harmless.    There  an 
^gtit  archbishoprics,  forty-foiir  episcopal  sees^  and  twentel 
feurttnitersities.  i^- 

Govenimen#.  3pain  ib  {^.tnonarchj^ 
"^Cities,  Maoi|ID»  the  capital  of  S^in,  is  on  the  river  1 
'Mtozanaree^  whic;h,  though  small,  is  adorned  with  two 
magnificent  bridges*  The  city  contain^  15  ga|«s,  18  (>ar<| 
ishesi  35  convents  of  monksi  and  31  of  nunj,  d9  coll^gea^j 
hospi^alsi  and.  houses  of  charity  i  one  for  a//  natioug,  is 
which  are  from,500  to  1000  patients  ;  14,100  duelling 
Rouses,  and  about  156,6TSitihabitantsv       /"^^  '    ^^ -^   ^ 

CADtz,  the  great  emporium  of  Spanish  commferceiistands! 
Ifn  an  island,  which  ^communicates  with  the  continent  by 
a  bridge.  It  contoiiis  10,500  houses,  and  57,387  inhabit- 
ants. Barcelona  has  in,4'10i  SEVjttE  wa»  the  larg- 
est city  *  except  Madrid,  but  is  greatly  decayed.  Cartha- 
gena,  Bilboa,  Malaga^  and  Ahcant^  ate  populous  add 
cdmmerbifil  cities.^  Granada  and  Toledo  are  celebrated  it 
Sp^nishVhistonr. 

History ^  The  first  inhabitants  of  Simin  were  the  Celt^,^^ 
«  people  of  Gaul ;  afWr  them,  the  Phceniciam^  possessed 
themselves  of  ^  most  sputhem  parts  of  the  couiitty,  an^ 
^ay  ^ell  bo Jmpposed  to  havfe  been  die  first  civiiixers  of 
thiti  kingdom*  and  tihie  founders  of  the  most  ancient  citieti. 
After  these,  followed  the  Grecians  ;  then  the  Carthagen- 
ians,  on  wh08e;departurCj  sixteen  vfears  before  Christ,  it  be-^ 
<i*ame  subject  to  the  Romans,  till  ttie  year  of  our  Lord  400, 
#hen  the  Gdthsj  Vandals,  Sue^i,  Alans,  and  ^illingi,  da 
Constantine-s  withdrawing  bis  fortes  fr^m  that  kingdom 
to  t^e  6a8t,  invaded  it  and  divided  it*  among  themselves ; 
buttiiieGotl^iiialitt^crtime^reresdemasters  of  it,  undet 
their  king  Alarlck  1.  who  founded  the  Spanish  monarchy, 
in  1608f  Spain  was  invaded  by  the  emperor  of  France,  who 
teized  the  throne,  and  placed  bis  brother  Joseph  upon  it. 
Spain  is- still  (1813)  struggling  for  her  exiitenc*  as  an  in- 
dependent  nation.  ^ 


TORTUOAt, 


PORTUGAL. 


mmfiony  E:^ent,  Boundaries.  PORTUGAL  is  the 
1no»l  H  C^st^crly  country  of  Europe,  lying  betiveeit  S7  and  4^^ 
mnth  lai.  and  between  65  and  68^  east  Ion. ;  hlO  miie* 
joug,.  ^50  broad.  Bounded  wpst  and  south  >y  the  Atla»* 
#c,  eaMt  and  north  by  Spain*    > 

Divisions  and  Ptwuhthn,  It  is  divided  into  6  provmccf^ 
Estramadura,  I5eir9,  £ntre-Minhu-e-Douero,  'lra-l6»* 
Montes,  Alenl^jo,  and'yilgarva.  Ilie  whole  jkjnjgdom  con- 
tains  1^  civdads,  or  citiei?,  527  vjlas,  or  #Qmntr  tu^ns^ 
^S44  parishes,  ^d,  .accpr<ling  to  I^b^iin^^,  ii,5%,'Jit 
souls. 

fiiversy  Lakes,  and  Springs.    The  chief  f  ortuguese  ritw 

I  vers  are  mentiontd  in  ^pain,  ail  of  thtnt  fai^tiig  into  the  At* 

Jantic  ocean.      The   principal    ai-e. the  Togus,  pouero* 

Minho,  and  Ojuadiana.    7  he  Tit^us  Was  celebri&ted  for  itf 

foiden  sand.  It  overflows  its  hanks  as  regularly  as  thf 
I  lie.  The  Guadiana»  eight  leagues  Irom  its  source,  Aitap^ 
pears  and  runs  senreh  leagues  undier  ground.  It  is  150 
leagues  in  ledgthi.  ' 

Portugal  contains  s^v^ral  roarliig  lakes  And  j^fingt ; 
some  of  then) '  are  absorbent  even  of  the  li^hti^st  substati?  . 
ces,  such  as  wood,  cork  and  feathersv  some  are  inedical 
and  Ssinative ;  and  some  hot  hatlis  are  found.  The  min- 
eral waters  of  Caidos  da  Kainha  and  Chaves  are  very 
much  esteemed.  Beside  thesei  there  are  several  sp^ingi^ 
which  may  be  ranked  among  the  natural  curiosities  of 
Portugal.       V 

Climaief  General  Appearance,  The  vicinity  of  the  set  ^ 
renders  the  climate  milder  than  in  Spain.  The  general 
configuration  of  this  kingdom  is  mountainous ;  but,  excc'pt- 
ing  the  Estella,  which  may  be  seven  or  eight  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  inountains>  owe  thiir  appa- 
rent height  to  the  level  of  the  country  roiind  them  i  and 
the  wiidness  of  their  aspect  may  be  attributed  to  their  nee- 
dle-like ^asperities.  .    . 

HoU  and  Productions,  The  agriculture  of  Portugal  is  not 
generally  bad  •  but  the  skill  employed  in  it  is  small.  Ex- 
Mpt  roKod  l*«ii^!»!V  th«  MUAt^  |)rodu«ot  suflifiiot  m^ 


f  ; 


^*.v 


■,>  ■■•..■ 


'i  :i 


TDITUGAI* 


ibr  it«  mhabita&ta ;  the  ViUiet  of  Cntre-MiliJIio-e-l>ifQef|j 

«re  cxtreAiej;^  #eU  eukivalect ;  "^ni-ld^-MoiUei  is  oovtrti 
m\%\\  fidds  6t  qbrn  to  the  vt^ry  sumniito  of  the  mouAtainf  J 
'fi'heat,  i^se  surd  j>uifie  are  p^fodiiced  in  cohiiderable  ^uaa*  I 
l»it)«8«  -    '         ] 

MaikUfad^re^  and  Commerce,  The  salt  mftrshes  <»f  Pon 
<IMgal  furnish  great  plenty  of  cult.  Much  tiait  is,  made  alts] 
#oin  the  sea  wattir,  eirotciully  in  ihe  bay  of  ii^t.  Ubes. 
frhehce  ^uch  Js  exportecL  The  foreign  trade  consists  d\ 
..  Hie  produce  of  the /Counti^.  or  in  tht;  niercHiihdist!-  which  ill 
f  eceii^t'd  from  its,  foreign  settleiuents^^uch  as  sugar,  lobac-  i 
«o,  rum,  cotton,  indigo,  h<.dtis,  Brazil  and oihtr  woods  for [ 
4yingv  aiid  ynany  expdkrrt  dmgs.  The  nionufacture  ell 
l^un  nints  is  one  of  iheieust  r^marlcable,  yiet  of  th^  grfeatittl 
jBiportance  to  this  kingdom,  f  ' 

Mmners  and  Customs,    The  modem  Portuguese  retail 
$ttleofjJlil^t  adventurous,  enterprising  spirit,  wnjcih  rondtlr^ 
4tjd  their  forefathers,  <Uie  Lu&itanians,  eo  illustrious  aboufi 
^OO^ears  ago.    The  {^asantry  thou^  diigrad^d  and  op*j 
pressed,  ar<erinf^^n^ive  and  induStrious.^    lu  ditt,  the  Po^ 
lugue^,  are  temperate,  and  the  beauty  of  the  cHmate  in'l 
)duce$  them  tp  spend  most  of  thear  time  abroad ;  the  housii 
]ndH|;  little  more  than  a  conveiliency  for  sU'eping^    The] 
lumit#0  of  the  houses  of '  the  grandees  is  rich  anxfsiiperbj 
libo  esceas ;  ^d  they  maintain  an  incredible  nuaibcv  uf  d«« 

.''•aesties.''.''   ;     .".^       <ivV   ■    ■'  /"^-^.^A  ■■■•■'.■' ■ 

:  Vuvo^sUies  and  Aea&iiJts,  These  aire  C6inti>ra,  fdiit  .ded 
fail  1291  bv  king  Dennis  i  Evdra,  foutfd^  in  l^aS  ;  and  thej 
'  lioilege  qjl^ nobles  at  Lisbon,  where  the  young  nobility  ur«| 
■^.,  <bdiicatea  mevery  branch  of  polite  learning,  and  the  8cienctf8i| 
The  f'oyal  academy  of  Portugal' was  instituted  in  J  720,  bji 
John  V.  Here  is  also  a  naiiitaiy  and  marine  acadtmyl 
where  joung  gentlemen  are  educated  in  the  sciences  ^ 
angineering  aimi  naval  tactics.  A  geographical  ac^dtm; 
Jbias  kte^  been  estaiblished.  ^  ^^^^  V V  /  ^^i^J-v    ;f- 

'Rdigtou,    The  Roihan  Catliolic  is  the  established  r^]i*| 
(|ioh,  to  the  e&clusion  of  9II  others.^    There  are  two  tribi(- 
;  %als  of  inq[uh$itiott.  r^  V 

Ckie^,    LrsBON,  the  capital  of  Portugal}  is  one  of  th« 
ftost  regular  huilt  otied  in  Europe  r  and  is  dcseryc^ly  jicj 
•ounted  the  greatest  port  in  Europe,  next  tl»  London  &m 
ThB  hmaoi  M^ff  WQy.  rffgantt  -JftA.  wrtftr* 


r--k 


■^ » - 


TORTUfltAL. 


M 


otnd  being  built  df  white  itone  nrnke  a  beautifbl  ippearance. 
Th(^  population  i^  estiuiated  at  850,000,  find  44!,OUO  hotVAei* 
The  Hccuiid  cit^  in  this  kingdom  is  OpoHTo,^vhich  is  com- 
puted to  contain  40,000  innabitanth.  Thf  cbit^f  article  uf 
coiiHuarce  ill  this  city  is  wine  ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  half 
thv'  siiops  are  coopcfrs.  Braga  is  a  considerable  town.  In 
tlie  city  of  C'oiinbra  is  an  uncient  university.  Triftvita  hat' 
4-770  inhabitants. 

Curmities*  The  lakes  and  fountains  which  have  been 
already  mentioned  form  tlu>  chief  of  tliese.  The  remains 
•f  some  cEUties  in  the  Moorii^h  tai^tev  are  still  stantting. 
The  Koman  bridgo  and  aqueduct  at  Coinibra  are  almost 
tntire,  and  dostrve»lly  admired  The  walls  of ^>antareen 
are  said  to  be  of  Honi m  wprk  likewise,  'ihe  church  and 
monastery  near  Lisaou,  where  the  kings  of  Portugal  are 
buried,  are  inexpressibly  magnificf nt  and  several  monas- 
teries in  PoUugui  are  dug  out  of  the  hatrd  rock.  The 
V  chapel  of  St.  Ruch  is  probacy  one  of  the  finest  and  rich- 
est in  the  worki ;  the  paintings  are  Mosaic  work^  so  cu- 
fiously  wrought,  with  stones  of  all  co^s,  as  to  astonish 
the  beholders. 

Hiitffty,  Portugal  Mras  anciently  called  Lusitaniar  and 
inhabited  by  tribes  of  wandering  p^^opie,  till  it  bccanje 
subject,  to  the  Carthagtnians  and  Phenicians,  who  were 
dispossessed  by  the  lionians  ^0  years  before  Christ.  In 
the  fifth  century  it  fell  under  the  yoke  ot  tbe^  Suevi  and 
Vandals; .  who  were  driven  out  by  me  (ioths  of  Spain*  in 
the*year'589;  but  when  the  Moors  of  Africa  niade-tbem-' 
selves  masters  of  the.  great.'St  part  of  Spain  in  the  begin-* 
nihj^  of  the  eighth  century,  they  penetrated  into  Lusitania, 
where  they  established  governors,  who  4nade  themselves 
kings,  it  became  subject  to  Spain  in  1580;  but  in  1640, 
the  people  rebelled,  shook  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  and  elect- 
ed for  their  king  the  duke  of  Braganza,  who  took  the  mune 
of  John  IV.  in  whose  family  it  has  ever  since  remained,  in- 
dependent of  Spain.  The  prince  regent  and  royal  family 
of  Portugal  emigrated  to  Brazil  in  1807.  Lisbon  was 
taken  by  Bonaparte,  and  nearly  the  whole  kingdom  over- 
run by  Fi-ench  troops,  and  wnce  retaken  by  the  British  ; 
and  is  i^till  (1813)  at  war  with  I^ranqe.  >.;  v.^ 

B  B 


m 


ITALT. 


^  SHuaHmi  8^'<&  ITALY*  «ccor4ing  f o  itf  fSitncr  lintiitf. 
]2eg  between  8t2  and  94  degrees  east  longitude^  and  88  afti 
4i7  north  latitude.  K<^th  itod  nortiiefwt*  it  was  bouii^i^ 
by  Switzerland  atid  (Germany/;  east  by  the  gulf  ^f\  Venice ; 
muth  by  the  Mediterranean  \  west  by  th^t  sea.and  Franqe. 
It9  fiffure  bore  lome  resenibliintse  to  that  of  a  boot ;  iii 
length  from  A  custa,  in  Savoy »  to  the  utmost  V^rge  of  Cs- 
Jabria,  was  600  nilles  ;  its  breadth  was.Mnequal,  unnn  $5  t# 
nearty  400  miles.  The  kingdom  ef  Italy  now  embrai:es  30 
departitients,  including  $t.  Marino»  which  have  a  p<^ukb> 
don  0^6389,000  inhabitanU.  ^  s 

General  Description  of  ihe  PQlitical  Slate,  Italy  is  the 
iijdst  celebrated  country  jjn  Europe,  having  been  ibrmerlj 
the  seat  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  afterwards  of  dial  aston<l 
isiiing  univei'saJi  usurpation,  the  spiritual  dominion  of  thf 
Pop^  It  has  .been  divided  into  a  great  nnmbi^r  of  states* 
which  differ  in  extent  find  importance.  Between  the  coni« 
^Snes  of  France  and  Switzerland,  on  the  wectt  and  north, 
were  the  c•v^t  inental  dominions  of  the  king  «f  Sardinia* 
Yizii  Piedmont;  Savoy,  Montsefrat,  part  of  the  Mil^mse, 
and  Oneg  lU.  Northeast,  were  the  ttrritories  of  \  enicc». 
South,  w  'Hie  the  dominions  of  theerrtptiror  of  Germany, 
,  yiz.  part  of  .the  Milanese  and  t|ie  Mantuan ;  and  south  of 
diese  were  Modenai,  Mirandola,  and  Reggio,  belonging  to 
^e  duke  of  Modenu.  West  of  these,  were  the  dutdliies  of : 
Parom,  Placentia^  and  Guastella.  I^uth  of  Pamia,  way 
the  repulVlie  of  Genoa ;  and  southeast  of  this,  that  ofi 
Lucca.  IXence  ejctended  along  the  coast  of  the  Meditert 
ranean,  ^h^  grand  dutcHy  of  Tuscany.  Thjg^  Ecclesiastic- 
al State,  or  the  territory  of  the  pope,  lay  northeast  an4 
east  of  T^i8cany»  between  the  gulf  of  Venice  an^  the  Med- 
H^rranefm^  and  south,  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  with  Iti 
dependent  islands,  of  which  Sicily  w^i8i;hepruicipfU.  Sitcl^ 
were  the  divisions  of  Itody  before  the  late  War*  which  haf 
wrought  grdat  changes  m  this  pdrt  of  the  wc^rld.    Th« 

whole  of  Piedmont,  including  mte  and  Savoy,  haS  bees 
jbsolutely  aiiiot'xed.  to,-  and  has  become  an  integral  part  of  J 
Hie  Frwuli  sn^ira*  as  f«U«ws.{  HtLYO^  it  snada  a  departs 


,  \,i^', 


iTAt*. 


^ 


Mimlttikdet  tilt  title  of  Mont  Blaatt  Kie6,  9mAm  dm-. 
Murtment,  with  th«  name  ^f  Meritime  Abt ;  and  Piednioni 
%M  been  dhridcd  into  «ix  depitf^nientf,  tne^Doio«»  the  Po« 
Marenga,  Sefia»  Stura,  and  Tanaro.  The  Mtliinete  hai 
been  erected  Into  a  kingdom,  called  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
of  which  Bonaparte  ha«  been  t;roilmod  kin|f  and  to  it  hav^ 
been  added  the  city  and  territory  of  Bologna^  th^  Venetian 
fitatetr  the  republic  of  Genoa,  Alodenat  apd  FetrariL  Jht 
republic  of  Luoca  has  been  erected  into  a  principality,  an^ 
jfoined  with  Piombino  in  Tuscany,  has  been  givra  to  Bon* 
Aparte*8  eldes|  sister.  Tuscany  has  been  ejected  into  a 
kingdom,  by  the  name  of  Etruria,  and  given'  to  the  duke 
of  rarma  in  exchange  for  his  dukedom,  which  now  rcinatni 
in  full  sovereignty  to  France,  and  is  annexed  to  th^  em* 
pi  re.  In  1807»  Etruria  was  annexed-  to  the  kingdiuit  of 
kaly.  The  papal  states,  with  the  exc^tioniB' abov^-^4^ited> 
remained  nominally  to  the  Poper  till  erect>;d ,  by  JUqn^r^ 
mto  a  ne«t  kingdom,  called  liatiiim ;  whi^h  VM  (^j^tori 
'  duration.  Nnties  and  the  tiwo  Calabriai  were  fpM^Mi  intojiu, 
^kifigdom,.  and  given  to  Josephi  the  eldest  brioth^  of  Nttpi^ 
leon  Bonaparte,  who  ^  since  been,  transierr^  ^q  jle 
throne  of  Spain.  .8icity  is,  as  yet,  utfconcpiered^  and  Vf- 
nralns^  the  late  king  of  Naples.,    ,/  ;       . 

Climate,  The  air  on  the  nprth  side,  of  the  AppeiUnes  i# 
tcmporate  ;-oo.the  south  it  is  very  urannit  TI>e  i\ir  of  Cai|i- 
pagua  di  Roma,  a£id  of  the  Ferrarese,  is  skid  to  tHe  iinwh(plei> 
fomu ;  owing  to  the  lands  toot^eing  duly  cultivatejd»  not^tbi, 
^arslie^  drained.  In  tlie  other  parts,  th^^iur  is  geneCi^jF 
pure;  dryland  healthy.  v  \^  ^  '/ 

Riv^  and  takes.  The  principal  rivei^  ^^^tihe  Po,/ 
Trebbia,  T^sind,  (ierigHano,  Volturno,  the  la^r  in  Na"" 
pies.  Tiber,  Amo^  Adige.  and  Var..  There  are  jeveral 
fine  lakes,  as  tlic  Maggiore,  Lugano,  Como,  Garda,  Pe- 
rugia, Bracciano,  and  Celano. 

Mountains,  The  chief  mountains  of  Italy  arp  the  Alpa 
and  Appenines,  which  are  extensive ;  Mount  Vesuyiua,  a 
celebrated  volcano  near  >«aples ;' and  Mount  Algidus,  fa- 
mous in  the  ancient  history  of  Rome.  ,  '  . 

Soil  and  Productions,  -  The  soil  in  gen»'ral  is  very  fertile. 
It  produces  a  great  varitty  of  wines,  and  the  best  oil  iii 
Eurt^e ;  excellent  silk  in  abundance ;  corn  of  all  sorts, 
bat  aet  im  such  jde^t^  jtfi^  fthsr  eoiintries  ;   Granges, 


!  /I 


iv'  s-.a 

■•■■1 ' 


Im^iMi 


dOi 


ITALY. 


lemoM,  citrons,  [Mtmegranatci,  «lnionds,  nitintt  pomtifi 
tigs,  peaches,  apricots,  pcurs,  Apples,  filberts,  Stc,  Thit^ 
country  niso  yickls  good  pasture,  and  abounds  with  cat- 
tle, sheep,  goats,  buifiiloesi  wild  boars,  mules,  and  horses. 
The  forests  are  stored  with  game ;  and  the  mountaiiis 
have  not  only  mines  of  iron,  lead,  alum,  marble  pi  all 
sorts,  alabaster,  jasper,  porphyry,  &c.  but  also  gold. and 
silver :  with  a  great  variety  of  aromatic  herbs,  trees>  shrubi» 
and  evergreens. 

Commerce,  Wine,  oil,  perfumes,  fruits,  and  silks,  are  tht 
principal  articles  of  exportation  ;  and  great  sums  of  money 
are  expended  by  travellers,  in  the  purchase  of  pict\irea»  cu- 
riositiea,  relies,  antiquities,  i&c. 

Literature  and  Science*  No  Country  has  produced  better 
politicians,  historians,  poets,  musicians,  painters  and  sculp- 
tors;  that,  i^,  since  the  revival  of  the  artji  and  scieneesi  ex- 
alusive  of  ^86  of  ancient  times. 

JJ^Hgionand  Language.  The  established  reUgi<dn  is  thf 
lloniluf)  Ca^olic.  Their  language,  which  is  a  cbp-uptioa 
of  the^at|n,  is  said  to  be  spoken  in  ita  greatest  purity  at 
Florence, 

CWf ef  and  Antiquities^  Rome,  anciently  the  capital  and 
.  niistress  of  £he  world,  was  founded^  it  is  said,  by  Uomulus, 
its  £rst  king,  about  746  years  before  Christ,  its  andent 
^tory,  splendor,  and  pOTvei-,  ure  much  ccl^brated^  In  its 
J^sent  statje  it  taiay  still  puss  for  the  most  beautifbl  in  the 
workk  Its  streets,,  public  squares',  church  ^8,  palaces^  and 
multitude  of  public  edifices,  built  in  a  style  of  elegance  and, 
aolidity ;  its  obeli^s  and  vast  columns ;  its  fountains  deca- 
rateidwith  noble  taste,  dispersing  water  in  every  part  of 
the  city ;  the  neatness  of  the  streets ;  its  chef  d'ceuvres  ia  j 
.\.^ulpture»  painting,  and  architecture,  ancient  and  modern ; 
.Us  aelightft^l  climate;  the  taste  of  its  gardens,  and  the 
apiendor  of  its  public  festivals,  (the  fruits  of  a  mista  en 
bigntry)  form  si  picture  so  varied  and  so  d..;^;hi<*iii  that 
jt  may,  without  question,  stiii  be  regarded  a^  h*.  ,''  >  city 
in  the  wprid.     It  is  t<ituated  on  both  Sides  of  Z'lr^y  <mi 

weve»^  hijis.     Its  position  is  exactly  the  samt    with  that  of] 
anc/ert,  Rotna      It  is  about  15  nviks  in  C!r.ciunfere|ice,  and 
coijtoiiis  ;5.5,90(J  houses  and  163,034/  inhab»«;ants,  of  which 
tih^mt  '/ ,  '<H?  u'-e  ec<  ies^^sticS;  and  of  religious  orders  of 
bt)tu  »^:i,tf     'vo  Jive  oictiiibacy..   JVIany  af  the  streett  t^e 


-f 


ITAtt. 


4^ 
Tht 


Ivngi  itraight,  and  ivrv  regular  in  their  architecture. . 
ebjeoti  of  ciirioMty  and  interest,  of  teff  ^  and  grandetiTt 
•0  niim«roiu,  that  it  wonld  exceed  tho  iintiti  of  a  work  of 
thi»  t(ind,  e\    .  to  iniert  a  list  of  them. 

NaslXm  is  a  large  and  couitnerciai  ciry,  the  cup ital  of 
(he  lu.ugdom  of  Napleii.  It  i»  ■vated  at  the  Mton  of  Jie 
bay  oi'Nai^let,  and  ii  built  in  the  fom  of  u  vjri  mphiihe- 
ntre,  si^^P'ng  frpni  tlie  hlilt  to  tlie  ti-a.  I'lie  houses,  iti  cuiH- 
nian  pre  iivo  or  ««  ittoriet  in  height,  and  flat  at  the  top, 
on  .vliich  are  piaced.  numbcri  of  flower  vaiea  or  iVuit  trees, 
in  bi>xes  of  etirth.  The  inhabitants  ore  compute  aK 
412,4i^.  Twir  lit  not  a  city  in  the  world,  periiapi,  with 
the  saine  >9'  «>r  inbabitanta,  in  which  so  few  cuntribtite 

to  th;;;  'vsafi.!  oi    oe  community,  by  useful  and  pruductivu 
Idi'ur,  .  4  '<    Kapl.-s;  for  the  number  of  priests,  monks,  fid- 
c    v.s  lawyers,  nobility  and  footmen,  surpasses  ail  reason- 
proportion  ;  the  Lttzzaroni  alone  arc  above  30,000  ; 
,  tiiey  are  t^v  »niy  common  laborers,  and  ore  a  very  indus- 
;  U'ldus,  iaboriou%aiid  useful  class  of  men*     Here  i|  the  fa- 
i  mouk  grotto  or  Pansdiippo,  whicli  perforates  a  mountain 
juHt  out  ot'  Naples,  on  the  side  of  Baia,  near  half  a  mile  in 
length,  cut  through  the  soiid  rock,  and  through  which  th« 
road  to  Baia  runs.    iThe  tomb  of  Virgil  is  saia  to  be  placed 
just  at  Ihe  entrance  of  this  |;rotto.-    The  baths  of  Nero  are 
nlaced  at  Baia,  about  six  nsiies  from  Naples.    Naples,  from 
Its  vicinity  to  Ve^viuf,  and  to  several  extinguished  volca- 
npes,  has  been  always  subject  to  earthquakes ;  the  last  took 
place  m  the  year  1806,  and  is  said  to  have  dvsiroyedy  «* 
shaven  so  as  to  injure,  4000  houses  in  this  city. 

Florencb,  for  many  a^es  the  capital  of  Tuscany,  is«  at 

I  resent  the  jnetrbpolis  ot  the  new  kingdom  of  Etruria. 
t  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  river  A  mo,  about  SO  mile^ 
from  the  Appenines,  which  seem  to  -overhang  the  city. 
The  river  divides  the  city  into  two  equal  parts  ;  on  each- 
side  of  the  river  are  most  boautif'ui  quays  extending 
tiiroui^h  the  whole  Iwgth  of  the  city,  and  connected  by 
.^Qittcent  stone  bridges.  The.  private  edifices  are  in  a. 
tine  style  ol  architecture,  and  the  public  buildings  are  in- 
ferior to  none  in  magnificence.  They  reckon  17  public 
equaTcs  ;'  7  fountains,  constantly  piaving  ;  o  pillais,  or 
cuiuinns ;.  2^  pyramids  4  160  beautiful  statues,  placed  ei- 
ther, ia  the  public  fiau«es  or  in  the  streets,  or  in  the  front. 


7:i' 


306 


ITALY. 


#f  some  palaces;  1  metropolitan  churcli,  IS  collegiate, 
and  -l*  par.>chial  ;  35  convents  for  men,  60  for  women  ; 
37  hospitals  ;  and  about  9G00  houses.  1  he  number  of  in- 
habitants in  the  year  1761,  was  72,000  ;  now  they  amount] 
to  80,100. 

Venice  stands  on  72  little  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Ven- 
ice. The  number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  to  be  about 
160,000.  The  houses  are  built  on  piles.  The  streets,  in 
genersl  are  narrow  ;  and  so  are  the  canals,  except  the 
Great  vunaU  which  is  very  broad  and  has  a  s^rptntine 
course  through  the  middle  of  the  city.  There  are  nearly 
500  bridges  in  Venice. .  The  ducal  palace  is  an  immense 
building ;  besides  the  apartments  of  the  doge,  there  are  halig. 
and  chambers  for  the  senate,  and  the  diftcrent  councils 
and  tribunals.  The  arsenal  of  Venice  is  a  fortification  of  j 
between  two  and  three  mil^s  in  compass.;  it  contains  arnig 
for  60^000  foot,  and  20,000  horse,  arrangi  d  in  an  orna- 
mental manner.  The  Venetians  have  a  flourisbirg  tr^de 
in  silk  manufactures,  bonelace,  and  all  sorts  of  glasses  iind 
mirrors  which  make  their  principal  employments.  '  Thfr 
handsome  structure,  called  if  Fontica  di-'ledeschi,  conta..- 
ing  500  rooms,  is  that  where  the  German  itierchants  dcpos* 
ite  their,  commodities. 

Genoa,  the  capital  of  the  former  republic  of  Genoa,  ii 
about  ten  miles  in  :?ircumftrence.     licsides  the  cathedral, 
it  cantains  32  parish  churches,  many  of  which  are  magnifi. 
cent,  and  adorned  with  sculptures  and  pictures  by  the  best! 
masters.     The  arsenal  contains  arms  for  34,000  men,  ma- 
chines   models  for  bridges,  the  arnioui  worn  by  a  number  < 
of  Genoese  women  in  the  crusades,  a  shield,  containing 
120  pistols,  made  by  Julius  Cesar  Vacche,  for  the  purpose 
of  assassinating  the  doge  and  stuute  at  one  time,  &c.     (.^tli- 
fer  public  buildings,  as  the  Aibcrgo,  which  servts  as  a  poor 
house  and  house  of  correction;  a  large  hospital  for  the 
sick  of  all  nations  and  religions  ;  the  Conservatory,   lor  ed* 
uciU  ng  and  portioiiing  300  pi)Or  girls  ;  and  a  great  number  I 
of  palaces   belonging   to   the  nobility.     They   reckon  at 
Geuoa,  69  convents  of  njen  and  women.     The  number  of| 
inluibitauts 's  estimated  at  15(),0(K). 

AIantua,  the  birth. pkcc  of.  Virgil,  which  has2O,300l 
inhabitants;  Milan,  the  ancient  capital  of  Lombardy;! 
Leuhokn,  in  Tuscany  ;  u»4  TuRiN,  in  HeUinoBt,  »r<^  aflf 
celebrated  cities,  ^ 


MEDITERRANEAN  ISLANDS. 


Sf7 


:li,  15  collegiate, 
,  60  for  women  ; 
lie  number  of  in- 
now  they  amount  j 


MEDITERRANEAN  ISLANDS. 


Kingdom  op   Sicily,      This  kingdom  embraces  %h& 

islands   of  Sicily>  Lipari,  Pantalaria,  and  iEgades,  and  is 

divided  into  six  provinces  as  follow,  viz. 

No.  of  Inhabitants. 

K  Val  di  Mazzara")  ^    *i    •  /     j  643,000 

a    \T  \  A   \^  C  On  the  tut  anas  r^T  ^r.X 

3.  Val  di  Deraona  ^      ^rc;^./,.  521,000 

459,(KX) 

18,000 


3.  Val  di  Noto       i    .  ofHicily. 
4>.  The  Lipari  Islands 


5.  The  iEgades  Islands 
.6.  The  is).an,d  of  Pantalaria 


12,000 
3,000 


Total  inhabitants  in  the  kingdom  of  Sicily,    1,656,000 

Sicily  is  a  beautiful  island  in  the   M<editerranean  sea,  al-- 
most  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  terminating  in   three  points.  ^ 
It  Is  separated   from   the  kingdom  of  Naples  by  a  narroiir 
strait,  called  Faro  di  Messina^    The  two  kingdoms  of  Na« 

Sies  and  Sicily  are   under  the  same  climate,  and  the*   pro-c- 
uctions  are  much  the  same.     Sicily   is  \65   vaii^s   long^ 
and^ll2  broad.     In  this   island  is  the  celebrated   volcano, . 
called  Mount  iEtna.     The  people  are  melancholy,  haugh-     / 
ty,  and  jealous  ;  wearing  daggers  in  thoir  sh  ps  and  work-  -  - 
hous  s.      Thtf  wealthy  lead  voluptuous   lives  ;  the  lower 
classes  are  \^retchedly  oppressed  and  poor.     Their  religiom^ 
is  tlie  Roman  catholic. 

TJhe  LiPAKi  islands  take  their  name  from  their  principal^'. 
al)out  eight  leagues  from  the  north  ctiust  of  Nicii)'.  These 
islands  wer-i  called  by  the  ancients,  iEonae,  Vulcaniae,  and 
Insula).  Liparaeorum,  and  feigned  to  be  the  residence  of 
^oius  and  Vulcan.  Lipari,  J,.y.  largest,  is  populous  and 
Well  cultivated.  It  is  about  15  miles  in  circumference; 
the  air  is  healthy,  and  the.  inhabitants  are  indu.vtrious.  la 
this  island  were  formerly  pits,  which  emitcd  fire  and 
smoke.  Tlie  other  islands  are,  i^troaiaoii,  Panaria.  Vulca- 
no  Salini,  Alicudi;  and  J^elicuUi,  with  ORe  or  tw«  si 
^  ote^j     '  / 


as^ 


MEDITERRANEAN  ISLANDS 


JEoADES  are  three  smtdl  islands  near  the  w^t  end  of  tin 
Islands  of  Sicily,  called  Favi^nana,  Lovonzo,  and  Mareta- 
lua, '  constituting  a  province  ot  the  kingdoAi  of  Sicily. 

I^ANTALAhiA  18  an  island^  making  &  provioce  of  the  king.  J 
dom  of  Sicily,  lying  between  that  island  and  the  coast  of  I 
Africa,  17  miles  in  circumference.     It  is  nut  far  from  the  I 
coast  of  Tunis,  and  abounds  in  cotton,  fruit,  and  wine. 
Xat.  ae**  48'  N. ;  and  lQn.,12**  30' E. 


Kingdom  aF  Sardinia. 

Thia  kingdom  consists  of  4 

lirovinces>  viz». 

1.  Cagliari 
%  Arborea 
(l-      8,  Logodori.  . 
4.  GaUura    '       '  ) 

No.  qf  inhMbHants  in  L780. 
115,541 
130,974 
133,544 
71,428. 

Total  inhabitants  in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  451,487     1 

The  number  now  is  about  520,000.    its  militia  amount] 
to  4000  men.     Its  revenue  is  about  one  million  guilders. 

Sardinia  is  142  miles  fr6m  north  to  south,  and  80  frcm 
•astto  west.  The  soM  is  l<ertiie  m  corn^  wine,  oranges, 
citrons  ^nd  olives.  On  the  coast  is  a  fishery  for  ahchoviei 
and  coral.  The  air  is  unheaitliy,  from  the  marshy  land. 
Here  are  mines  of  silver,  lead,:Suiphur,  and  alum..  Ca^^-l 
ari  is  tlie  capital  of  this  island..  ■  , 

MaLv  A.  i»  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  Mediterraiieai,.j 
fletwaen   Barbary  and   Sicily,   in   north,  latitude  35    ^^ 
This  island,  which  lias,  for  us  basis,  a  caliiareous  rocic, 
•ontains,  according  to  several  travellers,  nothing-  iuterest*^ 
ing  to  the  natural  historian,   except  a  ftw   fossils.     Its  fig- 
ure is  irregular,  conipused  of  sniail  vaiitys,  defiles  and  hiiis;] 
and  may  be  represented  as  a  plain  inclining  from  the  south, 
west  to  the  northeast,  so  that  the   calcareous  strata,  of  I 
which  it  is  entirely  coiiiposed,  are  Vi^ry,  nearly   puraUel   tt 
«ach  other.      A   chain   of  low  niouutams,  running  froii 
southeast' ta  north west„  divides  the  fsiand  through  the  mid- 
die.     It  is  seven  leagues  in  length,  thrie  in   breadth    and  I 
twenty-one  iii  circumference.     The  number  of  inhuuitant»| 
lit  9^  ^*  ^^  S^QtPOU.    The  cvnuaioA  people  sp«ak  Ar»bie, 


TUBKET. 


JOt< 


^dom  consists  of  4 


Bat  the  better  sort  Italian.  The  institution  of  the  knig^tt^ 
of  Malta<v^«<^  in  the  tenth '  century  ttt  Jerusalem,  for  th» 
care  of  the  wounded  in  the  Cnristian  wars  ;  they  a^erwardt 
lettied  in  the  isle  of  Rhodes,  but,  being  driven  froni  thenc* 
in  1530,  the  island  of  Malta  was  given  them  by  Charlef 
y.  king  of  Spain  and  einporor  of  Germany.  Malta  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  the  sU<»nier  of  1793  i  but  was  soom 
after  captured  from  them  by  the  British.  Malta,  Meiita, 
or  Citta  Vecchia,  an  ancient  and  strongly  fortified  ci  y,  is 
on  a  hill  in  the  centre  of  the  island,  and  was  formerly  twice 
as  large  as  at  present.  Ntar  this  city  are  the  catacouibsj 
which  are  s<tid  to  extend  fifteen  miles  under  ground. 

Corsica,  between  4-1  and  43  degrees  north  latitude,  is 
separated  from  Sardinii  by  the  scruit  of  Bonafacio,  and  is 
opposite  the  coast  of  France  and  Spain.  It  is  150  miles 
from  north  to  south,  and  from  40  to  50  in,  breadth.  It  is 
mountainous,  but  has  fruitful  valUes  and  some  fine  lake* 
and  livei^.,  ^Corsica  in  earliest  times  nas  been  famouf 
for  its  swarms  of  bees,  and  produces  vast  quantities  of  hoii- 
ey.  After  many,  rev-olutions,  this  island  war  taken  by  the^ 
French,  in  1796,  and  is  divided  into  two  departments. 
Bastia  is  the  largi^t  town  ;  but  Corte,  injtbe  centre  of  the 
islAnd.Js  reckoned  the  capital.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
»nts  on  the  island  is  4ibout  166 ,0(K).  It- is  the  bijfth  place  • 
•f  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  )iniperoro€.  France* 


TURKEY. 


THE  Turkii^h  Dominions,  or  the  Ottoman  empire,  ir* 
divided  into  three  grmid  divisions,  containing  &00,009' 
iquare  mi^es,  VIZ* ;  - 

No.  of  inhdhitantSi. 
1 .  Turkey  in  Europe  9,82iJ,000 

2..  Tunvev  in  Asia  11,090,000 

3.  Turkey  in  Africa  3,500,000       - 

Total  24,412,000 

Turkey  in  Europe. 

Mxient«nd  Boundaries,    European  Turkey  extendi  87# 


^^■ 


mw   ji'.'i#-4-   *Jh»-»^,-.+*i^ /#•  ♦'iMftpi'. 


iiO 


tURrtt* 


m 


MM 


I L' 


-idiles  In  length,  ft6m  S4<  to  49**  north  lat.  an4  68#'1 
breadth  from  east  to  west.    It  is  bounded  by  the  territtj 
lilies  of  Rusfia  and   Austria  on  the  north  ;  west  by 
Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  ;  south  by  the  Mediterranea 
fast  by  the  Archipelago,  the  Euxinei,  and  the  tea  of  Ma 
iaora. 

Division^,    It  contains  the;  provinces  of  Bessarabia,  Mo 
liavia,    Walachiu,    Bulgaria,     Servia,    Bosnia,     iloraaniij 
Macedonia,  Janna,  Livadia,  Albania,  part  of  Croatia 
Dalniatia   and  the  Morea. 

Climate  Soily  and  Face  of  the  Country.  These  extensive  r& 
^ions  in  generd:)  enjoy  a  delightful  climate.  The  countt) 
is  rather  mountainous  ;' but  the  soil  js  fertile,  producid 
vines,  ajd^ons,  rice,  wheat,  and  rich  pasturage.  That  sa^ 
jnust  Be  rich  indieed^  which  supports  its  inlmbitants  m 
i^C'-lacy  cultivation  of  the  Turks.  " 

Rivers.  The  Danube  is  for  400  miles  a  Turkish  strest 
being  lAsotn^  places  a  utile  wide.  The  Save,  the  NiUh 
tile  Nieper,  and  die  Don  are  thie' best  known  rivers  in  ^Iii^ 
Jo^ntry  ;  fh#ugh  many  others  have  been  celebrated 
foets  and  historiabg.  The  JMaritz,  or  ancient  Hebru 
tiscMh:  the  mountains  of  tia;mus,  and  falls  into  the  JE^&i 
•fea,  after  a  course  of  250  miles. 

Lakes,  Those  are  not  remarkable.  The  Lago  di  Sc 
lai^i'lies  in  Albania.  It  cbmmunicntes  with  the  Lago 
Plave  and'  the  Lago  di  Holti.  The  Stymphiaus.  so  fa* 
mous  for  its  harpies  arid  ravenous  birds,  iics  in  "Morea  j 
«nd  Peneu^,  from  ite  quolitiieS)  is  thought  to  be  the  la 
from  which  the  JStyx  issues,  conceived  by  the,  ancients 
lie  the  passage  into  hell. 

Mountains.     These  are  the  most  celebrated  of  any  in  tiKJ 
-world,  and  most  fruittul.     Mount   Athys  lies  on  a  penin'] 
fiula,  running  irito  tlie   iEgean  sea  ;  the  Mounts  Pindu 
and  Olympus,  celebrated  in  Grecian  fables.,  separate  The 
«aly  ironi    Epirus.     Parnassus,  ui   Achaia,  so  famous  foi 
bemg  consecrated  to  the    Muses,  is  well   known.     Moun( 
Ilaemus  is  likewise  often  mentioned  by  the  poets  ;  but  mosi 
•f  the  other  moiuitaiiis  have  changed  their  names. 

Commerce  and  Manu/hcture,;.  Situated  in  the  centre 
tile  eastern  continent,  the  Turks  might  easily  acquire  th 
trade,  as  well  as  the  empire,  of  the  world,  if  not  prevente 
iy  their  iudoienc«  aitd  th«  maxims  cf  tiicir  governiael 


i-t  RKET. 


411 


ley  depend  chiefly  on  foreign  niitioni  fbr  fheir  m8ntifno« 

red  articles.  ,  Their  merchants  are  iitostly  of  the  enter* 

ftrising  Chrlsfcians  of  the  surrounding  nations.    Their  ex^ 

9rt8  are  sitks,  carpets,  Morocco  skins,  galls  coffeci  balm, 

baisani,    rhqbarb,    sal-ammoniac,    terinuric,  .frankincen^^ 

lyrrh    opium,  6cc.  &c. 

Religion,    The  religion  of  the  Turks  ife  the  Mahometan  | 
but  it  is  said  that.two  thirds  of  the  iahat>itautb  in    Luropcaii 
farkey  are  Greek  Christians.     The  Mufti  or  Mahometaft 
Pontiff  resides  at  CoMstantinupIe.     There  are  various  rank* 
iiong    the    Turkish     cK-rgy,    sotnewhat  resembling    the 
bishop  and  |>aruchial  clergy  of  the  Chrietian  world. 
Manners  and  ViLstom.^,     The  Turks  are  moderate  in  eat- 
ng  and  drinking,  lovers   of  rest   and   idleness.     Polygamy 
a  universal  practice  among  them*     Either  party   may  • 
iissolve  the  o^arriage  contract  at  pleasure.     The  man  seU 
9in  sees  his   bride  till   after  the  cerenuaiy,  the  business 
beinu;  negociated  by  female  friends.     Tho  dead  are  per- 
\m\,     yith  incense,  and  buried  in  a  cloth  open  at  top   and 
sttom.  that  the  decease^  may  sit  i^  «uid  converse  witll^ 
^e  angels  of  death.  '•  ^^^ 

Government.    The  sultan  is  a  despotic  sovereign,  bufe 
trictly  subject  to  the  laws,  of  the  Koran,  which  includes 
lie  national  religion  and  laws. 
Army,     The  Turkish  army  consists  of  200,000  infantry*  f 
»d  18^,000  cavalry.     Their  navy  is  ill  constructed,  and 
Iconsistv  of  about  15  ships  of  war. 

Citie-s,  Const  A  ntinople,  the  capital  ofthis  great  empire; 
K>  situated   on   the    European  side  of  the   B<)sphot:us.     It 
ras  buiit  upo»i  the  ruins  of  tlii^  ancient  Hyzantiuni,  by   tht 
|Roiu<m  emperor,  Consbintine  the  Great.     It  became  after- 
rards  the  capital  of  the  Greek  empire,  and  having  escaped 
the  destk'uctive   rage  of  the  barbarous  nations,  it  was  the 
greatest  us  well  as  the  niost  beautiful  city  in   Europe,  and 
the  only  one  during  the   Gothic  ages,  in   which   there   re- 
tained any  image  of  the  ancient  elegance  in  manners   wid 
»t8.    It  is  a  place  of  trade,  and  abounds  with  antiquities^ 
|The  wail  which  surrounds  the  serugtio  is  thirty  feet  high, 
laving  battlements,  embra/^ures,  and  towers,  in  the  stj^le  of 
incient  fortifications.      The  population,    is  estimated    at 
tOO.OOO,  of  which  200,QpO  are  Turks,  100  000  Gr^^IfR, 
'  Ae  remainder  Jews,  ArmeBlans;  and  Fraakn. 


Sl« 


TURKEt. 


Adriano?li!,  formovly  the  peat  of  the  Turkfsb  empirij 
in  I  urojuJ,  ifi  next  it)  (i.gnity.  '1  ht:  ii:habitur|,h  oi'  » ^i8j 
are  7o  OU).  teilitirja,  on  tlit  Di^nulnvn  i:u:j;;ii!fi  coi.tu  hi] 
60,0(0  inhiU)itaiAif.'  liuclKiri>t,  ilit  chief  cit\  rT  Waiaclna,; 
has  the  s;nnc  nuiulur.  .jasa  and  litiidci  ha.Vf  11-  orj 
12,000  i)il)ahit;ints  each  ;  l'ei{.'j:ittli ,  capital  of  ytrv-a.  hai] 
tbout '25,00o  jjibnbitunt*.  Jiaij.tluka  contan^a  lb,0<>ij  souls,] 
.•iid  ^a^>/•a^a  fSU.OO*' ;  Larissa,  anmlamltown    '25.000. 

Anii(j'i'lft;.\  and  l'uri>.'<dif'.     /Viiuubt  every  t^p«  ft  ;  t  gi^ound,  j 
every   nvcr,  and  evvry  fountain  in  (..n-cct,    pr  Binis   {\\A 
traviller  With   th;.'  ruins  nf  a   ceicbraL  d    antiquit}'*      (hi 
th-;  (s'tii.rrusof  Coi  nth,  the  rums  ot   N«.ptunc's  tvnplf,  and] 
the  theatre  where  the  isthmean  jjanies  were  .celebrated,  are 
.ftiii  visible. 

Histun/.     In  European    Turkey  is  mcuuled    the  ancient; 
•tatL'S  of  Greece  iiixi  /k-Iacedon.      Th.  p.  o])i»  of  these  states,! 
\%o  ceieoraied  in 'n>;t  .ry,  for  their  gov  riinicnt.  polities  aiid 
revolutions,   wer.     oii  tht cnnneiicenKnt  of  the    (  hn&ti 
era,  lo^t  in  tht;  ^  inrai  conqa  sts  withe  Homans.      i  o   the] 
Jast  renuvns  of  t!i.;  Urjieian   or   1, astern  empire,  the  Turki 
■putaiinal  p. 'rod  by    t!ie  contjuost   of  ("onstantinople,  inj 
1453.     iiulia.ir  ;niatary   ln^titut!ons   have  now  h>st  their] 
fcncrgies,  and   ihe  zuai  of  their  reiij^^ious    imposture  has  a- 
bated.      Their    id    co.i-paeti-d  enip-re  is  sinking  undir  itj^j 
own  wc'ight,     llie   lius.Mans  have   become  tar   too   power* 
fuifortlie  Turk*  ;.and  the    Turkish   empire  seemg'^  tottw- 
ing  to  itb  fall.     - 


ISLANDS  BELONciNG  TO  THE  TURKISH  EMPIRE,! 

*"     JB£JNG  PAHT    OF    ^\JSCIENT    (jREECE. 


Negropont,  the  ancient  Eubcea,  on  the  eastern  coast  ofj 
Achata  or  Livadia,  is  90  mues  long,  .and  ^5  broad,  'lliej 
chief  towns  in  tlie  island  are  Nogropout,  called  by  ti)ej 
Greeks  Egripos,  on  the  southwest  covist  of  tlie  island,  unj 
the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait ;  and  iastel  Ros^o  the  an-; 
cient  Craystus. 

Lemnos,  or  Stalimene,  lies  on  the  north  part  oftk 
JEgean  tka  or  Archipelago,  and  is  almost  a  squaie  oi'M 
»ilt«  in  length  and  breadth,  and  has  8,000  inhabitants. 


tURKEt. 


tii 


^ifBB*9  is  Mnarkabie  only  for  its  lying  •^postte  U 
tld  Troy.  It  has  a  to  wa  of  the  same  name,  and  li&s 
fOOO  inhabitant. 

ScYROs  is  about  iSO  miles  in  drcumference,  and  is  re» 
narkabie  chiefly  for  the  remaiob  of  antiquity!  Whi^H  if 
contains  ;  about  SOO  Greek  families  inhabit  it. 

Lesbos,  or  Myte^ene,  is  about  60  miles  long,  and  III 
Ibmous  for  the  number  of  phiiosophexs  and  poets  it  pro*- 
4uced.  The  inhabitants  are  'lOjOOO  in  number,  and  were 
formerly  noted  for  prodigality.  . 

Scio,  or  Chios,  lies  about  80  miles  wesic  or  Sm^'rmi^ 
1000. miles  in-  circumference.  Though  rocky  and  njoun- 
iainous,  it  produces  excellent,  wine^  It  is  inhabited  b;^ 
100,000  Greeks,  10,000  Turks,  and  about  3000  Latinsw 
It  has  30Q  churches,  besides  chapels  and  monasteries  ;  and 
a. Turkish  garrison  of  1400  men.  The  women  of  this-, 
and  almost  all  the  other  Greek  islands,  have,  in  all  agess 
t>een  celebrated  for  their  beauty,  and  Uieir  persons  have 
been  the  miost  perfect  models  of  sjmMnetry  to  painters  and 
statuaries.  Among  the  poets  aiul  historitms  said  to  be 
born  here^  ^e  inhabitants  reckon  Homer,  and  shew  a  little 
square  hiouse  which  they  call  Homer's  school. 
^  Samqs '  lies  opposite  to  Ephesus,  30  miles  Ipng  and  !# 
broad.  This  island  j^ave  birth  to  Pythagorais;  ahff  i^  ini-' 
habited  by  Greek  Christians.  It  is  supposed  to  hav€b  beeii 
Uie  native  country  of  Juno  ;  and  some  travu^ilers  think 
tliat  lt)e  ruins  of  her  temble  and  of  the  ancient  city  of  Sa- 
-  srios  are  the  finest  remains  of  antiquity  in  ths^  Levant. 

To  Jthe  south  of  Samos  lies  Patm'^s,  about  20  miles 'i« 
•ircuraference,*  but  so  barren  and  dreary,  that  it  may  be 
called  a  rock,  rather  than  an  island.  It  has,  however,  » 
tonvenient  haven  :  and  the  few  Greek  monks  whq  a^e 
upon  the  island  shejwta  crtve  were  St.  John  h  siipjwtji^  'to 
have  written  the  Appcalypse. 

The  CY<5LADEsrislandfl  lie  in  a  circle  round  DelqS;  the 
thief  of  them,  which  is  almost  mldwuy  between  the  conti- 
nents of  Asia  and  Europe.  Though  Deios  is  not  above 
6  miles  in  circumference,  it  is  one  of  the  most  Ceiebruteil 
•f  all  the  Grecian  islands,  as  [)eing  the  biith  place  of  A- 
;ioilo  and  Diana,  the  magnificent  ruins  of  whoso  tenipies 
•are  still  visible.    It  is  almost  desftuta  oF  inhawraMts.  •     " ' 

Fa  BOB  iies  betweea  the  islands  o(  ]Miims<A\i»Hkim. 


/ 


Alt 


XDBKBY. 


J- 


k. 


Iilk'c  ftll  ilie  oth?r  GreeV  islancU,  it  tonttiint  sttildiif  Uttjl 
naagiii^ent  mind  of  anti^ity. 

CsiRido,  orCyTHERA,  lies  scutlieast  of  ihe  liforea,  tnd 
Tg  (U)(i*^t  oO  milea  Ui  circumference^  (Aut^y  renuirkabl«  for 
b«?lBg.tW<'avwite  residence  of  Vtnusi  ,       ,  ;" 

San t<:)H{N  is  otie  of  the'  most  southern  islands  in  the 
Archipelago  lli,o\igh  sccnjingly  covered  iiitl^  pumico 
ftoncs^  yet  through .  tlie  industry  or'  the  inbabitanis,  who 
are  a!)qat  10,pOQ,  itproduces  barley  and  wine,  with  some 
Avheat.  One  third  of  the  people  are  of  the  Latin  chufeh* 
and  8a l)jac|;  to  a  Catholic  l>*«ihop.  Near  this>  island  aijjoth- 
er  av<l3»  t)f  the  &iu}e  name,,  from  the  bottom  ot  the  sear  In 
1 7Cf7.  At  the  time  oi  its  birth  there  was  sax  earthqdtiike, 
attended  with  dreadfid  lightnivigs  and  thunders,  and  boil- 
ings of  the  sea  fur  several  days,  so  that  when  it  arose  out 
of  the  sea  it  was  a  mere  volcan^^  but  the  burning  ri^oon 
ceased.  It  is  about  >42Ud  feet  abovev  the  aea  ;  and  at  the  I 
tinrc^f  its  first  emerging,  was  abput  a  mi^e  broad,  Mid  S, 
miles  in  circumferenoe,  but  it  has  since  increased. 

The  famous  island  ot\RHo>DEb  is.situated  in  $6*^  ST/  N..; 
at;  about  %i  miles  so^^west  of  the  oontment  of  Lesser 
AsiaX  The  chief  town,  of  the  same  naane,  stands  on  ^ 
i^(|e  of  a  hi;!  trbntihg  the  sea,  and  is  3  miles  in  cincumfer'- 
onte,  inttif-spt;ised  With  gardens,  tnijiavetii,  churches,  Und 
towers.  .  e  harbor  is  the  grand  Signior^»  principal  ai^- 
■al  ioF  V  !.  p^i^g'  ^^^  ^^^.  plaice  is  esteemed  among  the 
strongest  fortresses  belonging  to  the  Turks.  The  cOilos* 
,  sus  of  m-i&%  which  aociently  st^od  at  the  mouth  of  the 
harborr  and  was  50  iktbQm«  wide,  if aa  deservedly  ac* 
0oun|ed  one  qff  the  wonders  of  the  wot^ldl  it  hais  i6,£()0 
injimmtants.      •  -    ,  .      "•       -■:''-{': -^^  ''::^,  \   .■> 

CIandia,  the  ancient  Crete,  isstiUr^h^wned  forits  100 
<viti«s,.  for  its  being  tlie  birtb.place  of  Jupiter,  the  seat  <^ 
legislature  to^  all  Greece,  and  many  other  histarictil  and 
political  distiaictions*  It  lies  between  S5  aiid  36^  of  N^ 
totitade  ahnust  equally  distant  front  Europe,  Asifi,  iind 
Afirica.    The  fi^mQus  mount  Ida  stands  in  the  middle  of 

this  island^  "  .:•"*.'  .        •■'''■..'\^, 

(^Yi>aus  lies  in  the  Levant  sea,  about  SO  mile&di4»tant 

.Hfom  the  coast  of  Syria  and  Palestine.    It  wm  tbvmsrlf 

%mou8  fpr  the  worship  of  Venns^  the  Cyprian  goddess; 


^-> .; 


ASiJ^ 


h. 


m 


UAgam,  tphabitea  bj  ChrieHins.    It  koi  ft^OOO >hab* 

itantSiv   ,'.■■.-'-■  .   -  ',.  y  ,•  V-,  _;  .■,„-^-,  %  ■'-■ 

Tbe  litltulids  .of  the  lotilaii  ^  ace,  Sap|eii|%  0tivtili, 

i^ant9»  Cepbalonitf)  ftfUt«qi»urir  Oo^Ali  FaiUkti)  and.«th^ 


(• « ""  ■  V 


cd  east  of  .Europe,   and  lies  bctw(»e.'i\  the  equator  ^d 
80*  oi' N.  latitude.    It  itf  about  4740  mitefi  iff  Hngtlii  fcdin 
the  Da^'cknellea  on  the  we«t,  to,  the  euStciriv  shore  of,  Tar- 
I  tary  ;  andi  about  43^0  miles  in  breadth,  flocn  the  niost  aofl* ^ 
ihem  part  oC  Malacca,  to  th^  mo«t  north^rt)  cap?^  of  ^oyv- ' 

Bmridwr^t,  It  is  bouii4ed,'by  tlie  mzen  ocean  1miip« 
north  ;  on  the  lyest  it  is  seporat^d  from  Africa  by  the  Ref 
sea,  end  fr^  l^ittope  bf  the  Levant  or  Mediterranean^  tbf 
Archipeli^o,  the  Hellespont,  the  sea  of^  Marmora,  t|us 
Bosphforus,  the  Blapk  sea,  the  rIver  Don,  kiida  fine  dra^ 
from  it  to  the  river  xobal,  and  frora  thence  to  the  rive^ 
dby,  which  foils  into  the  Frozen  ocean.  Qn  the  east  it  »; 
bo^ind^d  ^y  the  Pacific  ocean,  or  South  sea*  whicl)  s^^- 
rates  it  ffOm  America;  and'  on  the  south  by  th^  Impii 
oc^ ;  sO  that  it  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  iS9^  -  ^ 

Population,    Afdacohtiirns  380,()98>0q6^ihba^ilat^^      < 
/  ClimB^.    j)\Vk  \vo^m&aa^  XxwX  of  country  stifetchie$  ifttO. 
all  climates^  from  the  frozen  wil4s  of  ^Ib^ia,  to  the  ijuiti:y 
Tegions  of  India.  '         ^' ''V, ';■■;;";•',■:'''••  ■'^.'■■'■.  ■^■.■'•''■-, 

Sea^i  Qulfsy  §^c.'  X^^  prrncipal  of  these  are  the  Red  sea, 
or  Arabian  ^ulf,  between  Arabia  and  Afi'ica,  the  gulf  or 
Ornius,  w^ishmg  the  southern  coast  of  Persia  ;  the  Persias; 
gulf,  between  Persia  and  Arabia ;  the  bay  of  Bengal,  in* 
denting  the  coast  of  India;  the  inland  seas  of  Caspiai^, 
Aral,  and  Baikal ;  and  various  other  gulfs,  bays,  and  in- 
lets. The  Caspian  sea  is  630  miles  long  and  >260.  broad. 
It has\a strong  (horrent;  is  sublet  to  violent  stotm^.  Its 
waters  arabiracliish.    Ii^abotuids  wlth^  and  eea  dog^: 


f  " 


„>•" 


' ' '  •  ■* '"'. 


^%> 


tdlA. 


4^0et^  "TNt  c^ie^riven  of  Aiia  are  6ia  SuftkniCat  4u4 
Tiffirif,  Whibh  fkl)  into  the  Persian  |$ulf{  thelndii*,  Gatigeif 
«h(t  l&urrjinipooter^  which  empty  into,  the  In(&  OceAA ; 
iSiie  Yimg't«e;'Iiiank  an4H^aDg-ho,  which  pass  through 
ChiAaandfaH  iiHo  the  £^^tern  sea;  the  Lvdos,  01>y,  W 
Irtish,  falling  intf)  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  and  the  Volga,  which 
^Us  mto  ^he  Caiman  sea. 

M^'untainu  Among  the  most  remarkable  mountains  of 
Asia  is  the  Altaian  fidge,  called  the  Golden  Mountaiitii, 
and  the  Girdle  of  the  ea^h,  v  extendin/^  about  ^000  miles  ia 
length  in  the  northern  part  of  tlie  continent,  and  dividing 
the  Ruibsian  from  the  Chinese  Tartars. 

Next  to  the  Altayart  is  the  tralian  chain,  in  Sibsria^ 
Ibrtiiing,  asfar  as  it^^jttends,  the  boujid^y  between  Eu* 
tope  avd,  Asip*  Th*e  mountains  of  Caucasus^  extending 
;^.out  Ihp  Bl^ck  sea  to  tlio  Ospiuh,  are  the  highe&t  in  Asia ; 
iheir^tops  are  enveloped  in  cloiids  and  snow.  Taurus  i;^  Ht 
diaifTWhicli  convOences  ii)^  little  Caramaoia,  and  extendj 
far  into  India.^   '■'• 

Gene,rd  Hen\arks.    As  Asia  exceeds  Eurojie  and  Africa 

la  the  extent  df  its  tjeintorles,  it  is  aUo  superior  to  tliem  ja 

,  i\\e  serenity  of  its  air,  the  fertility  of  its  sod,  the  delicious* 

j^etis  of  its  frUltSt  the  frigigrancy.  and  balsamick  (nualities  of 

its  plants,  Spices  and  gUms;  the  salubrity  uf  its  dru^{ 

^11^  quantity,  ViirietV,  beauty,  apd  Taiiie,  crits  gems  :  the 

j||iclmess  of  its  metals,  and  the  fineness  of  itil  silks  and  c'bt- 

tpns.    It  was  in  Asia  .that  the  ail -wise  Creator  planted  the 

garden  of  ^den,  in  whicli  he  formed  the  first  man  and  first 

ihitrJrMn,    froiiri  whof^^^  race  of  n^ijikind    clescended. 

Asia  becajpfijeiagdn  the  nursery,  of^^t^^  the  de- 

J^|f«,  jvlif^eh^^  descisndantft  of  Noah  dispersed  their 

'  VdifiouS  coionie^  into  almost  every  part  of  the  globe.    It 

wasi  in  Asia  that  God  piaqed  his  once  favorite  pt'ople,  tlic 

"  Sicbrews,  whom  he  enlightened  by  revelation  deUv^red  by 

4^ie  prcyplietSi  and  to  whoin  he  gavp  the  Oracles  Of  Truths 

it  was  here  thjit  the  |freat  and  merciful  work  oi  our  re^ 

deniption  was  accomplished  by  his  divine  ban  ;  iand  ib 

W^^^o"?  hence^  that  the  light  of  h|s  glgrtous  gospfrl  was 

oftrHedVwith  atriazmg  mpjdity  into  all  the  knowrf  natiijris 

jby  his  diitqiplfesj  \and  fpllowere.     Here  the  first  christiaiir 

dhurcUes  »veie  founded,  and  the  chrbtisiii  faith  hiiraculo«siy 

i>ropagat6d  and  cherxs^^iev^u  iritis  tbabl^   of  ifpaam^f^ 


ijrious  gospel  wat 


d'uiiiftv. 


> 


>J 


able  »ftt»tyTt.    It  wM  lit  Aiia  ttiainif©  fli^t  ^iii<^  wj% 
reared,  a«W  the  fir^  empirw  fo^nM.  J^lfiLthu  o^icr  piirto 

'turkey^  At^blfi,  Ptfifwa,  P««,.<^a«fy»  W  f rf^ 
India,  prafesaMahoradtaniim.  In  llw  other|i|utf  #  li^r^ 
ury,  India,  China,  Japan,  and  tUe  Asiattc  wfemidf,  tncy-rtre 
<'^ncrally  hqathen  j^nd  idoldfers.,  -  Jcvrji  are  t6  be  fo^in^^- 
Jry  wlii?re  in  Asia.  Cluistianity,  thb'Agh  jflant^sd  here  vrkh 
wohdcrfal  rapidity  by  the  apostles,,  stittcrcd  an  almost  total 
eclipse  by  the  conquest  of  the  Saracens,  and  aftfri^mraii^ 
the  Turks, 


.(  ; 


i  ff--' 


.^ 


.fill  >'s 


.•ii>' 


i"f   f'' 


*t:l*J 


TURKEY. 


JfoundarUtf  ^C  ASIATIC  TuRKav  i»  bounded  nOT;tV  ' 
by  the  Black  sea  and  Circa^&ia  east  by  Persia;  sduth  by 
Arabia  and  the  fVTediti^rraaean  ,  west  by  M»e  Arclw|»^%o> 
th«  «€*  of  Rfarmora,  and  the  strait  of  Consipitinople^  ll 
lies  betweei^  28  and  45**  nqrJil  "atitud^,  oad  )^tii^nfc^lC«|. 
a^  121*'  «ast  longitude ;  extendmg  1^000  mj^ies  in  l^gw 
and  800  in  breadfi  a 

Dii^mom*  ^  llie  eastern  province^are  as  follows,  y      ^. 
,-    ,v'     ,  ;•■         ^.     -,  ■   ■  ,    \,  ■■■   C:    Chief  TihmU,; 
ti  Py raS»*Aibbic  or  Chaldeii    fta»*ora  and  Bagdad.      / 
15.  Di,s*bec,  or  Mesopotamia;    DiarfieC|  di'fe,  4  Moutttt 

3.  (Kurdistan  or  Assyria     ;-^'  Nineveh  a^ 

4.  Torcomaniii  or  Anneiiia '  ,,  Bra*?rurn  aiid^  Vftn. 
5rGe(^,  inclujUngiMUngre^    teSis,  Atnwiiii^  ati« 

■'    ■of  Circa88ia-,V".i-^';.':'-''-i>i:'':=^»*'  ■'  - '  ■'  ''.''  ■ '  "/  '-v  '  :v"---^:.^ 
i^toiJa*  or  the  Lesser  Asia,  on  the  west,   contams  tm 


|)Fovinces  of 

1.  Katolia  Progep 


2;  Amasia 


;  -  J  Bursa,  N'iciy  Sinyrna,  and  '; 
.EpaesOs.  ^   .    .         '■  :::'^-  '" 
/  Amiisia,'  Trapst^sond,   and 

S.  AladuKa  AjazzQ:an(i  Marat.  ■^^'-     ;r 

4.  Caramaiiia  SiitiiUa  and  ^vesfsOiK    ^^ 

East  of  the  Iisvant  sea,  is  the   provirictidf  Syrian  wit*. 
Prfestine,  or  the  Holy  Laiid,  thfe  grincipal  places  of  whicji 


•3^1 

iHtfil^    lb  the  uortft  of  CiiraiiMlii  k  the  lake  «^  Ji>^ 

^^  «»pT^$ltJt6»  Liiise,  knbyvn  alio  b>  ai«  ilttnies  |^f  the  .5a/< 
5^<^I)^a4i»fa»'ancl5f(i  ^ Sodom,  S.  of  Jordan,  ami  on  the 
8,  E.  cof ner  df  the  anci<^nt  Canpaan.    According  to ,  Jo- 
aephua,  It  |»7^  mit^a  long  and  abtiut  19  broad.    ^Iddern 
tfiivellc^nii  however,  make  it  oitly  24<  iuilc«  topg,  and  6  or 
7  broad,      f h«  rMferfJ  Jordan,  •Amon,  Kidrtm  and  othec 
•gtredms  empty  into  titis  la^e,    -It  has  nO  vii«))ie  con^^ 
munication  <vith  the  tea.     The  great  quantitita  of  bitttmenr 
'fiimiii  or  mineral  pitch  in  this  lake,  render  its  waters  unftt 
to  drink.    No  fieh  can  Hve  in  it.     The  sulplniroua  attam 
affects  even  the  fruit  on  tike  lllore  in  some  parti.    Thie- 
4(^e  is  supposed  to  occupy   the  .ancient  site  of  8odonif 
Oomorrah,  Admuh,  and  Zeboim,  and  the  valley  of  SiddJnik 
After  these  cities  were  destroyed  in  the  manner  Ct^tated  ia. 
^e  sd^iptures,  it  is  sbppbsed  the  spot  on  which  tl^y  stood  \ 
wa*  stfttk  by  an  earthquake  ;  and  some  have  related. thaV. 
whence  wateri  of  this  lake  are  low,  the  rdhiB  o(  thete 
^tics>  «re  ff^il  to  be  seen.    When  the  ,Sayiour  speaks  of 
Hf/tmt  lake  of  fire  arid  brimstone,"  he  is  lupposed  to  aHiide, 
Q^lhis  \2Aie  AsphaUiteSt  which  is  con»dered  as  the  lasting 
monunient' of^tnbse  awfuljhow.erS' offire  and  brimhtpne, 
bywhieh  Sqdom  ahd  GOmorrah>  and  th^  other  cities  o£ 
-the  plain,  perished  for  their  vile  histp.        ,': "  ' 

J^ear  the  centre  c^  iJiatdRa  is  a  rewarkf^ble  saJt  lake,  ?• 

'- latiles'iong.     •  '■ '^''^.   •.'■'"','  '■         ■, 

Rh^rs,  The  Euphrates  is  the  priiicipal  river  of  Asiatic: 
Turkey,  rising  in  the  nipunt.iins  of  Armenii  and  (tilling 
-fctotha  Persian  Gi^lf  by  stverol  mouths.  Its  length  w 
,  supposed  to  be  1400  miles.  ^  The  Tigris,  afur  a  counje  of 
$00  miles,  joins  the  Euphifates  near  Hassora.  The  chief 
river  of  Sy:ria  is  the  Oronteir,  which  fails  into  the  Mtd- 
ierranean.  Jordan,  is  a  river  of  Palestine  casing  jtoMi 
lake  Phiala  in  A^iti-Libanus.  It  runs  under  ground  IS 
uiles,  then  breaks  out  at  Peneum-;  passes  through- 
Samachoraite  lake,  anciently  called  Meron,  fi  miles  long; 
4f  broad,  rrwo  miles  after  it^  leaving  the  lake  is  a  *8tone 
bridge  of  S  arches,  called  **  Jacobus  Bridge,"  supposed  to 
lave  hti^  buUt  before  i^  inf^a,  of  J[»QOl|>    Mt^  s^«;^ 


tU 


*M:: 


}£i«dt  lake»  79 


way  through  •  Iwrilddtwftv  nceii^  Omb  Cmm,  {^nm 
Mk  of  which  felijiA  wm^if  \^f  fwvmytmA  iHAa^  oChet 
tribmariP  ««»<«*»  it  «M|itie«  into  the  Dci^l  «^    H># 
I  veryiftpiii  riven  g«nerii%  about  4  or  5  todi  wkle.  aiiit  9i> 
li^dai^p)  «iid#iiicei»tiiB^t^^  V  yard*  heiow  the. 

brink  j»i'  i|ft  chaiiNMi.';  'J^ho  waters  are  tiirhid,  but  very 

wltuiesoine. .    ,^  -  .V^  '^    '.''     '..  '  i,'""'^-'  \. 

Mourttaim*    TTieoiouritaintof  Tauirui,  aiieaQy  deserib-^ 
li),  areift,  A«a^  T^^wy.    In  Syria  the  most  celebrntci 
mountflun  i»  i^ibaotiv  or  LiebanoQ,  faifioua  for  itg  cedars., 
piyhiput,  Ida,  and/othen  oC  claisical  fame,  are  on  the 
Idtore  of  the  iTcbiffciago.  . 

I    Soil  and^oUnciiim,    "nie  toilof  the  plaina  ife  excM~ 
liogly  fc'rti^  en4  M  said  to  yield  the  varioufl  productiona  otr 
Itlmcwt  all  the  regions  of  th«  earth. 

Populatiqn,      The  popuUtion  of.  Asiatic   TuirJjey   Ifti 
|ll,09O,00O,    V  '     My'  ■    '  ..>•■''  •■        >;  . 

Mannertr  CmtotiNi  Rtiigjum.    fiTee  Turkey  iii  Eurppoi.. 
,    Cm^Mrc^  tmdManufaetureii*^  The  coronujrce  of  I  urkey^ 
|ii  ftln!^(#-^f<^  >^'^^^^^  hands  of  straiQjgers.     It  cotiiifSttif  . 
Ichiefiy  in  druip^  d^lng  «tu|&,  srlfc  and  wool,  and  iii  cottdiv> 
ItsrpetSf  and  i^her,  tjvhich  are  manutaoturtid  by  the  'Iv'^^'t 
I    FrtiviHUliimdC^es^    NATOi«iA/sonit;tiraes  caii«d~A  siAv 
IlIiNOii;   oni^  jsoniaia^d  the  ttnalk^r  durisions  of  ..Trei%, 
IMyaia,  iEoUsjr   Ionia*  l.ydia;  l^thima,  FhryJa    Lyclai^ 
IpapWagonie,  Bal^ia,  Imd  Fisidjai       i  he  cliief  city  iii 
IgMyttkAv  tllie  of  the  liwgest  and  richt«t  hi,  the  ea$t(  cOtt-^ 
taihiiiff  ld,0qd  Turks,  lOOGG  (SrCijks,  a»dS^)  Je#».    If 
Ihas  a  niw^p$ftfa«Ce  lu^d  J   the  i^du^voUa  of  itierchante^ 
liidliniii  parts  o|  the  iworld.    Here  Hmjuii  a;  great  nunib^ 
lof  chris^a  of  ail >ect«,  nations  and  iangOages.     Here- 
TOie  c!^li»iian  teliihin  flourishes^ raore  titan  in  anyancieril' 
Uhurch  of  Asia  mam.    God.fuliil*  his  prbinisfe  jpiade  tff 

|lheiiK..kev.-ii,'10*,:    .  ■..  -i"-;^:  -  :^-<.'^-  ^"  ^'J  ^'■^■''^^'" '-y-' > 
I    Am  Asia,  ^omprdipiids  the  «9ciei(it  Jkiiigdom  of  Pitett»^ : 

llts  capital  is  Amasiay  lat.  W  Si'  N.  *   :  " 

CAiiAMANiAjncl\idcs  pan  of  ancient  Phrygi«.SatalMl? 

bthe'camtal..:.  "'''^' '.■,■.•'■  ■■"••. ---^ "';--. *^  '>  '  ■'^'  ■'-■  v :■:>■• -^-^V''^;  ",• 
"ALADuiiiA  li^seast  of  C«t^ania,  and  was  forii«%  flfc ' 
%i|i^nl  kingdei^    M«wch »  Aecafft^     r 'y;'^:f 


',«* 


■■i    -r: 


•„,T- 


*.- 


m 


QFURffiV. 


CiRCAssiA  liei^  between  the  Black  sea,  an^  river  Cubiii,] 
It  cbntrtias  no  cJ-ly  of  importance  ;  and  is  aimost  whoUjI 
■subject  to  Russia.  '  t 

Mi  NOR  ELI  A,  bounded  on  tJle*\*t;st  by  the  Blac^  sea,  iij 
gov  Tiied  by  a  pi'ince,   tributary   to  the  sovereign  of  I. 
/■  nieritia. ;/ \;-/' :>'■>/ y  ,;■■  ^'■■'    ^  '-■^'//'^'-''^'^■■'■l'':  '"--'v': ,  •'■  v'' 

GEoaoiA,  the  aftdient  Iberia,'  lfe»  bl^t^b^n  Mihgfelia  knj] 
the  Caspian  sea,  and  ia  divided  by  a  ridge  of  the  Ciaucap 
itusu  It  i&s  partly  under  the  dominion  of  Russia;  the  cea^ 
4tal  eity  is  Teftis. 

Armenia,  bounded'south;  by  Georgia,  and  west  by  tlw 
Euphrates,  is  one  of  the  most  heattbtnl  and  fertile  pr<^ 
vinces  of  Asia.    Erzt^runi  is  the  capital.  ' 

Curd  1ST  AN,  the  ancient  kingckbwQ  of  Assyria.,  is  bounded  J 
west  .by  the  'figris. «.  The  capital  is  B^etlis.    The  ancient 
city  of  Nineyx»h  stood  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Tigris,  in 
lot.  56"  30'  north; 

I)iAit)B£KiR,  between  the  TijBpria  and  Euphrates,  is  the 

ancient  country  of  Mesoj^'.o*^'^^^* 

IiiAiC'A'RABrtlfc  ancient  Chald^a>  exterytbfrcMn  Diarbf- 
Mr  and  Curdistan  north,  to  the  eonjduence  of  the  Tigris 
end  Euphrates  south,  liagdad,  thtf  ^pifeali:  iciforftainj 
50,000  ittiK^itants,  arwi  is  »  place  of  resort  TOrtall  the  mer- 
c^nts  of  ^atolia,  feyria,  Coiistantihople,  Arabia,  Fersi^^ 
and  India.  The  ancient  capital  ofthis  provi)tcewas  the 
famous  city  of  Babylon,  which  is  supposed  to  haye  stood 

,  iKot  fti*  fro'm,  Bagdad.  The  splendor  of  this  city  once 
fturpassed  description  ;  her  walls  were  87  fefefe  thick,  350 
high,  15  miles  square^  and   the  gates  brass.    Her  towers^ 

'  teitnples^  and  palaces,  rose  like   mountains;     Such  a  city, 
c?»e  would  imagine,  was  in  no  danger  of  beto^tiing  desolate. 
Yet  Jeremiah  prophesied,  ''Because  ofthe  wfath   ofthe 
Lord,  it  shad  not  be  inhibited,  but  it  shaii  be  whoily  deg. 
datei"      Isaiah  prophesied  that  lyahylon   should,  ht;  (ie- 
siroyedy  and  "never  again  inhibited  ;  but  Wiid  beasts  of  1 
the  deserts  shall  lie  there,  and  their  h^^uses  shall- be  full  (^] 
doleful  creatures."      Let  u#  n»w  ask  fseveral  travoileis, 
whether  these  things  have  come  tv*  pass .?  Jf^  they  have,  the 
Bible  is  from' heaviSB.     Benjamin,  a  Jew,  was  there  in  the: 
12th  century,  and  says,  "  Babylon  is  now  laid  \^iU!t,e,  and] 


men  fewf  t''    ^ter,  thei-e,  on  acOolint   of  tiie  serp;!  ts  aiMi| 


r  • 


tURKElf. 


Mi 


tiw»  MUpi«Ti9  ruins,  and  says.  "  thej  are  ••  fUl  of  Tenom^ 
Qus  creatiires  that  no  one  q^res  approach  nearer  than  halfi' 
a  league  irom  them,  excepting  for  two  months  in  tha  wi»k 
ter,  when  these  animals  stir  not  from  their  holes/'  PetruA 
Vailensio  was  there  in,1616>  and  says,  "  that  in  the  niiddl^ 
of  a  vast  plain,  about  a  quarter  of  &  league  from  the  En* 
phrat^s,  appears  a  heap  of  ruined  buiidmgs,  like  a  hug» 
mountain ;  its  situation  and  form  corresponding  with  that> 
pyramid,  wWh  Strabo  cills  the  tower  of  He)  us /and  is  i% 
all  likelihood  the  tower  of  Nimrod,  in'^Bfebylon."  Taver* 
nier  relates—;**  that  at  the  parting  of  the  Tigris  is  the  foua* 
dation  of  a  city : — there  are  some  of  the  walls  standing^ 
Gpon  which  ix  coaches  may  go  a  breast.  The  chronicifift 
Qi'  tlie  couutry  say,  "hiire  stood  Dabylon."  HanWa)^ 
who  t^aveUed  in  17^3,  sayi',  "  these,  ruins  at<*  so  muc£ 
sfFaced,  that  there  are  hardly  any  vestiges  of  them  to  point' 
out  thijir  situation."  Another  late  traveller  says,  ♦' tber© 
,  i^  not  at  present  a  stone  to  tell  ivhere  Babylon  was  situate 
ed."  With  such  an  astonishing  exactness  has  God  verified 
bis  threatening-!*-^' To  sweep  baby  ion  with  the  besom  d? 
dcstructioh«.";,/;'     ^  - 

Syiha,  or  Surslstan,  lies  on  the  Mediterranean.  Th|* 
celebrated  coutitry  comprehends  the  ancient  ISyria,  Jude%. 
Phcnicia  and  Paie^tine  ;  it  is  now  divided  into  the  five  Pa* 
<^h>uics  or  goveroments  of  Aleppo,  Trrpoli,  Acre,  DamaAf- 
cus,  arid  Palestine.  It  contaitis  the  ancient  and  celebrated: 
citi  s  of  Alcppj.  Tyre,  Kidi^n,  Batnascus,  ISamaria,  Jem-- 
salem,  Jericho,  and  many  otecs. 

Jerusaletn  is  3  miies  in  circumference,  and  contains^ Ifff 
or  I't/M)  in!»ahltants.~  The  houses  are  of  sto^e,  on©.. 
atory  high,  with  flat  tops,  on  which  the  inhabitant  wall^. 
eat,  and  sleep.  Thoy  Ihivo  battlements  a  yiird.  high.. 
The  inhaNtants  are  a  poor^  wicktd  race,  the  scum  of  aif*- 
ferent  nations,  principalh  Arabs.  Still  the, cit)[  of  Jerusa^ 
hm  is  interest.ng  to  every  Christian.  Here  his  delighteck 
inia}i;fmition  fixes,  not  Only  on  account  of  the  splendiA 
sCL'iios  recordjd  in  the  old  Testament,  not  only  because  here 
the  Son  of  God  acco.vipiisliod  tiie  work  of  redemption,  bui 
b;K;au^c'  here  a  coiistellation  of  prophecies  are  fulfilled^  Jesus^ 
Christ  foretold  that  one  stone  should  not  be  left  one  upiNlk 
unalher  irr  the  t^-mple  or  city.     In  the  year  U8,  the  Jews. 


«212 


ASIATIC  RUSSIA. 


t  /■ 


had  been  erected  after  the  destruction  by  VespasiflA, 
levelled  thriec  towers  which  he  had  spared.  'I'his  litera).| 
ly  fulfilled  the  prophecy  of  Christy  tmo,  proved  his  mission 
divine.  Jews  Ghrist  also  prophesied,  tluit  Jeriwaleinl 
gbould  be  "  trodden  doVen  of,  the  Gehtilesf."  Adriail 
banished  all  the  Jews.  The  place  was  settled  by  Romansj 
ttudoUier  fereigners.^  The  Je^s  are -now  persecuted  by' 
Mahometans ;  Jerusalem  is  now  trodden  doWii  |>y  Gei* 
files.   v;-.v-  ',-     ,  .'     .       ■  ,.,-v  ■  ^  .  ' .  -  ',  '^ 

AntljTiiUes,  A  description  df  the  antiquities  of  these  re. 
gions  would  too  much  swell  tliis  abridgement.  The  most 
dpleodid  ruins  are  those  of  Palmyra,  or  Tadmor  in  ike  IJes- 
c***^ ''"Balbec,  the  ancient  Hehopolis,  is  about  50  miles 
.northwest  of  Dciniascus,  chiefly  la»i1ous  for  the  ruins  of  » 
Idinitk;  supposed  to  have  beendccated  to  the  Smu 


ASIATIC  BUSSIA. 


I 


X^eni.  THE  extent  of  the  R^sian  dominions  in  Asia 
exceeds  that  of  all  Europe.  The  length  is  about  5'^ 
aniles  ;•  the  bre^idth^  1960.  ■^'';'/:---'^'.'/<^-^- ■, 

Boundaries.  This  vai»t  region  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
tiie  seas  of  Kamaschatka  and  Ochotsk ;  north  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean ;  west,  by  European  Russia,  and  south  by  the  terri- 
Ibries  of  Turkey  and  Prussia,  and  the  empire  of  China. 

General  Description.  Tjbe  climate  of  Asiatic  Russia  it 
generally  frigid,  though  in  some  provinces  it  is  teniperate. 
The  south  part  of  Siberia  is  fertile,  producing  all  the  ne« 
cessaries  of  lile ;  the  north  part  is  extremely  cold  and  al* 
most  uniuhabited.  The  northern  and  eastern  j.i^'ts  of  thii 
imiTiense  region  are  covered  with  almost  perpetual  snow, 
and  intersected  by  numerous  rivers,  the  pricipal  of ,  whicb 
a^  the  Ob,  the  Oby,  the  Yenesei,  the  Ai^ara,  thef  Lena, 
siM  the  Irtish.  In  the  north  of  Siberia  is  the  l^e  hike  of 
'Piazinsko-    In  the  south  is  the  sea  of  Baikak*\.f,  >'  ^  -j^ 

Asiatic  Russia  is  j>eopled  by  nameroiiis  tribes,  o^  vari« 
oils  origin,  matmers  and  custom«.  The  Taftars  are.the 
nfiost  numerous,  who  are  the  satne  with  the  Huns  of  an- 
tiquity. Among  the  distinct  tribes  of  Tartars  are  tike  N<h 
f^y»,  the  Kirguses,  the  Bashkirs,  the  Monguls,  the  Tun- 
gwMSj  IhiB  Sam^iedes;  1di«  Kamschftdalttf,  Ac.  i#«f  Wheir 


-■■'■m 


■V.'v-, 


tartaby; 


3^' 
son  0^ 


rtfeteb^  t«  be  ies^ended  from  iTurli:,  t^e  e 
Japheth. 

The  inhabitants  of  Siberia  are  of  tifaee  sorts,  Pagans^ 
Jkliihomvtaas  ai)d  Russians.  'JChe  two  i^st  are  ciotht'd  ii* 
Bkins;  and  their  wealth  consists  in  bows,  arrows,  a  knife- 
fiiitl  kettie.  The  RuHiiians  settled  ^here  are  much  die  san[}e> 
its  in  tlieir  native  country.  TIw  country  is  rieh  in  furg^ 
tad  the  niuuutaiqs  contain  some  mines.  The  roost  yalua* 
bie  animai  }s  the  rein  deer.  In  Kamsctiatka  dogs,  are  used. 
for  carriages.  The  urus  or  bison  is  fouud  among  the  Cau* 
jcasiua  luouatains. 

The  principal  islands  belonging  to  Asiatic  ^Russia  are, 

life  lii/JiiLii  Islands,  *22  in  jnuinber,   extending  from  the 

wuthirn  asttremity  of  Kamachatka  to  J/apan;  they  are.yahi« 

[able  for  tHeir  furs,  particularly  that  of  the  sea  ©Iter.    On)|' 

i'oiar  of  ihes^^lands  are  inhabited,     ' 


'TARTARY. 


7; 


T  Art  ART,  tiken  in  Its  most  eJitcmstve  seiwfr,  contaiiHl^ 
lill  that  vast  country  of  Asia,  which  lies  betweon  the  Arc-* 
[tic  Ocean  north,  arid  P^irsia,  FK^idooatan  ^nd  China  Soruth; 
It  includes  a  great  vm'iety  of  nations;  to  jvhioh  is  applied 
the^endif^  ham^of  Tarparsj  with  a  pivi»ticuiar  <pne  oftel, 
applied  from  their,  local  situation.     Tartary  may  be  divid^i 
Ud  ihfeo  three  paints,  vi^.  Russmn  TAATAfti,  C«i*^£^^^ 
TArtaby,  and  I»4>EPENiaEKT  IfARtAiaY.     rhe-ftrst  ^ 
iliese  divisfo  ish^  been  (Ascribed  under  tho  precediilfig  atti'cle. 
I    Inpepbudetstt  Tart  art  lies  obit%  belwee^^  th^iftti* 
tades  of  35  and ^6  degrees,  and  is  boundod  <jn  tSie  ntt^h 
I  by  Asiatic  Rassia ;  west  by  Persra  and  Bfeidm^staj^i ;  sotit^ 
by  Hinddostan  ;  east  *>y.  the  country  of  the  iCaiiHue^.    The^ 
country  enjdys  a  fine  cUmatia,  though  its  n^Wfthevn  patfl 
have  excessive  cold  winteirs.  '  The  face'of  the  country  ii 
▼sriegated  with  plains  and  hills^  and  the  soil"  tisttaiijf  riell 
i  and  productive.    The  pritK?»pal  ridge  of  nioimtaii^  ik  thif: 
I  snowy  ridge    denomiftati^d    Beltir   Tagi    on  the  etet  ^f 
Great  BtwOTtaria..    The  greatest  river  is  the  jihon,  th^  On- 
I  stent  Oxus,  whioh  heads  in  the  Belur  mountains.    The 
Salt  Lake,^  or  sea  i>rAral,  is 200 milts  lonj,  »ad  79li7«fi 
tloewilwewtwMMltff  ^  Ciispiatt  Sii^       4  '^  ^^^  \  V  # 


.^., 


^SSli 


»A1ttAllt» 


That  fairt  #f  In^qpehdent  Tarlanr,  wfiicTr  is  best  1cii«^';| 
lb  called  Bucharia»  whrch  19  divided  into  Great  4\nd  LittM 
Buciharia.  The  inhabitants  value  theiEiiBeives  on  bein^  th|| 
notit  robust  and  .valiant  of  all  the  Tartars.  The  womeu 
4dso  surpass  the  other  Tartarians  in  beauty^  jBuadtSOinetimeM 
attend  their  huRhandstotj&ie  field  of  war.     ^rl'-'--'''.^^.^'.^:      1 

iThe  famous'  city  of  Satmabcand  is  the  capital  of  thii' 
«6uiitry.~  It.  has  some  commerce  in  calicoes,  cOtton,  rice, 
and  cattle.    It  was  thereat  of  Tanieriiane -die  Great,  and! 
%i  his  time  was  celebrated  as  the  seated  learRing  arid  civ*  ] 

SiSBatiO?!.     :>:;.■'■•;■;  ^^  /•-,., -.^'^  :',  •  '      ';       ^         ,      1 

;Ci»iNKSJB  i*ARTAity  1*8  bounded tiorth  hy  Siberia,  eastl)y] 
vji^  Gulf  of  Kamschatlca  and  the   Bastern  Sea,  south  b)  j 
China^  west  by  the  country  of  the  Kninmcs,  who  Ifl'e  es- 
^bllshed  betHreeu  the  Caspi^m  Sea,  and  Kaishgar^  '  The 
diferejit  tribes  which  at  {uresent  inhabit  it  were  f(wmerlf  i 
>«oi^prehended  under  the  general  nante  of  Mongul  or  Mo*  J 
;ful  Tartar?,  a  warlike  and  forinidabJe   nation.      Thesel 
Jrartars.  have  nerther  to#n&,   villages,   nor  houses  ;  they ' 
iorrn  wandering  hordes,  and  live  untier  tenXSj  which:  they 
"^Iranspow  from  one  place  to  another,  as  the  different ^«;a- 
flons,  or  th3  wani^  of  their  flocks  rei^aire.    Their  ordinary 
^drink  is  warm  vraterV  in  which  a  little  cosu-se  tescis  ufifused;' 
ffith  t'rtis  they  niij{  creaih,  n^k,  or  butter.    The  Mogul*  j 
jire  free,  open  and  sincure.    They  prtde  themselveiS  chit  fly 
#nth«-ir  dexterity  in  haiidling  the  bow  and  arrow,  mount, 
nig  oh  horseback, !'rjid   hunting  wild  beasts./  They  burij 
-"Itoe  bodies  jortheir  d»iid>  anjdiiaiispurt  the  ashes  to  enii"! 
«encw/ where  they  inter  thun^  the  grave  with  i^. 

h&tip  of  stones.  Th^y  are  unac  quaiuted  wrtH  inoney ,  an4  i 
l^rade  4mly  by  barter.  The  skiiis  tliey  use  lor  clothing  art^ 
fetteoiilly  those  c^  their  Sheep.  Their  religion  ccmiists  ui;^ 
the  ^«hjp  of  F«.  They  have  the  most  supei-gtitkjus  vett*  | 
«rat|^  %  their  Latiifts  AlllN  >i<»gtil8  are-govt^ed  by^ 
J|t|iahj|,  <v,p#tiicular  p^^^  otfe  of  the  other, 

"but  ill  Bu^iqCcted  to  the  authority  of  the  empei^or  of  Chinii, 
frL-^m  they  consider  as  the  grand  khaij  of  the  fartai s.  .  j 
Cfiinese  Tartary  has  S,0(K),e^O  inbabitaniis  t,  arid  the] 
jTWeaf  Couniriesi  subject  id  .  the  "Chine#  gOvermiieBtjl 
iipntainiJl^OOjOOO  souls.  -Of  these  Taxed  Countries, 
llie  prindpai  are,  i,  Korea,  Vhichh^^  its  own  king.  l-ittl«l 
%  knoifH  of  tiitR  country,. as  aH  commerce  wHh  strtrngenj 


■  ^■:- 


CHIKA^ 


325 


is  ijprohibttecl.  Number  of  inhabitants  1,500,000.  2. 
Thibet,  or  Tangut,  which  see.  <  S.  The  kingdom  of  An- 
nan, 10,000,000  inhabitanto.  The  king  maintains  113,000 
land  troops,  30,000  of  which  are  di8ci|>lined  in  the  Euro- 
,pean  manner,  and  26,800  seaman.  4.  Tonkin,  once  the 
most  powerful  of  the  Eastern  Asiatic  empires,  containing 
with  the  Liqueos  isles,  another  division  of  the  Taxed 
Countries,  8,000^000  inhabitants,  subject  to  the  king  of 
Annan.  All  the  above  governments  acknowledge  the 
Emperor  of  China  as  their  sovereign^ 

CHINA. 


Boundaries  and  Extent,  BOllNDED  north  by  Tartary^ 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  great  wall,  500. leagues  iti 
length  ;  east  by  the  Yellow  sea  and  Chinese  ocean  ;  south 
by  the  same  ocean  and  the  kingdoms  of  Tonkin,  B.rmah, 
and  Laos  ;  west  by^  Thibet.  It  lies  between  21  and  50 
degrees  north  iat.  2030  4niles  long  from  north  to  south, 
and  1>90  broad. 

Divisions  and  Population,  China  is  divided  into  17  prov- 
inces, which  contun  4<402  walled  cities.  It  contains 
S33,009,0(X)  inhabitants  according  to  Barrow,  188,500,000 
according  to  Hassel. 

Climate*  The  climate  and  soil  are  various,  ps  the  differ- 
ent provinces  are  nearer  to  or  remote  from  the  south,  se- 
vere cold  being  felt  at  Pekin,  while  the  southern  provinces 
are  exposed  to  excessive  heat. 

Rivers  and  Canals,  Here  are  several  large  rivers,  and 
where  these  are  waiting,  there  are  fine  canals.  The  prir.«* 
capal  river  is  the  Hoang.ho,  called  also  the  Yellow  iiiver* 
It  risas  in  Tartary,  and,  after  a  course  of  2000  miles,  fall» 
into  the  Eastern  sea.  Another  great  river  is  the  Kfang-ku» 
which  passes  by  the  city  of  Nan-king,  and  falls  into  tho 
ocean,  100  miles  south  of  the  Hoang-ho.  In  China  there 
is  scarcely  a  town  or  eyen  a  village  which  has  not  the  ad- 
vantage either  of  an  arm  of  tho  sea  or  a  caual ;  by  which 
means  navigation  is  rendered  so  coinaion,  tiiat  almost  as 
many  people  live  on  the  water  as  on  the  land.  Tlie  grand 
canal  is  sone  of  the  wonders  of  art ;  extending  from  the 
city  of  Caiitnn  to  the  extremity  of  the  empire  ;  it  is  about 
Dd 


^6 


CHINA. 


^ 


SO  fept  wide,  and  passes  through  or  near  ^l  farge  dtiei 
It  has  75  lar^e  sluices  to  keep  i^  the  wacer»  besides  sev« 
era!  thousand  bridges.  .    /T^ 

Lakes*  There  are  several  lai'ge  lakfcs  m  China,  well 
Btprcd  with  fish,  the  phief  support  of  the  neighboring  in- 
habitants. 

i^U  and  Productions.  In  several  of  the  provinces,  the 
land  yitlds.^two  crops  a  year  ;  yet,  tliough  the  husbandman 
cultivates  it  with  such  care,  as  not  to  lose  the  smallest 
portion  of  ground,  China  has  often  been  desolated  by  fam- 
ine. Its  numerous  mountains  (which  are  chiefly  in  the 
north  and  west  parts  of  the  erapirtcr )  contain  mines  of  iron, 
tin,  copper,  quicksilver,  gold,  and  silver;  but  those  of 
gold  and  silver  are  not  permitted  to  be  opened  ;  the  em* 
perors  having  always  feared,  that  if  the  people  should  be 
exposed'  to  the  temptation  of  these  artificial  riches,  thc^ 
would  be  induced  to  n^lect  the  more  useful  labors  i( 
agriculture.  Quarries  of  marble,  coal  mines,  lapis  lazuli, 
and  rock  crystals,  are  abundant  in  China.  They  hav« 
potfer's  e  ;  1 1i  too^  of  such  various  and  superior  kinds,  that 
their  celebrated  fine  porcelain  will  ever  remain  unrivalled. 
Besides  the  fruit  peculiar  to  the  country,  China  produces 
tlie  gL'.'iU.i-  part  of  those  of  Europe.  Among  tne  trees 
peculiar  to  China,  is  the  tallow  tree,  the  fruit  of  which  has 
All  the  pi  operties  of  tallow  ;  the  wax  tree  ;  the  tsi-chu,  or 
varnish  tree  ;  the  iron  wood,  which  is  so  hard  and  heavy, 
tliat  it  sinks  in  water,  and  the  anchors  of  the  Chinese  ships 
of  war  are  made  of  it ;  the  caniphire  tree  ;  the  bambeo 

'reeds,  the  tea  tree,  &c.  , 

Civii  and  Political  History,    Learning,  with  thje  arts  and 
ddences  in  general,  are  niuch  cultivated  in  tbia  Qount^. 

'The  government  is  absolute,  and  the  emperor  has  the  priv- 
ilege  of  naming    his  successor,    but  the    chief  mandarin 

Jiaa  permission  to  tell  him  of  his  faults.  He  looks  upon 
his  suDJects  as  his  children,  and  professes  to  govern  them 
with  paternal  affection.  In  the^  garden  of  one  of  his  palacei 
is  a  temple,  in  which  is  a  magnificent  throne.  On  this  the 
emperor  sits  at  certain  times,  to  hear  and  determine  causes. 
Such  is  the  virtue  ef  this  seat,  that  it  is  believed,  that  oq 
the  justice  or  injustice  of  his  decrees,  his  life  or  immediatf 

■*  death  depends. 


CHINA. 


827 


'fhdr  empire  is  vf^ithdieht,  aticli  they  pretend'  thai,  it 
e^Ctsted  many  thousatid  years  before  Noah*s  flood  :  it  is 
generally  allowed  to  have  continued  4000  vears.  The  an- 
nual revenues  of  the  crdwn  arc  coraputea  at  9,000,000/. 
The  surplus  revenue  ren^itted  to  Pekin  in  the  year  1792, 
Was  stated  to  be  about  12,000,000/.  ^sterliug^  The  atten- 
tion, precaution,  and  extreme  jealousy  of  the  government, 
have  not  been  considered  sufficient  ibr  the  protection  of 
the  empire,  without  the  assistance  of  an  immense  stand- 
ing army,  ^lich  in  the  midst  of  a  profound  peace,  was 
stated  by  Vanta-gin,  to  consist  of  1,000,000  (^'infantry, 
and  800,000  cavalry. 

Their  religion  is  paganism.  They  allow  polygamy. 
The  government  has  lately  published  a  dceree.  prohibiting 
the  propagation  of  the  Christian  religion  in  the  empire, 
on  pain  of  death. 

Cities,  Pekin,  50  miles  from  the  great  wall,  is  the  cap- 
ital of  China.  It  is  six  leagues  in  circumference.  Its' 
temples  and  towers  are  numerous  ;  and  its  inhabitants 
2,000,000.  Nanking  is  tha  largest  city  in  the  empire. 
Canton,  the  only  port  to  which  Europe^lns  are  admittet^ 
is  20  niies  in  compass,  contains  2,000,000  inhabitants,^  and 
often  sees  3000  trading  vessels  at  a  time,  wuting  to  re- 
ceive its  rich  co^nmoOities^ 

Curhsities,  The  mfost  remm^kable  antiquity  of  China  Is 
the  great  wall,  erected  at  a  renote  period,  to  prevent  thie 
incursions  of  the  Tarters.  It  is  a  sti'pendous  work,  tra- 
versing mountains  and  vallies,;  and  crowned  with  towers. 

Islands  In  the  Chinese  sea  are  several  islands  of  conseii^ 
ijuenQe.  Hainan,  separated  from  the  province  of  iCiuang-^ 
tong  by  a  narrow  strait,  is  50  leagues  long,  and  25  broad. 
It  contains  mines  of  gold  and  lapis  lazuli,  and  many  Bor^ 
of  valuable  wood^  The  natiyee^  are  deformed,  small  in 
•ftature,  and  of  a  copper  color.  " 

Formosa,  ork  the  northeast  coast,^  is  240  miles  long  by 
60  broad.  It  produces  two  harvests;  in  a  year  ;  and  has  a 
rich  variety  of  trees,  fruits,  plants,  quadrupeds,  and  birds* 
Only  part  of  it  is  governed  by  the  Chinese  ;  the  remain-^ 
der  is  possessed  by  the  original  inhabitants,  who  are  rep- 
resented as  in  a  state  of  nature.  The  capital  city  is  built 
in  the  Chihefie  style  ;  it  bat  a  good  port ;  b«t  4^f  diSct^ 
satrfmcs. 


328 


THIBET. 


Lboo-ksoo,  a  group  of  islanda  to  the  nortiheatt  6f  Fqd* 
tnota>  are  tributajy  to  China. 


THIBET. 


WEST  of  China  lies  the  country  of  Thibet,  of  Tangut, 
bounded  north  by  Tattaryt  west  by/H?ndoostan,  south  by 
Assam  and  Brrmah  ;  1000  miles  long,  its  breadth,  une- 
qual. According  to  Templeman,  ii  contains  16^826 
(GennaD)  s^uarie  miles. 

This  country  is  one  of  the  highest  in  Asia  ;  ii  being  a 
part  of  that  elevated  tract  which  gives  rise,  not  ordy^X)  the 
rivers  of  India  and  China,  but  alsd  to  those  of  Siberia  and 
Tartary.  We  are  informed  that  it  is  geneially  divided 
into  three  ^arts,  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Thibet^  Th4 
upper  division  seems  to  respect  the  countries  towardf  the 
sources  of  the  Ganj^es  and  Sanpqo  rivers  ;  the  middle,  that 
in  which  Lassa  is  situated,  and  of  which  it  f^rms  thd  cea-^ 
tre ;  and  the  Lower  Thibet,  tliat  which  bprders  on  China ; 
but  the  Si^ject  is  obscure.  Little  Thibet,  which  is  situat- 
ed Between  Upjper  Thibet  and  Cashirar,  is  rather  a  de- 
pendency of  the  latter,  than  of  Great  Thibet. 
-  ■  Considering  the  exceeding  rougir  and  sterile  state  of  the 
country  of  Thibet,  and  the  severity  of  its  climate  frem  iti 
#bnderfol  elevation,  we  are  astonished  to  find  its  ii^habit- 
aiMiS  in  a  high  state  of  civilization  ;  tibeir  houses  lofty  and 
built  of  ^tone;  and  the  Useful  manufactures  in  some  de- 
gree of  imj^ovemeht.  All  these  advantages  they  probably 
ow6  to  their  vicinity  to  the  Chinese,  to  whom  the  Uttnats 
in  some  respects  triDutary; 

'Xlie  Thibetians  arcT  governed  by  the  grand  lima,;,  who 
is  nbijiBly  adored  by  themi  but  is  also  thei  subjt>ct  of  ado- 
ration tor  the  various  tribes  ofpagajl  Tartars,  who  wallc 
through  the  vast  extent  of  continent,  which  stretches  from 
'the  Volga  to  Corea.  He  is  not  only  the  sovereign  pon- 
tiff, the  vicegerent  of  the  Deity  on  earth,  hut  by#th^  more 
remote  Tartars  is  absdutely  regarded  as  the  Deity  himself. 
They  believe  him  to  be  immortal,  and  endowed  with  all 
Iqnowlcdge  £md  virtue.  Every  year  they  come  from  dif- 
f^ent  p^rts  to  worship,  and  mak^  vich  offerings  M  hji 


'h^:' 


HINDOOSTAN. 


1^ 


ortheatt  6f  For^ 


n^riddt  Even  the  emik;ror  of  Chiim  acknowledges  the 
lama  ip  his  reiigioiM  capacity  ;  although,  as  a  temporal 
sovereign,  the  l^mia  himself  is  tributary  tQ  him.  The  o«- 
pinion  of  the  most  orthodox  Thibetie^  s  is,  tliat  when  the 
grand  lama  seems  to  die,  either  oi  old  age  ox  infirmity^ 
his  soul,  in  reality,  only  quits  a  crazy  habitation,  to  look 
for  another  younger  or  better ;  aiid  it  is  discovered  again 
in  the  body  of  some  child,  by  certain  tokens,  known  only 
to  tl\Q  priests,  in  which  order  he  always  appears.  Beside 
tliu  rt^iigious  influencw'  and  authority  of  the  grand  lama« 
he  is  ptMsessed  of  unlimited'  power  throughout  his  dbmin^ 
ions.        * 

The  religion  of  Thibet  differs,  in-  many  respects,  from* 
that  of  th'j  ancient  Hramins,  yet,  in  other  things,  they  havcf ' 
a  great  affinity.  The  Thtbetians  have  a  great  veneration, 
for  the  cow,  ai)d  highly  respect  also  the  waters  of  the  Gan- 

teS)  the  source  of  wliicli  they  believe  to  be  in  hea^n.  The 
uaniasses,  or  Indian  pilgrims,  often  visits  ThibetSis  a  holy 
place  ;  and  the  laina  always  niaint^in&  a  body  of  nearly 
Sioo  of  them  in  his  pay, 

i'his  is  oiie  of  the  least  favored  countries  in  the  woi^ld. 
Low,  rooky  hills,  without  veeetation,  extensive  arid  pmins, 
<rf^i!(tubiiorn  aspect,  promise:)  little  {Mroduce,  and  are  genera- 
ally^  incapable  of  culture.  Tho  climate  is  so  culd,-^  that  it 
drives  the  p>.H^le  to.  valleys,  hollows,  and  sh;iltering  rocks* 
Th.  flocks  of  Wild  fowls,  beastS'Ot' prey,  and  herds,  areas- 
toiiishine. 

The  dead  are  consumed  by  fire,  or  devoured  by  beai^ts, 
the  mqrtal  remains  of  the  sovc>reign  lamas  excepted*  - 
These  are  buried,  somotimos  in  a  cotfin  of  gold,  tinder ' 
the  partico '  of  the  uiousolL-uin  are  pnc-sts,  who  read  and 
pray  a  ways  upoiv  the  satnj  spot^  and  keep  alive  the  sacred 
nveth^  burns  betore  the  shnne.  They  occasionally  re- 
lieve each  other, 

Tnibet  CO  itai'is  12,000,000  inhabitants.     Ibe  missionr 
anes  estimate  them  at  ^3,000,000. 


HINDOOSTAV. 


BhiiniariBt  and  Extent;.    HiSD  )OST AN    ca'led  also,' 
ImihA;  •Qfil  li^His  Sim  TkiA  (jtAVtiEs,  lies  between  6  ana  Jl 


2^9V 


HINDOOSTAN. 


flegreei  north  latitiide,  and  ii  bounded  '**t  the  north  by 
Tartary  and  Thibet;  east  by  Aiaam  and  Arracan;  loutn 
by  the  sea ;  west  by  the  river  Indus ;  1800  miles  long,  and 
1600  broad. 

Climate^  The  climate  towards  the  nurth  is  temperate ; 
bat  hot  in  the  souih.  It  rains  almost  constantly  for  tbreo 
month  in  the  year 

Riven,  The  Indus,  the  Ganges,  and  the  Borrampoo- 
ter,  far  exceed  the  other  rivers  of  Hincloostan  in  magni- 
tude. The  Ganges  is  one  of  the  finest  rivers  in  the  world. 
It  is  revered  by  the  Hindoos  as.  a  ddty  who  is  to^ash  away 
all  their  sins.  Its  whofe  oourse  is  2100  miles;  it  empties 
into  the  sea  by  several  mouths. 

Prductions.  The  vegetable  products  ofi  Hindoostan'are 
almotft  innumerable,  a^ia  extcemely  luxuriant*  The  grain 
most  cultivated  is  rice.  All  kinds  of  fruit  suited  to  the 
climate,  are  produced  here  in  abundlmce.  The  domestic  I 
animals  are  bufl&loes,  sheep,  camels,  elephants.  Of  wild.' 
qUJidrupeds  are  the  rhinoceros,  the  Bengal  tiger,  monkies, 
wild  boars,  dec.  fhe  mines  of  Golconda  have  long  been 
celebrated  for  diamonds. 

PepuUUion^  Heligiotit  ^c.  The  inhabitants  of  Hindoostan 
are  coniputed  at  about  10,000,000  Mahometans,  and 
100,000,0iX)  Hindoos.,  The  Mahometans,  or  Mussulmans, 
are  represented  t*  be  of  a  detestable  character,  the  Hin- 
doos, or  Gentoos,  are  of  a  black  complexion  ;  their  hair  is 
long;  their  persons  straight  .and  elegant,  and  their  counte- 
ha^tces  open  and ,  pleiasant.  1  hey  difter  materially  from 
ajl  other  nations  by  being  divided  into  tribes  or  casts^ 
The  tour  principal  are,  the  Bramins,  8olaiers,  I^aborers, . 
and  Mechanics ;  and  these  are  subdivided  into  a  muitipli- 
citv  of  inferior  distinctions.  •  «, 

Their>institutions  of  religion  form  a  comp|Iete  systefn  of 
superstition,  upheld  by  every  thing  which  can  excite  the 
reverence  of  the  people^.  The  temples,  consecrated  to  their 
deities,  are  magnificent ;  their  rehgious  ceremonies  splen- 
did: and  the  absolute  dominion,  which  the  Hraminshave. 
obtained  over  the  minds  of  the  people,  i6  supported  by  the 
command  of  the  immense  revenueis,  with  which  the  liber-.. 
ality  of  princes,  and  the  zeal  oi'  (Pilgrims  and  devotees,, 
have  enriched  their  pagodas.  Thv  douiinion  of '  r^'ligion 
extends  to.  a  thousand  particulars,  which  in  other  countriee 


INDIA. 


8S1 


i  the  north  by 
^rracan;  loutn 
miles  long,  and 

i>  is  temperate ; 
tantly  for  threo 

he  Burrampoo- 
ostan  in  magni- 
^rs  in  the  world, 
is  to^ash  away, 
iles;  it  empties 

Hindoostan'are 
mt.  The  grain 
t  suited  to  the 
The  domestic 
tants.  Qf  wild 
tiger,  monkies, 
have  long  been 

B  of  Hindoostan 
iometans,  and 
>r  Mussulmans, 
ter.  The  Hin- 
n  ;  their  hair  is 
id  their  couiite- 
aaterlally  from 
ribes  or  casts. 
lers,  I^aborers,, 
nto  amuitipli- 

)lete  system  of 
^an  excite  the 
crated  to  their 
emonies  splen- 

Bramiiis  nave. 
)ported  hy  the 
ich  the  iiber-.. 
and  devotees,. 

ii  of  ri'ligion 
ther  countrieB 


sre  goremed  by  the  civil  la^rs,  or  l>y  taate,  eustom,  or 
fashion.  Their  dress,  their  foud,  the  Common  intercoursefe 
of  liie,  their  marriages,  and  their  professions,  are  all  u^der 
the  Jurisdiction  of  religion. 

Political  Geography,  Hindoostan  is  divided  into  a  great 
number  of  separate  and  independent  governments*  The 
company  of  liinglish  merchants  trading  to  die  East- In- 
dies, has  acquired  possessimis,  which,  in  point  of  extent, 
and,  population,  surpuss  the  whole  British  empire  in  Eu- 
rope. The  Mogui  empire  being  reduced  to  insignificancct. 
the  Rnglish  mav  be  f ohsidered  as  the  ruling  power  in 
Hindoostan.  The  principal  mass  of  the  British  poHses* 
sions  consists  of  the  rich  and  populous  provinces  of  Bahar 
and  Bengal.  The  capital  oi  British  India  is-  Calcutta,, 
situated  ou  a^  branch,  of  the  Ganges,  100  miles  from  the 
sea,  but  accessible  bv  the  largest  merchant  ships.  It  i«- 
supposed  to. contain  half  a  million  of  people,  who  area 
mixture  of  various  nations.  It.  is  the  residence  of  the 
governor  general,  of  the  courts  of  justice,  and  of  the  offi- 
cers civil  and  military. 

Delhi,  the  cat^  tal  of  the  Mogul  empire,  was  the  most 
celebrated  city  ot  India,  before  it  underwent  the  terrible, 
devastation  of  the  conqueror,  Nadir  fcihah.  It  still  posses«r 
et  many  remains  <^  aiicient  grandeur  and  opulence. 


INDIA  BEYOND  THfi  GANGES^ 


^■.; 


Boundaries  and  Eftent,    THIS  peninsula  is  bounded  \ifx 
Thibet.  fUid  China  on  the  north ;  by  China  and  the  Chi- 
nese sea,  east^  south  by  the  same  sea  and  the  straits  of. 
Malacca ;  west  by  Hindoostan,  and  the  bay  of  BengtJ^  ■, 
It  lies  between  I  and  30  degrees  north  latitude;    2C00 
miles  long,  and  1000  broad.:. 

Divisions.    India  beyond  the  (ranges  is  naturally  distrib* 
ttted  into  a  number  of  separate  and  indepei^dent  states ; ., 
v^' which  those  that  are  best  known  will  be  briefly  noticed. . 

ASSAM 

U  bounded  west  by  Bengal,  an..t'Bootan,  north  by  Thi* 
ll^t^aadjMulheaBt  vA,  fiouu  by  Meckley.    The  river  Bur* 


99S 


BIRMAN  EMPIRK. 


mmpooter  rum  through  the  whole  length  of  it.  It«  capi. 
ial  IS  Gheru;on  The  open  partg  are  marked  with  pi^uU- 
tion  and  tiluge;  the  woodi  abound  with  eiephanti.  llie 
mountains  are  inhabited  by  a  people  called  Nauacs,  wha 
go  nttk?d  and  eat  dogs,  cats,  mice,  locusts,  &c.  The  oth* 
er  inhabitants  of  Assam  have  no  fixed-religion,  or  rules  of 
life.  They  ect  all  flesh  except  human,  even  animals  that 
die  a  natural  dvath.  They  are  enterprising,  savage,  vin- 
dictive, and  fond  of  war.  They  have  neither  horh^,  assen, 
nor  cainels ;  but  they  are  sometimes  brought'  there  from 
.  tther  countries.  Asses  they  are  fOnd  of,  but  are  so  much 
afraid  of  a  !ior»e,  that  one  trooper  would  put  a  hundred  of 
thvMn  to  flight.  Assam  lies  between  26  and  2h  degrees 
morth  latitude,  and  contains  2j|000,000  inhabitants. 

BIRMAN  EMPIRE. 

Thb  Birman  Empire  comprises  the  kingdoms  dr 
AvA  dud  Peuu.  and  derives  its  name  from  the  Birmahs, 
»  w.iriikt-  nation  of  the  peninsula  The  articks  of  com- 
m.rci'  are  rice,  cotton,  teek-timber^  vastly  superior  to  oak 
for  Ihip  building,  on  which  the  English  East-India  compa* 
ny^  greatly  difpend ;  aloes,  spices^  emeralds^  rubies,  sap- 
phires, &c.  rhey  have  mince  of  copper,  lead,  and  silver. 
TK.  uli.uate  is  healtliy,  and  the  soil  ii-rtile.  Theii  system 
of  jurigpru.U  lice,  is  replete  with  sound  morality.  Their. 
Iaw8  are  coiisciei<tiau0iy  administered*  When  a  man  dies 
intestate,  three  fourths  of  his  estate  goes  to  his  children 
born  in 'Wedlock,  'fhey  burn  their  dead;  but  people  of 
•  high  distinction  are  ei^alined,  and  kept  six  or  eight  weeks; 
honey  in  tht.  principal  iugridient  used  to pr^-servv.-  the  body. 
The  popuiatiim  of  the  empire  is  supposed  to.  be  I7>0U0,(KK). 
lu  the  flat  part  ol'  the  comitry.  which  is  liable  t&  be  ovut. 
flowed,  the  houses  wr.i  bu  \t  upon  staxes,  and  in  time.oiin* 
undations,  the  iuliaa«cat«ts  communicate  with  each  ether 
by  aoats.  Pegu  was  an  independent  kingdom,''  till  1751; 
W.heo  the  king  of  Birm.Ui  made  it  a  proviace.  The  ordeaj 
trial  is  common  here  by  jtutting  the  head  under  water,  or 
the  iumd  into  hot  oii.  or  inelteo  lead.  If  the  accuser  fail 
he  must  sufter  what  is  due  to  tlte  guilty. 

The  capital  6f  the  empire  is  Umm  ara  poora,  on  a  brandi 
ll  the  Ir<iwaddy^  sodu^t  fkr  &eai  Ava,;  theaneieBt  cap* 


SIAM,  MALACCA. 


M9 


of  it,  Itieapi. 
ad  with  pqpula- 
elephants.  1  he 
Nauttcst  wh« 
&c.  The  oth* 
(ion,  or  rules  of 
ren  miimais  that 
g.  savage,  vin- 
er  horhi^,  ancn, 
Ight  there  from 
but  are  ao  much 
put  a  hundred  of 
and  *2ii  dogreei 
ibitanta. . 


i'e  kingdoma  at 
)in  the  birmahs, 
artickaof  com- 
y  superior  to  oak 
^ast^lndia  compa* 
Uds^  rubles,  sap- 
lead,  and  aiivei'. 
e.  Theii  system 
morality.  Their. 
Vhen  a  man  dies 
^8  to  his  chiklrt^n 
i ;  but  people  of 
X  or  eight  wetks; 
r^servv/  the  body, 
to.  be  »7,000,(KK). 
liable  let  be  ovut* 
and  in  time. ot  in* 
with  t-ach  ether 
igdom;  till  >751; 
ace.  The  ordea} 
under  water,  or 
f  the  accuser  fail 

oRAr  on  a  brancli 
the  aaciest  cap* 


ai,  wUtch',  as  well  m  Pegu,  the  former  capital  of  the  kkig- 
dom  of  Pegu,  b  abandoned  to  ruin. 

SIAfif. 

The  kingdom  of  Siam  it  bounded  north  by  Chma,  east 
by  Laos  and  Cambodia,  south  by  the  gulf  of  Siam,  west 
by  the  bay  of  Bengal  and  Pegu,  t  550  miles  in  length,  and^ 
850  in  breadtli,  though  iii  some,  placet  not  above  50. 
Siam  and  Malacca  eontain  1,900,000  inhabitants.  It  is 
a  flat  country,  and  in  the  rainy  season  is  overflowed  :  for 
which  reason  most  of  the  houses  are  built  on  pihars,  and 
have  ho  communication  for  some  months  but  by  boats< 
The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  people  poor.  There 
are  mmes  of  gold,  silver,  tin  and  copper,  and  plenty  of  rice, 
cotton,  aloes,  ^benjamin,  .s  c.  The  tame  cattle  are  beeves, 
buifaloes,  and  hogs.  The  woods  abound  with  elephants, 
rhinoceroses,  leopards,  and  tisers.  The  inliabitants,  both 
men  and  women,  go  almost  njced,  but  the  better  ijort  wear 
rich  garments.  They  are  often  mothers  at  twelve  vears  of 
age.  The  king  shows  himself  but  onoe  a  year  to  tne  com- 
mon people.  He  is  proprietor  of  all  thie  lands  m  the  coun- 
try, and  keeps  a  numerous  army,  among  which  are  1000^ 
elephants.  Their  temples  and  {Mriests  are  r^  numerous. 
They  have  schools  for  the  education  of  their  onildren,  and: 
there  is  scarce  anv  among  them  that  cannot  read  and  write. 
Siam,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  is  on  tbe  Menan,  near 
its  mouth,  in  the  gulf  of  i^ 


MALACCA 

i  Is  a  peninsula  and  kingdom,  bounded  tiorth  by  Siam* 
east  by  the  ocean,  and  southwest  by  the  straits  or  Malac- 
ca :  600  miles  loos,  and  200  broad.  It  produces  fern 
commodities  for  trade,  except  tin,  and  elephantV  teeth  i 
but  their  are  many  excellent  fruits  and  roots.  The  religion 
of  the  natives  has  a  mtxture  of  Mahometanism  ;  and  they 
are  addicted  to  juggling.  The  inland  inhabitants  are  a. 
savage,  barbarous  people,  who  take  delight  in  doing  mis- 
chief to  their  Quighbors.  The  capital  iii  Malacca,  aaeti^ 
port  on  the  straits  of  that  name.. 


PEttSU. 
LAOS. 


To  the  eastward  of  Slam  and  Ava  ia  the  kingdom  ^ 
Laos ;  a  flat  eountry,  suirreunded  by  mountains  and  c6y^ 
ered  with  forests.  The  larse  river  M  econ  crosses  the 
whole  region  The  cliraate  is  temperate  and  healthful; 
<he  soil  fertile  and  rich  in  mines.  The  king  is  an  absolute^ 
independent  prince,  and  acknowledges  no  superior.  The 
k&igdom  contains  3,000>OCIO  souls. 


CAMBODIA 


j,t. 


X'lEs  south  of  Laos,  and,  like  that  country,  is  inclosed' 
By. mountains,  and  feitilized  by  the  large  river  Mecongum; 
-  Mines  of  gold  and  precious  stones  every  where  abound. 
In  the  forests  are  elephauts.,  lions,  ai^d  tigers.  The  soir 
produces  abundance  oS  corn,  rice,  and  various  medicinal^ 
drugs.  The  most  peculiar  product  is  Gamboge.  The  in- 
habitants are  not  numerous |  their  religion  is  idplatryr 
Caaibodia,  the  capital,  is  on  ^he  river  Mecon. 

COCHIN  CHINA* 

On  the  eastern  coast  of  India  is  the  kingdom  of  Goch- 
.  jo  China,  separated  from  Laos  and  Cambodia  on  the  west 
by  a  range  of  .mountains.  The  whole  country  is  intersect- 
ed by  rivers.  The  climate  is  healthy;  No  country  pro- 
duces a  greater  variety  of  articles  for  commerce,  juch  as 
•pices,  fruits,  different  sorts'  of  wood,  ivory,  gold,  silver, 

The  manners  of  the  people  closely  resemble  those  of  the 
Chiuei^e.    They  are  Pagans. 

PERSIA. 

BoundarieSt  Extenf  and  Population,  The  kingdom  of 
Persia  is  bounded  north  by  Georgia  ,  the  Caspian  sea,  and 
UsUec  Tartary,  west  by  Turkey  and  .\rabia,  south  by  the 

fulfs  of  Persia  and  Onnus.  and  the  Arabian  sea,  east  by 
[iudoostati  proper ;    1220  miles  from  east  to  west,  900 
.from  north  to  south.     It  has  22,000,000  inhabitants. 
'Jliiver^,    The  chief  jrivers  are  the  Tigris  and  Amu4; 


AUABXA^ 


$31 


ble  those  of  the 


0inatte  Mni  Productions,  In  the  nort  h  and  eatt  patrts  it 
is  mountainous  and  cold ;  in  the  middle  and  southeast  partSi 
tandy  and  desert ;  in  the  south  and^west,  lev«i  anil  fertile^ 
though  for  several  m(»iths  very  hot. .  The  soil  ^f  oduces  aU 
sorts  of  pulse  and  corn,  except  oats  and  rye*  la  eeveral 
plabeS)  «aphtha,  a  sort  of  bituaie.u,  rises  out  of  jtjhe  ^round^ 
and  there  are  mines  of  ^Id,  silvur,  ^roii,  turcois  stonea» 
and  salt ;  the^^wo^&t  are  not  worked,  on  account  of  the 
scarcity  of  wood.  Among  the  excellent  products  of  Persiay 
are  dates,  pistiichionuts, 'and  poppies  that  produce  the  finei^t 
opium.  They  have  extensive  plantatioiut  of  muibeny  trees 
for  siltc  worms ;  and  large  flocks  of  sheep  and  go^ts.  Their 
camels,  horses,  mules,  asses,  oxen^  and  bufiuloes,  ?Te  the 
best  of  .their  kind,  and  are  indifferei^tly  used  for  .carrying 
passengers  or  burdens,  .the  horses  excepted,  which  ace  onij 
4ised  f(nr  the  j^addle.  ^     "*  _. 

Manufactures,  The  principal  manufactures  aire  ailks, 
lattins,  tabbies,  taffetas,  and  silk  mixed  with  cotton^  or  with 
camel's  -or  goat's  hair  ;  brocades,  gold  cissueS;  aod  gold 
velvet,  carpets,  calicoes,  camlets,  &c.  Their  dying  is  pre- 
ferred to  any  thing  of  the  kmd  in, Europe. 

Civil  and  Political  Histori/.  During  the  last  centurv, 
Persia  was  dessOlated  by  competitors  for  the  sovereignty. 
So  late  as  1807,  there  was  a  formidablg  insurrection  ^gaini^' 
the  Persian  monarch,  headed  by  BVen  Sing,  a  man  of  ex-^  ^ 
traordinary  enterprise  andcourage.  The  F^i^rsians  ore  gea« 
••rally  Mahometans  of  the  sect  ot  Ali. 

Ispahan,  a  celebrated  city,  is  the  capital  of  Persia.  lit 
contains  1,000  000  inhabitants.  Shiras  and  Teflis  are  large- 
and  populous  cities^    , 

ARABIA. 


ARABIA  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Red  Sea,  and 
the  Isthmus  of  Su^z  northeast  by  the  Euphrates,  which 
divides  it  from  the  ancient  Mesopotamia;  east  by  the 
gulfs  of  Persia  and  Orinus  ;  and  south  by  the  Indian  o- 
cean.  On  the  north,  this  country  runs  up  to  an  angle, 
about  100  miles  east  of  Palmyra,  which  is  not  included  in 
Arabia.  .  It  lies  between  12  30  and  31  30  north  latitude, 
wtending  1800  miles  in  length,  and  800  average  breadth, 


'4S9 


ARABIA; 


«nd  has  10»OOQ,QOO  Inhabitantg.  It  is  divided  iflto^i«s 
paxik,  Arabia  Petrea,  Arabia  Deaeita,  and  Arabia  FeKsb 
Arabia  Petr»i»  is  the  ginallest  of  the  three,  and  towards  the 
north  is  fi|)l  of  mountains,  with  few  inhabitants,  <Mi"ac* 
count  of  its  barrehnefss.  It  had  ■:t»  name  from  the  town 
Petraea.  its  ancient  capital,  now  destroyed,  it  diffeil 
little  firom  Arabia  IXeserta,  so  called  fiom  the  nature  of 
the  soil,  which  is  generally  a  barren  sand  ;  but  there  art 
^eat  flocks  of  sheep  and  herds  of  cattle  near  the  Euphrao 
^s,  where  the  land  is  eoed.  In  the  desert  are  great  num- 
bers of  ostriches,  and  th^re  i^a  fine  breed  of  camds  in  sev- 
eral places.  But  o;f  all  their  domestic  animals,  the  Ara- 
bians put  the  greatest  value  on  their  horses ;  which  caa 
bear  the  greatest  fatigues,  pass  whole  days  ^without  food, 
and  show  uncommon  courage  against  an  enemy.  Arabia 
Felix  is  so  called  on  account  of  its  fertiUty  with  regard  to 
the  rest.  .  | 

The  Arabs  in  the  desert  live  in  tents,  and  'Remove  from 
place  to  place,  partly  for  the  sake  of  pasture,^  and  partly 
to  lie  in  wait  for  the  caravans,  whom  they  often  rob,  as 
they  travel  over  part  of  this  desert.  Arabia  Felix  produces 
fran|uncense,  myrrh,  balm  of  Gilead,  gum  Arabic,  and 
coffee,  of  which  latter  they  export  prodigious  quantities. 
Mahomet  was  a  native  of  this  country ;  and  his  foUpwersi 
«oon  after  his  death,  conquered  a  great  part  of  Asia,  Afri- 
ca, and  Europe,  establishing  their  religion  wherever  they 
came.  The  Arabs  are  the  descendants  of  Ishmael,  of  wlium 
it  was  forelQld,  "  that  their  hands  should  be  against  every 
man,  and  every  man's  against  them."  This  is  now  tinifonn- 
ly  true.  The  Arab  in  every  clime  is  the  same ;  a  pirate  on 
the  sea,  anda  robber  on  title  land. 

^  Tbe  capital  of  Arabia  is  Mecca^  an  ancient  and  famous 
:town  of  Arabia  Deserta.  ^he  number  of  pilgrinis,  who 
yearly  visit  this  place,  is  almost  incredible. 

Me;pina,  about  50  miles  from  the  Red  Sea,  is  the  place 
to  which  Mahomet  fled,  when  he  was  driven  out  of  Mecca. 
It  contains  a  jnagnificent  mosque,  in  which  500  lamps  are 
kept  always  burning.  The  Arabs  compute  their  time  from 
th^  flight  of  Mahomet,  which  was  in  the  622d  year  of  the 
Christian  era. 


V  ,. '\, 


^ij?4^. 


O^  ,thf'.  ew^tttvetge  of  Asia  is  i^e^^^ 
4^an/  cpaeiVtmg  of,  three,  large  uiid  f(  nuiubet^^f  st^ 
i^Iauds^  ItlieB.akiJUt  I6()  leagues  eastward  ol  th^.coast  of 
China. /anA  UoV,?3*  I  he  awthw  oC  the  Church  ^istt^y  df 
Japaiu  pdhlished  in  17|K),  eaii^putt^s  all  tliattf  islanoK  to 
contain  ab^ut  Gf)6  leagues  in  con»pa8s.  AH  Che  c<^ta  of 
4hi8  empire  ate,  surrotm^iied  Wtth  crilggy^  liigh»  and  ifta^lH* 
§ibje  iiii)|^rtti\insj  aiid '  shatl^tw  b^ist^uuis  seas,  and  t*!^ 
cristcs  jintj  hayaare  for  tlic  raarsfi  part  choked  up^ith  r<K&, 
•aheiyeisj  sands,  and  whirlpoois ;  so  thW  J^rovidenceHeeciiB 
to  have  excluded  it  from  al|  con^mutiicatipn  with  tW  rest 
ofthQyniridr  Thecountry  i%  no  Ms  pkasant  and  itivitine 
5»ithini,  that' Its  aveimi^s  a^  diseoura^lng  and  frightful,  ft 
18  suilicicntly.  fertile'  to  8U{)ply  the'''#ints  of  the  ihhabitant9> 
^id  to  fhmbh  other  couiUries  mih  ri  ^ 

'  TTtie  conni  •  '•^iyand*  with  rivt^ets^  lakes  and  sprir^s 
theyhaye  p*<.<>5.y  ?>f  swelet,  Vwell  as  medicinal  waters,  and 
fisii.  -^pcih  v  wells  agtealt  number  of  hforses:  thougir'not 
io  tar^e  as  t^ose  of  mirg^e,  y^t  they  are  Very  beautiful, 
ai^  bighiy  valci^:  The  forests  abound  Witli  all  sorts  of 
wild  beakts,  <)f^e  fuirs-of  which  they  inake  considerable 
traffic,  as  we)la«»  of  ll^pbaht's  teeth.  But  the  grtftt  riches 
of  ^his  empire  consist  in  the  fineness  i^  their  tnetalf  and 
Qilni^ra'iS. ,  Eafthq  uakes  here  are  f reouent  ahd  sOnietiineB 
▼cry  terrible,  burying-whdie  towns  under  their  ruinb  -  */    , 

The  relijgion  of  the  Japanese  is.gross  heaUienilMtii  sad 


The  government  of  Japan  is  despotic.  The  emperor 
h^  the  power  of  life  and  death  over  all  his  subject*.  Th6 
inhabitants  amount  to^  15,000^000.  The  army  consists  of 
100;o6o  foot  and  ;^,000  horse.  Th^^  aims  are  muskets, 
bows  and  arrbws,  dagget^^nd  scimetars. 

The  Japanese  are  modest  and  courteous,  just  in  their 
dealings,  and  very  ingenious  in  manufactures.  They  trade 
with  every  people  except  the  Chinese  and  Dutch. 

Thi  capitil  of  the  empire  is  Jeddg,  on  the  isltmd 
Niphon,  said  io  be  21  leagues  in '  circumference.     The 
names  of  th^  laf^t  islands  are  Kii;iiA»  Sikoif  and 


■'■A..     <"  ■ 


S$$ 


,:t.-fl 


UNI)ER  tjjis  heiidjfire^clvde.th>  isl^ndjof  Ceylon,  i^ 
Mdl4ive8,  ^he :A94^ti^an  and  Nioob^  Islairds,  the  Suntlf 
hl^t  W^  ^^t  tTie  l\fani)ias,  ilt^  Celebejsian^I^leg,  ^d  the 
Spice'  islands.    The^P  lie  inrVh^^  is  C(>ll^d  the  D|iii:iittA|< 

CaYXONJiea  ^oiithe^t oif  the  peiiimula  of  India,  f^^^^^ 
tvi*hich  it  is  separated  by  a  jiarroiir  it;a.  |t  is  of  an  qvi^* 
form,  ^0  leagutis  long ;  t}ic  ioiJt  is  ej^ceediugiy  fel:tile,  j)^ 
ducing  iali  the  fruits  Qf, the  Jfhd'es,  but  is  particulart}^  not^d 
for  the  tinni^inotf  tre<^.  The  Dutch  fbrmetiy  had  j>osses- 
siOHs  <>n  this  i»I|ind,  :^hich  now  belongs  t9  the  Englisiv 
The  islonB  parU  are^governed  b^  jriative  prindes^  i^  art 
UtUe  known.    It  t^  6CO,000  inhabitant^.  ^     > 

'jlle  MAioDiVEyii  cluster  of  stnall  islipoads,  to  Dumber 
about  1000,  he  southwest  of  Ceylon.    The  inhabitants^ 
are  Mahometans  and  Pagans.    Cocoa  is  the  nibst  yatu&ble 

/  Tlie  Aj^damah  IsiiANps,  two  in  ntctmber,  are  near  the 
ttfitrance  ot  tiie  B9,y  of  Hengal«;^C9Uied  Great  and  LUtie  An- 
daman. They  aire  loaded  with  tHiif^k  fqrests,  altiiost  impen- 
etrable.* Tht  people  are  a  savage  race  of  beingi|.  Ther® 
is  a  saiali  IHtiah  settlenient  here.  5 

The  N  cobAr  I^siIakbs  are  at  iJieehtrance  of  thegulf 
of  Beuga'.  Tl'^y  aie  fiiu^bst  entirely. upcditivatedj  but t^e 
cocoa  ai>d  other  ^tr<:pical  fruits  grow  spon^neously  to  the 
gitatest  pfcrftction.    The  inhabitents  are  not  numerous. 

The  hUNPA  IsLis  embrace  Sunda,  Javfi,  Balli,  Lom- 
bok»  Lumbava,  limor,  wad  styejal  smialler  pnes  jin  the  vi- 
«nity  of  these. 

SujJDA  is  the  westernmost  of  this  chafiiv  The  equator 
divides  it  into  nearly  equal  parts.  1^  is  900  niiles  long, 
and  loO  broad.  A  chain  of  liigh  mdU|ritains  runs  throu^ 
the  island.  T^\e  soil  produces  all  kinds  of  tropical ^riuts 
and  grains.  Tigers,  elephants,  monkeys,  and  other  wild 
bea-^U  are  numerMUs.  The  irvhabitants  itfe  Malayi^)  Achee- 
«t^e,  bitttfts,  Lainppooins,  Rojangs. 

J^  V4  is  separated  trom  i'iumatrR  by  a  nanrow  sea,  call- 
ed the  iitraii  of  Sunda.  This  isfand,  with  Madura/  hat 
'd7f«009  .iiM)ilaitt»*    The  Dut«h  hart  wteblitthmeBts  a» 


#6:iENTAI^  ^AN0S.   . 


m^ 


1^  hlAm\,  ihe  chief  of  which  are  BataTi&r  and  Kantani, 
The  other  isiands  are  divided  into  several  Icingdouus  or  j 
titotei*    The  productions  are  vlu'ip^a  artd^vahlgbiev  ■     '/^ 
Of  the  other  Salvia  isles  litlle  »*  (a«own»  "    " 

BoRMBd  is  900  miles  long,  aod  60Q  broad.  The  coaatt 
gire  |»eo|^ed  by  Mtila;^  Moors;  and  Ji^ancse.  The  oran^ 
outtan^  is  a  native  oCt^^iii  island/  It  is  sii^uated  direct! j 
wider  the  eagator;^  The  north'  part  is  possessed,  bj^  t&« 
EogUsh"    It|»s  $«pOi^OOO  ininibitants.  i 

TheMANi^LLA^,  or  l'itiLippii»J&  Isi^ANDS,  IlOainnun^- 
ber,  lie  300  niiles  southeast  of  China.  Manilla,  otLiizoni 
ii  the  iv^'gest  «nd  most  impo^ant.  They  are  all  in  ^e 
possessioh  df  ^pain.  The  inhab^itants  are  Chinese,  Ethio- 
pians, Malays,  Spaniards  PoHuguese,  and  Mesters,  Whick 
are  a  mixtar^  of  all  the  others;  Tneir  situation  between 
the  two  continents  is"suCh,tha(t'lhe  inhiii.bit'aii^  carry  on  a 
commei^ce  with  Me^co  and  P0ru,  as  well  as  with  India, 
Gold,  Cdf^p^r,  and  iron  are  amqng  the  products^  The  city 
of  ManiUa  contains  ;$3,000  inhabitants* 

CvLftBkziAN  IsLKs.  Of  these  C^^es,  or  Ms^cai^sar, 
in  latitude  1  39  north,  is.Uie  ptincipal.  It  is  a  d^ightfui 
spot;  the  fruits  are  ripe  air  t^e  year.  The  natites^  are 
Mahometips.  Abound  C^l<ebes  are  many  small  islands, 
f  ovesned  by  thdr  native  chiefs.  Tl^ey  have  3,0fX)»O09 
inhnbitants.. 

Thfr  Spice  1st  VN»^>  Called  also,  the  Moeugcas,  lie  in 
iSie  compass  of  25  leagues,  south  of  the  Philippines; ,  Theh 
chief  produce  is  cloves,  mace,  and  nutmeg,  ;vhich  are 
moiiopolized  by  the  Dutch.  Ternate  is  the  largest.of  the 
group; 

Ambotna,  between  the  S'd  and  4?th  degrees  ^outli  lati- 
tude,, is  io  miles  in*  circumference,  defended  oy  a  Dutch 
|arrisbh..;''-^V"-  .  ,  ::v:./:^:^:v-■ 
The  Band  A,  or  KtiTMrEo  Isilss,  lie  between  4  and  5  de- 
grees soiith  latitude,  and  are  chiefly  in  the  possession  of  tlie 
Britisiw    These  islands  contain  abo«t  £000  souls. 


>4ft 


Af^ttA^ 


■  ,      '.  „.•  ;  ■-■■     '  ,'!.■■  ■' 

Boimcte^'  'j^Ml^M.  AP|tICA  b  a  pettkw^Iiij  J)i»^ 
•td:  to  Afia  t'  He  I^t1iniii3  df  Sues,  GO  mile's  over,  between 
^  Red  li^  ^n4  ^  Me^'^erran^n.  It  is  bounded  oji 
th^  bopth  bj^the  Meiiiit^  which  separates  it  ft^bn^ 

Europe  ;  e^t  by  ther  I^Hitiius  c^  Suez,  the  llted  geii,  and 
t^  ip^^ocean ;  '9Qtit^  by  the  Soiithern  otieab ;  west  by 
Ae  AllantUjywhic^  divki^  it  firom  America. 

Hassel  who  is  perhaps  the  best  a^lih0l'itw  in  his  Statistic 
fal  Tables,  pnblislied  i^  I80d,  divides  Africa  as  fblldwfu 


,  Divisions* 
U  J^m^doni  of  MproccO 

2.  fr^estat^  b^  Algiers 

3.  00.         Tunia 

4.  JJHp*         ttipoU 
5»  Kingdoin  of  A%s^nia 

6.  Ppssessions  of  tHJe  Ottomdti  empke 
7f        Do..       of  Spain 
S;        Po.        ofGreat-Britaiii 
ft*  .      Do.        ofFf^uce 

10.  Dp.       of  Holland 

11.  ^     Do-.       o^  the  D^nea 
X%        Do.        of  the  Brziliana 
IS.  inland  of  Madegascac 

14.  Island  of  Hinznan. 

15.  The  i^t  of  A&ica, 


No,  IrihabJ 
£^,060,000 
l,5OOiOQ0 

i,ooo,(Deo 

1,000,000 

l,OO0,f)O0 

S,500i000 

440,0d0 

115S,00(^ 

118,000 

j50,000 

50,060^^ 

269,000 

4,oobiooo 
f   90;ooo 

80,000,000 


1 


Total    98/945,000 
Oeneraf  Descrlpiion,    Though  situated,  for  the  mOst  part 
uiiider  th'^  torrid  zone>  and  the  climate  excessively  hot,  the 
coasts  and  many  parts  of  the  country  are  well  peopled. 

The  natives  of  these  ftcorchihg  regin^is  woula  as  soon  ex-» 
pect  that  marble  should  melt  and  lliow  in  lic[uid  streams, 
as  that  water  should  be  congepied  by  cold  ind.  coipse  to 

The  nvers  in  this  p?.rt  of  the  globe  are  not  tO  be  bom- 
pared  with  niatiy  hi' the  other  quarters.  The  most  Con- 
aidera|)Ae  are  th^  Niger,;  Senegal,  Gambia^  and  Nile.    Tho 


Ante  A. 


«lt. 


Wger»  teeocding  to  Fixrky  rite*  in  a  chain  cf  lofty  ttbttn* 
Mlwt  north  Itfi.  11^,  An4mna  to  the  east.  Itsmoathhaa 
not  been  $8cdyeii'ed«  h>  annually  overflovrii  its  baukti 
fcrtiiizing  the  country,  fht!  Senegal  has  its  source  100 
miles  irest  from  tikat  of  toe  Nigj^r,  md  enters  thQ  Atlantib» 
lat.  Id  io  nofth*  The  bead  of  t^e  Gambia ri|s  more,  ^an 
100  noiltis  vr^iSt  from  th^  .<>f  (he  S«ci§gal ;  witli  tnatly  wind* 
ings,  ilt9  Course,  ia  nearly  we9t»t^l  it  enters  the  ocean,  lati*^  i 
tade  13  30  north,  llie  Nile  di^vJdes  Egypt  inta  two  partSi . 
and  discharger  itself  into  the  lidiidtterraineany  aftera.  p^o- 
digipnscouss^^  from  its  sptirce  in  Abyssinia.  - 

'rh"«u>st  considerable  niountaMis  in  Africa  are  the  A t^- 
fas,  a  ridge  extending  froin  the  .Western  ocean,  (to  which^ 
it  g  ve$  ttie  nai  le  of  Atlantic  ocean )  as  far  aiS  l^^pt*  The 
mountains  of  the  li^boa, ,  extending  themselves  between 
Ab^'ssinia  pid  Mpc^omopiata^  and  are  still  higher  thiin 
those nf  AtlaSi  Xhose  of  rSierra  Leona,^  br  'mountains  of 
-  the  Lions^whieli  divine  l^igritia  ftoni  Guinear  and  extend 
as  far  as  Kthiopia*  These  wer^  st^^led  by  the  ancients  the 
mouatainsof  God,  on. < account  p|  Uiewr  I  '  5  subject  to- 
thunder  »,nd'lighini»g. 

The  m<Mt- nc^ed  capes  or  promontories  in  this  country 
are  papa  Verd,  j©^^  called  befcause  the  land  is  always  cover- 
ed witllvgr^n*  trees  and  mossy  g^unds.  It  i'»  the  mote 
westerly  {Komt  of  the  cpf||tin#nt  of  Africa,  The  cap.e'of 
Obod  ftppe,  so  denotnibat^  l?y  tlie  Portuguese,  when  they 
#st  went  round  i^,  in  14^,  and  discovered  the  passage 
tcr  Asia,  is  th^^  li^ou^  e^Uremity  of  Africa,  in  Uie  cpuntrv  of 
the  Hittentots.  fhere  is  but  ':'ne  strait  in  /Africa,  which 
Is  called' Habelmandeo,  and  is  the  cptmnunication  hetweeu 
the  Red  sea  and  Uie  ijidian  ocean. 

Atrica  p»ice  cantained  sev^^ral  kingdoms  and  states,  em- 
inent for  tfatf  1-beraI  arts,  for  wealtli  and  piowet;,  and  t^e 
most  extensive  cpoimerce.  The  j^ijgdom|i:  pf ,  J^gypt  and 
Etn.apia,  ti.  particular^  were  much  Ceiebrated ;  and  the 
rich  ai»d  powerful  jjtate  of  Carthage,  that  once  formidable 
rivai  to  iiume  itseif,  extended  ht^r  conmierce  to  every  ~  part 
of  the  tiieii  known  world;  even*,  the  "British  shores  were 
visited  by  her  deets,  till  Ju  ja,  who  was  king  of  Mauritania, 
but  tributary  to  the  republic  of  Carthage,  unhappily  call- 
ed in  the  lioAnans,  who,  with  t[ie  assistance  of  the  Mauri-- 
tanianS)  subdu  3d  Carthage,  and  by  degrees  ail  the  neigh- 


ji 

f1 


!■'■   ■'V 


'9m: 


idWf*: 


boriiMjf  king^f  and  ttatet. »  ^^ifter  Mh  ^t  nitiV^,  <iMiii*  - 
itaiit^  l^utfderedi  mi  x^me^emy  iiu|K>yeriih£cl;  bv  the 
goVernoTf  setit  fifoor  I^onoie,  mf^^QUd  their  trilde,  and  ci4^ 
tivated' DO inbre  df  tl^r  imdi  t|iiixv  migHt  serveiDr  tH^r 
•ubsistdnce.  tJ^^  tne  decIiW  of  vie  Rclknni  eiii|>ir»^  ii» 
the'fifth  CiJiitiiryi  the  north  ^  Africa  wf*  ovtjf run  i)y.  tliie 
Vtiadals,  who  csontr^iuied  8t!!t  tiuim  tib  the  dt«t^uction  of 
<irt>  andscie^es  r  und^  tx)  aM  to'tbis'  eoutitt^'j^  (i^k^amity^ 
i^e  Saraceits  maoe  a  liiddeti  ^nmt^st  of  all  tn4  ffoa^  of 
]^ypt  and  B^anr,  in  the  seirentn  qtritur j.  Jhem ,  were 
f  liccee^ed  by  the  Turks  ;  and  both  being  of  the .  I^ohavfl^ 
etan  reUgion,  whose  proj^oni  carried  de^olatit^  wtth  thptn 
wherever  they  (Damei  the  ruin  bf  that  omse  flourishing  psat 
<[drthe  worid  was  theteb^A^^lii&^ 

liie  ihhahitafit4of  tm  tiontiheDt  With  respect  to  relijg- 
ien,  may  he  divided  ^ito  three  ^  sorts ;  Pagans,  J^ahonle- 
tans,  find  Christians.    The^st  have  b^^n  CiOnuder^ihQ. 
most  numeroos,  possessing  the  gret^est  part  of  thi^  CbQiti«  | 
-try,  from  flietr^c  of  Cancer  td'tlie  Cape^f  Oood  |^9pe> 
Iraing  general  black.    But'  recent  discoveries  lead  us  to 
•suppdse  the,  Mahometans  are  more  numerous,  vdio  ^  ^f  a 
tawny  complexion,  possessing  Egypt,  and  almost  tiH  the 
ncMrth^  shores  of  AiVica,  or  'what  is  called  the  Bsb^baiy 
toast,  wit^  many  tribes  in  the  inferior.  /The  p^^e  of 
Abyssinia  or  the  Cpp&r  Ethiopia,  are  d^otninated^ris^ 
lians,   but  retaitt  many  Fag^  and  J^^ISrpS.^^^^^^^'^^ 
furetdso  some  Jews  on  the  north  of  Aflirlcii.    -     ' 

There  are  Scarcely  any  two  niitioni,  ^Ir  inde^  ttnv  1^9-. 
learned  men,  that  agt^e  in  the  modern  diyiiiidiOsdfAiVi'^i 
and  for  this  reason,  that  scarcely  *any  ii'a^efe  h$&p&ii^ 
trated  into  the  heart  of  the  country  ;  cOnjse<|aent|Yi^  v^ 
hiUtit  frcknowbdge  our  ignorance  of  the  hounds*  and  eveiii 
the  names  of  several  of  the  inlaUd  nations,  which  ro^  ^ 
still  recii»»ned  among  t^e  uuki^own  abd  undiicc^tered  j^^ 
tif  th*  world. ',  ''■'■  ■■^'■■'  "■,;^ 


.     . "        .       ■-.  .^    ■.  ;.v.  A.    .,  .  ■  , 

THIS  once  celebrated  couhti^  is-boutided  oa  the  norti^ 

,|y  the  Mediterranean  ;  east  by  the  lied  sea,  and.l^sthmus 

«t'  6u;e2 ;  south  by  the  mountains  wliich  separate  it  frosf 


,J?^4"'M^>''-i 


t©f»- 


s^ 


K.\.: 


Ntfl>i« ;  i^t  by  tJio  ,d«fertt  of  H^yWa.    Itt  tengtii,  fimai 
lortlr  to  tOutibV  *n  500  tnHet ;  <•»  breadth  160. 

£^yMt  W  ifevidecl  ihti^  ^P|H»  8i4  I^^iw^;  the  former 
^Kteiiatttgin  »  101!^  ?m!  namnr  tiilley^  the  oatJIne  bein^ 
fortttetf  bt  t«^o  tlUges  of  iwmhtaini,  bej'oira  which  on  enca 
«iac,  «e^«»<Jy  deserts.  In  tWi^aifl^y.joflftthe  Sile,  <a^ 
celelmitod,  that  the  nathrte*,  iieiir^ ft*  «o?urcp  pay  to  it  4»r 
▼Ine  hbnow;  Lower  Egyiff  inchidei  nil  the  &}mm^o 
twecn  Caii"©  Knd  the  Medtiterranean,  on  -  the  north  %i<ik 
south,  and  betireen  Lybi^  and  Suet  on  the  e(»st  and  we*fc:  , 
Baif«ded>  by  tondy  de8erw,^it>contaln«  sli]^  of  land,  WeH 
cultivated  and  fertile,  on  the  borders  of  ti,ie  river  artd  ca- 
nal*; and  in  the  centre,  the  tract  cidled  the  Delt^,  Yorm- 
gd  by  the  branches  of  the  Nile*   ;      vC  ' 

The  climate  of  l^ypt  is'  Excessively  hot.    The  fertility 
ofits  soil,  and  the  exoellehce  of  its  production^  are  greatr 
;  W,  celArated  bv  ancient  writers.  A 

To  the  oversowing  of-  the  Nile,  Bgypt  is  ii^demedf^r 
i%»  fertility.  Its  increase,  oecasidned  oy  the  -iorfetpi^s^. 
rain  which  fell  yearly  on  the  ^oimtains  of;  Aby8Dinl»^  Wi 
not  much  pierceWed  tiA  die  summer  sojkitrce.  It  contixivief, 
in^reasiiig  till  near  the  end  of  Angust,  and  often  even  m,, 
September*  Tlie  Kilometer,  at  Elephantina,  ibrmeriydc^/ 
noted  to  wh^  degree  the  inundation  would  rise.  The  ex- 
perience of  ages  had  afforded  marks  known  to  those  whose 
trust  it  was  to  watch. 

Among  the  cultivated  pnodvetsiire  iice>  wheat,  barley^, 
liQtils^  millet,  flax,  be<ms,  mxgsir,  ctUiies,  and  niedicim^ 

The  fOvenMnent  is  composed  of  a  pacha,  sent  firomt 
Copslantmbple^  and  24  »wys,  who  are  at  the  hea4  of  the  ar- 
mies, and  enjoy  all  the  power.  The  rejd  natiwA  arothe 
Copta,  wh9  are  the  only  descendants  from  the  ancient  E- 
gyptians.  These  are  christians,;  though  numerous  supe|r- 
ttitioui  practiees  are  mingled  with  their  worships  The 
Arabs  constitute,  two  thirds  of  the  present '  inftalHtaiits.. ' 
there  are  a  few  Turks,  and  some  Syrians,  Greeka,and 
Jews.    The  amount  of  the  whole  is  about  4,OOO,(X)0i 

The  sj^endid  and  rhagnSlcietit  ruins,  found  in  Egypt,, 
give  evident  proo&  of  the  enli^hted  understanding  of  Uie 
ancient  inha]bitants.    The  pyramids  are  reckoned  one  ot 
the  greatest  woriders  of  flie  world;  the  largest  takes  up. 
eleven  acres  of  i^round^  and  is  500  teet  itt  pejpendicul^ 


fx  • 


7J 


-$m. 


WBIA,  DAH-FOOR. 


Mbighti    Here  i^e  fouii4  cavenu  containing  riiuniniief#' 
«moaimed  bodief,  iv^ch  are  found  In  coffins,  standing  up- 
tigbtj  where  it  is  suj^poied.  thc^  have  continued  4000  yean.^ 
'  Albxanoria«  on  the^^4ite»aQean.8ea,  40  mUesweftj 
ef  the  Kile*  was.  once  the  emporium  (^  aU  iro  worlij 
RbsBTTA,  2$  miles  west  of  Al«xandk '      s  a  place  of  great 
l^ade.    C AiRQ,^  the  present  ci^itid  of     ,ypt,  M  a  large  aiul 
Ijopulous,  but  a  disa^eable  |flace  On  uccouf'^.  of  its  pef. 
dlential  air  and  narrow  streets.    The  ^ther  towns,  of  nott 
in  £gypt,  arepAMisTA,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Pel u. 
sium  ;   SAto,  the    ancient  Thebes ;  and  buiz»  a  seaport 
i^  thti  .Hea  ;Sea.  /'         -■    •;r,,';;>; 


'■• 'l'-^  -■,'.'-;;'     ''■  fl'..  ,'  .■'■..  '  "^'r'    ^*'';.' '•';•■  jilt,.    '  :'■ 

TO  tlie  south  of  Egypt  lies  the  kingdom  of  KuEta,  sr 
itenaar.  The  Nile  runs  through  it ;  on  the  baivks-of  tlif 
mer  it  is  firiutful,  but  in  other  places  barr«i>n,sttiidyv  and 
deititute  of  water.  The  inkibitantd;  make  tbieir  bread  and 
drink  of  a  smell  seed,  cailt- d  doca,  or  seff,  which  is  very 
ill  tasted.  Their  houses  have '  mud  walU^  are  very  low, 
and  are  covered  with  reeds.^  The  dress  of  the'  better  sort 
la  a  vest  w^out-sleeves,  and  they  have  no  coverings  for 
their  heads,  .legs  and*  feet.  .The  common  people  wrap  a 
piece  of  ijneii  cloth  about  them,  and  the  children  go  quite 
naked.  They  are  a  stupid,'  dtubauched  people,  professing 
to  be  M^nmetans.  The  producti(Mis  of  the  country  ace 
gold,  elephant's  teeth,  civet,  and  saiidai  wood ;  and  a  great 
many  slaves  are  sent  into  Egypt.  The  nrincij.al  townif- 
InowntQ^e  Europeans,  ore  DangolaandSenna;.^. 


DAR-FOOR, 


av- 


is a  k'ngdom  of  Africa,  whose  population  is  supposed 
10  be' 200,000  souls.  The  territory  is  extensive  and  woody. 
In  the  dry  seasoti,  nothing  but  ^arreimess  is  visible;  m 
riie '  rainy;  the  countrj?  v  covered  with  vegetation^  ,  The 
/mhabitants  are  Mahometangl  It  Mies  southei^st  of  Berg  go, 
and  west  of  Kordofan;-  - 


ABYssimA,  EAitBM  (cronnr:. 


ABYSSINf  A, 

THIS  kingdom  lies  iioutfi  of  Semuur  and  Dar-Pomr»  900' 
leagues  long  dnd  ,  280  broadi  The  ftiviliics  of  the  country^' 
it  g'^ngraliy  ragged  and  nioantaini>ua,  abounding  in  for- 
osts  and  morastes.  It  is  aJao  inCt^rspened  with  some  fer- 
tile valieyi  and  plaint.  Heaides  the  Nilt^,.  which  hag  itt' 
source  in  this  country,  there  are  some  other  large  rivers;  ■ 
The  prinoipolcoUeotion  of  water  is  the  lake  or  sea  of 
Dembea* 

The  climate  of  Abyssinia  is- tolerable.^  The  rainy  sea* 
son  begins  in  May  and  last»  till  September.  The  inhabi- 
tants, l,80(),0fX)  in  number,  are  christians,  Mahometans^ 
Jews  and-  Pagans.  The  prbteitoed  religion  of  the  countrv^ 
is  Christianity ;  but  it  is  mixed  with  many  Pagan  wad 
Jewish  ceremonies.  Their  houses  are  vtiy  mean*  The^ 
crown  is  hereditary.  The  capital  punishments  are  cruci*' 
fidiion,  flf^4ng  aiivei  stom'og,  and  plucking  out  the  eyea. 

EASTERN  COAST. 

THE  eastern  ooost  of  Africa,  from  ;di«  entrance  of  the- 
Red  sea  to  the  Cape^  of  Good  Hope,  is  but  Httle  known.- 
Jt  is  .possessed  by  numerous  tnbes>  fortiitng«tatesand4nng«' 
doms  independent  of  each  etiier. 

The  coast  of  Aj an  extends  1500  leagues  alon^  the  In- 
dian ocean,  arid  is  divided  into  several  states  or  kingdoms,., 
tlte  principal  of  which  are  Adel  and  Mf^adoxo.  The 
country  Is  fertile,  prodocing  plenty  of  provisidws*  It.  car- 
ries on  a  profittfble  conime^ce  of  pruvi^ons  asid  horse s- 
nvhich  are  exchanged  with  foreign  merchanis  for  silks',  cot»' 
tons,  and  other  doths.     TI>e  inhabitants  are  Matiomeiansw^ 

Zanouebar  lies  between  3  degrees  north  a(od  It  souiJ^ 
latitude.  J^t  includes  several  pet^  kingdoms,  in  which 
the  PotugUese  have  settlements.  The  inhabitants,  except 
those  converted  by  the  Portuguese,  are  either  Muhonie> 
tans  or  Pagans,  the  latter  inudi  the  most  numerous.  The 
ptiiicipai  states  are  M^mbaKa,  L^rao,  M>etinda;  Quiola,. 
Montoibique  and  Sttfela.    The  Portuguese  trade  for  slay«»^. 


119     80UTIIB1IK  AKI>  W£$TBBH  COAfl(ri: 

Ivorjr,  gold,  oftrich  feaUiert»  vax»  and  dnigt.  Thefir*^ 
Auctions  are  much  thciiaf  aiiii  oiber  parti  of  AiUcai 
liotireen  the  tropicf.       ' 


:^. 


SOUTHERN  PARTTS* 


THE  country  ef  the  Hottentota  co?en  thfe  fDHtheiB) 
point  of  Africa ;  bounded  north  by  countriea  unknown ;; 
f  outheast,  aduth  and  welt  by  the  sea*  The  coast  ti  moun- 
tainous, indented  by  bayt*  There  are  no  considerable 
kingdoms  throughout  thia  extensive  country  ^  the  whole 
is  inhabited  by  different  tribes  of  Hotteatoto  governed  by 
chiefs,  who  have  no  fixed  residence,  living  like  the  Arab» 
m  hutt  or  portable  houses,  and  removing  their  villages 
whenever  the  pasture  becomes  too  bare  for  the  subsistanco 
of  their  cattle.  I 

At  the  southern  jKunt  of  the  continent,  i«  the  CAf  &  or  1 
6000  Hope,  containing  a  town,  in  which  are  about  550O 
whites,^^  and  10;00ObIacks«    I^  was  settled  by  the  Portu- 
guese and  Dutch,  but  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1809». 
■od  Mill  remains  in  their  postieMioo.  ^ 


WESTERN  coast:. 

CONGO  is  a  general  name  for  the  country  between  thr 
•quinoxial  line  and  18  degrees  south  latitude,  containing 
the  kingdoms  of  Congo  proper^  .  Loango»,  Angola,  and 
Bengueia.  It  was  discovered.  biiF  tlie  Portuguese,  i4&l* 
It  is  sonetimes  called  Li>WBr  tiuinea;-  The  Portuguese 
have  a  great  many  8ettl<}meuts  on  the  coast,  as  well  as  in 
the  inland  country..  There  are  many  desert  places  within 
land,  in  which  are  elephants,  tigers,  leopards,  monkeys,  ind 
monstrous  bejrpents ;  but  near  the  coas^  the  soil  is  exceed- 
ingiy  fertile;  and  there  are  fruits  iarf  many  kinds,  besides 
pdm  trees,,  from  which  the  inhabitants  get  wine  and  oil. 
They  are  skillful  in;  weaving  cotton  cloth.  Their  articles 
of  trafiic  are  slaves,  cassia,  ivory,  and  tamarinds.  'The 
grater  part  (^  them  go  almost  naked.  They  worship  tha 
•un,  moon,  and  atars,  and  tdso  ainimals  of  different  kmds  ^ 
llHt.thf.  Portuguese  have  made  ipirany  cdnverli  to  Chri«tii»»» 


STATES  OF BARBAEt.^^OROCCa        W- 

ftf.  GMgts  frim^iiB^MM,  if  odI^  IMmflci  bratdt 
aloog  the  cofwtt  biU  ii  971  Mind.  Flrom  March  to  8«f^ 
tember  it  tiu»  winter  ttiifoii,  when  it  raink  aimoft  «very 
day ;  imd  the  •ununitr  ia  Hfm  Detober  to  Mardi,  whea 
,ihe  weathur  it  very  hou  The  river  Zake  ife  full  oi^  cniipo- 
dilet  and  river  horaet.    The  priocipattoini  .ia  8t.  Sahrador. 

Uppili:»GviMaA,  so  called  to  distiaguiah  it  from  Congo, 
m  divided  into  three  purta }  the  Oraift  coaat,  Guinea  prop- 
er, and  QeaiOf  and  exteiula  about  500  leaguea  along  too 
coast.  The  Grrfhi  coaat  produces  ri^e,  peat*  beana,  lem* 
ons,  indigo,  and  cotton.  The  Europeaaf  have  no  lettio* 
ments  here.    The  principal  traffic  w  in  alavea. 

The  Gold  Coa^  r  ia  «o  named  fiom  tl»e  immenae  quan* 
tities  of.  gold  itttroducufl.    The  climate  ia  very  hot.    £u 
ropeaoi  have  aievr  aettlementa  here*    The  aoil  i*  very  fei^ 
tile.    The  inlubitants  are  richf  and  live  in  great  harmon);. 

The  Ivory  CoAiiT  lies  betweeii  Cape  Appollonig  and 
JCape  Faimoa  containing  aeverat  towns,  aicuated  at  tl^e 
in  jutha  of  rivera  called  bv  -the  a&qie  names*  Tba '  interior 
country  iM  little  knowrn,  the  natives  retusing  -the  Eui  opeana. 
leave  to  suttiiSj  or  even  io  tr^  antong  them,  except  by 
meaa«  of  the  Ooast  negreea,  and  this  with  cautiou.  The 
ciiiof  (liotil'tiadities  are  gold,  ivory,  and  slaves^  The  inhtib^ 
itants  of  this  district  nave  been  more  careful  to  deicnd 
.themselves  againift  the  assaulta  of  tlie  slave  ships,  than  most 
of  their  countrymen.  SiMpicitm  and  jealousy  jure  their  pv». 
dominant  qualiti^ 


STATES  OF  BARBARY. 

' ",  '  ' '     ' 

BAkBAHY  is  an  extensive  country,  stretching  !flf)^ 
miles  along  ^e  Modit^franean»  and  between  300  at  *  \:^ 
iniancC  Xi  is  divided^  into  $  kingdoms^  Morocco;  Fea» 
Algiers,  Tunis,  >id  JAfoVL 


MGROeCO, 

THE  empire  of  Moroi^o  comprehends  a  contiderable 
part  of  the  ancient  Mauritania,  lying  between  28  and  d6* 
nrfeh  latitudo  i  bounded  wast  tipr  tha  Atlaatia ;  aaat  hy 


^«ii 


Montoceciu 


■:>. 


•ike  vitef  Miilfw,  w?»ch  Bef^m^n^  /<«o|»  Algteit  i*ist^ 
by.  the  straits  oi'  Qipraltai^f  ijioadli  hy  Mei^ot  Ati«8.  Ita 
sgreate«it  length  from  i^iftii a^. to  ftoi«lIiiyiiP«t„  In. above  590 
aiU^,  i(ad  where  w^46»ir,.Dat  mart;  than  .^ 

Th'i  air  u  temp,^r«ite,  vspuCiially  near  r^uu^t  Atltii; 
ith&  8oii  aaqtly  and/uty^uvaoiae  place's,  aad  fertile  in  o']^'-  ri. 

Ti\;3  numhciir  df  iiiMlUaiits  t«  .eoti'-nat^-.d  at  5^00()}00a 
Thoir  rcl|||i0n  is  IVI  iHfl^etiiiMjSiiu  <Fhpy  are  jroiiUft,  aiid 
.•kinii)l  in  i|iiMn%it%  u  h€ti6e,:arid  ivieid^ng  a  iaiH^C;  but 
^«aWiw  decej^uli  ^p&rittitiow^,  U(!d  cri}4l. 

'I'hire  are  nii»iv|r  ChriHtian  »lavea  attd.  some  merdi£Uits  on 
^ri^e<!oa»t,  bfc;|udes  a  iruitiioi^ie  of  Jeiv>,  Mrho,  C4irrv  pa  al- 
most aJil  the  irade ;  ^egpeciaily  by  land,  with  the  lu giocg, 
to  whv^n  they- send  large  car  fivans,  which  carry  with  tJKia 
W^t>owen  gnoabiv  silk,  8ait»-^TCi  and  ^^^i^  rctwrji  have  aiav^gj 
^l^okli  aaa  et«pharit'^jstv;eth^  -^  J 

In  ^u  desprts  aire  tipasj,  tigers^  leopards,  aod.  fiexpx'nti 
^f>  several  kinds.  The  fruits  are  dafttty-fi^s,  ainwmds,  lem* 
onav  oranges/  and  pc^uegrqnates.  They  have  also  |lujf49d 
jwrop,  but  lililo  tiiuber,  •'' 

Tlte  emperor  i^  uWiutu  ;,  be  oft^  ex<ercit€«  griBj|t  cru- 
elties. His  naval  f<t>ree  cons^uto:  tfhieiiy  of ,,  rovisrR,  wlio 
iurnctiraes  take  large  prizes.  He  canv  bring  1Q(),0P0  men 
into  the  field,  half  of.  whieh^iare  foot,  and  half  hoite;  but 
they  are'poofly  umied,  and  know  little  «^fcht)  art  of  war. 

iVfoRoocO}  ih«  capital,  is  in<  a  beauitifiU  valley,  fopmdl 
i»y  a  chain  of  mountains  noi'th,  and  ^  those  of vtUe  Atlai 
south  and  east.  The  city,  exposed  to  the  devastations  of 
diSi^rent  connuerors,  has  prt^erved.  nothing  but  its  fprm. 
I'he  extent  oV  the  Walls,  «:hit5^  jret^nian  almost  entire,  sup- 
poses a  city  that  might  contain  300,(XK)  souls:  at  present 
^t  is  little  h^^tter  than Jides^t.  The  ruins  t)fhoiuifi»a«rve 
onily  to  harbor  tluevt^s,  who  lurk  th^e  to  fobj^^jpers. 
The  einparoff's  pala<:e«  at  the  oxtremity  of  tlie  oity,,frpnt- 
ivkg'  Mount  Atlas,,  is  a  very  extensive ^anid  solid  building. 
/Th^  t>rihcipal  gates  fire  Ootnic  arches,  of  cut  stone,  embel- 
lished with  ornaments  in  the  Ardl>ian  taste.  Within  tht 
walls  are  various  courts  and  gard(i|U5,  ekgantly  laid  out 
by  European  gardeners.  : ; «  ^   _  x 

The  kingdom  of  Vtz  is  united  to  the  empire  of  Meroc- 

ifO.    Its  capital,  of  tl)£  same  nume«  is  ponsidered  by  the 

JiCftSPt  as  ft  sacTwid  asyluija^jtQd  m  object  ef  devotio> 


4/- 


ALGIERS. 


S4» 


Hill  «it/»  which  in  p^t  ages  attracted  the  attention  of 
travellers,  is  not  preferable  to  the  other  cities  of  the  em> 
pire,  eiCcept  by  its  situation,  schools,  industry,  and  sorae^ 
what  more  by  tts  urbanity.    It  has  80,000  inhabitantst 


ALGIERS. 

THE  kingdom  of  Algiers  comprehends  part  of  the  «x^ 
lient  Mauritania,  which  included,  the  ancient  Numidia, 
and  forms  one  of  the  most  considerable  districts  of  the 
coast  of  Barbary.  It  is  bounded  north  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean, east  by  the  river  Zane,  which  divides  it  from  Tunis  ; 
west  by  the  MaiUopiah,  and  the  mountains  of  Trara,  whick 
teparate  it  from  Morocco,  south  by  the  Salwra,  or  Numid- 
iaa  desert.  The  superticial  extent  of  the  whole  kingdom 
amounts^  according  to  the  calculation  of  M.  Von  Zach,  t» 
4<262  geographical  square  miles,  and  contain^  1,500,000  in^ 
habitants^ 

The  territory  of  Algiers  is  principally  distinguished  by 
its  capital.  Half  a  mil^e  northeast  of  the  city  commence* 
the  plain  of  Mettijiah,  which  stretches  50  miles  in"  lengtk 
and  20  in  br«adth,  as  far  as  the  branch  of  Mount  Atlas,  at 
the  foot  of  which  lies  the  town  of  Beiida.  This  plain  is  bet- 
ter cultivated  than  the  other  districts  of  the  kingdom.  The 
country  seats  and  mascharciis,  as  they  call  the  farms  of  the 
principal  iniiabit^ints  of  Algiers,  are  found  in^  these  plains-; 
and  it  is  chieHy  from  them  that  the  metropolis  is  supplied 
witli  provisions.  The  strength  of  the  kingdom  consists  iai 
its  land  and  sea  forces.  Its  strong  cities  are  few,  and  it  ha* 
fewer  garrisons,  whicli  are  weakly  fortified  and  guarded. 

The  naval  force  of  Algiers  is  more  formidable  than  it* 
army.  It  consists  of  20  ships ;  one  of  which  belongs  to  - 
tha  government,  and  is  assigned  to  the  admiral :  all  tlie: 
fest  belong  to  private  persons.  The  commerce  of  Algieni 
is  principally  carried  on  by  their  corsairs  or  pirates.  Free 
Christians,  Jews,  native  or  foreign,  Arabians  and  Moors^ 
are  permitted  to  exercise  a  free  commerce,  both  by  sea  and 
laoJ,  togetlier  with  other  trades  and  manufactures  in  silk, 
cotton,  wool,  leather,  and  other  commodities* 

Thfe  religion  of  the  Algerines  differs  from  that  of  the 
Torks  only  in  their  adopting  a  greater  variety  of  superstt- 
F  » 


m~ 


8^ 


TUNIS. 


tions.  They  acknawl edge  the  Korftn  as  tbis  rule  of  diei^ 
fhith  and  practice,  but  are  renfilss  in  the  observance  of  it. 
The  {jopuiatioh  of  Algiers  is  less  than  in  other  conntries 
of  ithe  same  extent,  where  arts,  sciences,  and  indu«*try  are 
not  so  much  restrained.  The  number  or  Turiis  here  is 
hbout  9  o^  10,000.  Beside  these  are  the  Moors,  a  degrade 
ed  people ;  and  the  Arabian  tribes,  who,  without  blending 
with  the  Moors,  or  mofet  ancient  possessors  of  the  country, 
hare  aniibrinly  hlaintained  their  separation  from  others, 
partly  in  a  state  of  independence,,  and  partly  as  tributarieg 
t^  the  Dey, 

ALGiKas,^  the  capital  of  the  kingdomj  is  built  on  the  de^ 
clivity  of  a  mountain,  and  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphithea- 
tra,  next  the  harbovtr.     The  houses,  apparently  rismg  one 
above  another,  make  a  very  fine  ap|peartmce  from  the  sea,. 
The  tops  are  9II  flat ;  and  the  inhabitants  walk  upon  then) 
in  the  evening  to  ta^e  the  air;  besides,  , they  are  covered 
«ritli  earth,  and  serve  for  gardens,     rhe  streets  are'  nar*  \ 
row, and  serve  to  keep  oft*  the  extreme  heat  of  the  sun. 
The  mole  I'i  the  harbour  is  500  pac(?s  in  length,  extending 
from  the  ountinent  to  a  small  island,  V^here  there  is  a  large 
battery    )t'  guns.     The  to^ii  is  said  by  some  to  contaiii 
about  1  >:>,(. •<  0  inliabitants  ;  others  say  100,000  Mahome- 
tans,  1  :,(K0  jews,  and  2000  Christian  slaves;  others  re- 
duce t'le  r.umber  of  all  to  80,000.     Their  chief  subsistence 
is  derived  from  their  piracies  ;  ftfr  they  make  prizes  of  the 
ships  of  all  Christian  nations,  that  are  nqt  at  peace  wit)|pi 
them.  * 

:     TUNIS.      ^^^    , 

THE  kingdom  of  Tunis  is  bounded  north  by  tj^e  Medi^ 
terranean,  east  by  that^ea  and  Tripoli,  south  and  south- 
west by  Biledu'getid,  west  by  Algiers  It  extends  tJOQ 
iniies  from  east  to  west,  and  230  from  north  to  south. 

The  air'  in  general  is  healthy,  but  the  b.pil  in  the  east 

Sart  but  indifterent,  for  want  of  water.  Toward  the  mid- 
le,  the  raottiitains  and  valleys  abound  in  fruits>  but  the 
west  part  is  the  most  fertile,  being  watered  by  riveri^.  The 
t^irons  of  Tunis  are  very  dry,  on  which  account  corn  if 

Cerally  dear.     The  inroads  of  the  Arabs  oblige  the  in- 
iianto  to  sow  their  barley  and  ry«  ia  the  suburbs,  akA 


,         ,  '        T'  ere  are  p^^'^^y  ^ 

titroo'o  '«"S2'o««  ««^''  ""ll'^wnd  beeves.  <«tt.ch- 

'  Tunis  Iv^s^'O^t^oUen  doth,    tn  tbc  cay  y,.,ve 

,\80  a  trade  m  hors.s,  ;„. 

»"  ^-*"r?,«sHea  religion  is  M^tX^-'^,  ""^  ^^"■"• 

la,  about  ten  miles  fogies  in  pi^-f SwV.  «'*  V'"1«J 

nisi*"' ^f" ',  „,  hauehtiness  ot  the  Aige  ^  ^^ericansJ 
ef  the  insolent  haug^j^^.^^  ^'^PtwVrBtatcs,  b^v-ni 
Bovsrnment  are  tra.i».  gntlsevirai  ^'tL  .ivi  rcspectj 
Cgli*.  F'"^"*^  wf  reated  with  '=""J''y  ,^„t,,  bU^ 


TRIPOLI. 


u  K«  the  Medlterraneal 

TRipou  is  ^^t:tt^  "^  '^r'wrptt 

•ast  iw  the.  tV^^'-'-,^  ^^*       Iris  a  tortile  counts  V'\^.^^    J 

B;le<lu*b'-^"^*''^  ;^  a  desert.     U  ^    >^;^     *       ^,t-  ak^n] 
^st  part,  which        *;j^i,,,.     U  had  tae  Ui.       ^^^^  j 

co..t ;  th.  br  3ad^;^    J^^,,,.  governed  by  a  ci^y^ 


352 


'/RIPOUR 


Si-* 


.•'fi'? 


.gaiaked  itoto  MalHtin^  ftitd'' Xhland ;  the  inhabitants  tf  tic^ 
foroiet  chiefiy  subsist  npon  commerce  and  piracy  ;  the 
latter  on  plunder  and  rnbbeiyv  Each  division  has  some 
cities,  towns,  and  villages,  most  of  whi<ih  are  very  poor, 
and  thinly  inhabited.  -  These  people  are  reduced  to  the 
lowest  degree  of  misery  and  wretchedness,  through  the 
«ruel  exactness  of  the  go  ;rnment,  or  the  frequent  depre- 
dations of  the  Arabs.  ' 

Tile  government^  reiigioi,  laws,  and  customs  of  this 
kingdom  are  the  same  with  those  of  Algiers  and  Tuni». 
''Tlie  revenues  aiise  chie%  frc^ni  their  corsairs,  which  sel- 
dom exceed  seven  or  eight;  and  of  these  only  one  can  pr6- 
periy  be  styled  a  ship  ;  the  rest  are  small  galleys,  poorLji; 
manned  and  equipped. 

Their  commerce  chieBy  consists  in  slaves,  either  such- 
a&  are  taken  by  their  corsairs,  or  such  aS  they  traffic  fot: 
with  their  ri^ighbors ;  the  greatest  part  of  both  they  svnd 
into  Turkey,  where  they  can  dispose  of  them  to  the  best 
advantage* 

One  circumstance  in  the  conduct  of  this  regency,  de- 
serves notice ;  ichey  are  more  scrupulous  observers  of  theit 
treaties,  with  other- nations  t)ian  any  of  their  neighbor». 
which  punctuality,  whether  it  proceeds  from  real  probity, 
•r  a  consciousness  of  their  own  weakness,  is  nevertheless  of 
mo  small  advantage  to-  navigation  and  commerce* 

Tripoli,  the  capital,  retains  but  few  traces  of  its  ancient 
^lendor;  the  houses  are  low  and  mean,  and  tlie  streets 
.Barrow,  dirty^  and  irregular  ;  there  are,  however,  some 
monuments  still  standing,  which  evince  its  former  magiiifi- 
•ence ;  particulaply  a  triumphal  arch,  one  half  of  which  now 
[JKes  buried  in  the  sand. 

The  country  around  is  adorned  with  a  multipUcity  of 
[jlandsome  villas,  (Cultivated  chiefly  by  ChHstianslav  as. 

BARCA,  the  ancient  Lybia,  lies  between  Tripoli  and-- 
I^Egypt,  and  is  governed  by  a  sangiac,  dependent  on  the 
[bashaw  of  Tripoli.     The  climate  is  very  unequal  ;  along 
le  coasts  the  land  it  fertile  and  well  peopled,  but  the  in- 
jrior  is  sterile  and  desert.     Through  tliis  dreary,  and  in-  . 
lospitable  region,  so  fatal  to  Cambiyses '  and  his  followers, 
rur  gallant  countryman.  General  Eaton,  during  the  late 
[ostilities  with  Trlpoh,  led  a  srrtall,  but  intrepid  band  of 
\9^:i.  i«%\\»  iittatii  ef  Puni^.    They  left  Egypt  ia.  thsj- 


JiFRtCAN^  ISliANDlS. 


55i 


py  ;  the 

■®>  Some 

poor, 

to  the 

|h  the 

Bepre- 

\of  this 

'h  fiel. 

poor^ 

;  «uck 
PC  fot 

best       * 

t  dc» 
theif 

bitj, 
S8  oF 

lent 

iifi- 

of 

d--  ' 

V 


1egii)ning  of  April,  1805,  crossed  the  desert  of  Barca, 
a!»l  fwi"  -^'iCaJiU;  riri^  excessive  hmdjjhips  and  fatigue, 
arr  ved  .i>efore  Derne,  on  ^ he  frontiers  of  Tripoli,  which 
1 1  y  to  I  ^  3y  Sioriri  on  tiie  27li»  of  tlie  sjyne  nunth  ;  at- 
tack id  i>»d  put  to  route  the  army  of  thj'&ashavy,  sent  to 
oppjse  their  progress;  a.i  I  coatnrjuteJ  tiijst  effectually 
to  CO  upji  that  insolent  power  to  enter  into  an  immediate 
tr.;.ity  of  pcjace  wi(h  the-  United  States ;  hy  which  a  great 
number  i  f  Ainericans,  the  prisoners  at  Tripolj  were,  re- 
stored  to  freetlo-ii  and  th^-u*  country- 

Hjre  was  t'lo  tanipie  of  j!n>'ter  Vmmon,  «o  dlflioult^i 
acceiss  on  accouat  of  (he  burning  8auus«. 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS.     # 


AT  the  mouth  of  the  Ked  sea  lies  the  island  of  Zoca" 
ita,  beionji^ing';  to  the  Arabs.  It  is  a  pupiuous  uiid  plenti- 
ful country,  and  ptuvtiowlarly  noted  for  allies. 

Madagascar  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  a  chan- 
nel, called  the  clunnef  of  MosaiwOique.     This  island  is  800' 
rniies  long,  150  broad,-  divided  into  28  provinces,  and  wa- 
Jtcred  by  inOfrie  considerable  rivt-rs.     Its  populatioft  is  esti- 
mated at  4«,00<»>00^),  who  are  Arabs  and  negroes. 

Ttie  country  produces  oxen,  sheep,  goats,  and  cotton  in 
abundance.  £bony,  gum  guttae,  cucua;hers^  peas,  heans, 
barley)  rice,  atid  citrons,  are  plenty.  Cardaman  plants, 
banana,  and  orange  trees  flourish.  Hock  crystals,  copper, 
silver,  gold,  iron,  and  precious  stones  are  found .  here.  A 
^reat  variety  oi'  ortiamentat  plants,  of  fruit  trees,  aiid  vaiU^ 
able  timber,  grow  on  this  island. 

Porto  Santo,  is  a  small  island  about  20  miles  in  com- 
pass, in  iat.  S2  55  N,  and  125  leagues  W.  of  cape  Blan- 
co ;  discovered  and  possessed  by  the  Portuguese.  It  has 
cMie  good  harbor,  safe  from  all  winds  but  the  southwest. 
Hcr^  the  luilia  ships  usually  t:top  t  >  refit,  both  going  and 
returning.  The  island  is  inhabited  by  Portuguese,  is  very 
cich,  aOd  produces  wheat  and  maize,  cattle,  wild  boars. 


/'  yj 


*'-5h 


APinCAN  ISLANDS. 


Dragon's  blood,  honey,  wax,  and  figb^  ate 


and  rabbits, 
exported. 

Maosira.  Thefbrov  of  Madeira  is  a  triangle,  150 
miles  in  circuit,  lying  in  lat.  32  90  N.  aad  ion.  }6  50  ^^\ 
1^20  leagues  vfest  of  caf»e  Cantin.  It  is  divided  into  i^o. 
provinces.  The  Pprtur/uese  discovered  it  in  1131.  The 
population  is  said  to  auiount  to  70,000.  The  forcir^  are 
150  infantry,  and  2000  miUtia,  Fnnchaf,  the  *  I'pitnl.  \% 
in  a  valley,  on  the  S.  cci^t.  T!r>3  harboi  is  defended  Ly 
feveral  batteries,  and  a  castle.  Tbc^  town  is  diviuo  d  into 
-aix  paritihes,  and  contains  wix  convent^,  an  many  churches, 
and  about  15,000  inhabitants^  consii^ting  of  Portuguese, 
French,  English^, Irish,  mulattots,  and  blacks.  The  prin- 
cipal merchants  are  English  md  Irlbh  catholics,  thon^H 
tlu:;  island  belongs  to  PurtugaL  The  climate  \&  agrceabk 
and  the  soil  very  fertile.  The  chief  expoita  are  MaCeira^ 
wine,  SOjO^'X).  hoii^^heads,  and  sweet  meats.  Every  species^ 
•f  tropical  iVuit  gr.ivvs  to  perfection.  ,         \ 

The  Canajuv  u  belonging  to  the  Spaniacdi!!,  are  famous- 
Ibr  Canary  wii>i .  1  he  ancients  called  them  the  Fortunate 
Isles,  "iiuy  me  10  or  12  in  number  ;  the' chit  f  are  Great 
Canary,  feneriife,  Gomera  and  Ftrro.  Tencr;!*B  is  nmch. 
•n'cumi/ered  with  mountains.  The  peak  is  an  ascent  in  the 
^rm  of  a  sugar  loaf  15  mites  in  circumfecencet*  and  1^^26S; 
fecit  high,     ft. is  a  volcano.v 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  mild.     The  soil  is^  general* 
ly  fertile.    -The  articles  of  culture  are  tlie  viiie,  su^ar  cane, 
cotton,  wheat,  barley,  and  rice.    All  the  islands  art  well. 
j»upplied  with  cattk>. 

Cape  VfiRi)  Islands.  These  are  a:' cluster  of  islands, 
130  leagues  W.  of-  Cape  Verd,  between  lat.  i6  and  18  N* 
.^he  principal  are  St.  Anthony,  8t.  Vincent,  ijlt.  Nich- 
olas, Boaavista,  and  8t.  Jago.  They  have  lonj;  belonged; 
to  the  Portuguose.  The  inhabitants  of  all  are  said  to 
amount  to  100,000.  By  long  residence,  and  by  intermix- 
ture, they  have  become  nearly  of  the  negro  complexion 
and  features.  The  manufactures  of  leather  and  salt  form 
the  principal  riches.  The  soil  is  indifferent.  Tropical 
fruits  abound.  \ 

Gouee.  This  is  a  little  island,  two  miles  in  circuil^ 
^^e  If  ihe  coast,  S.  of  Cape  Verd.    The  Dutch.  {)Uate# 


AFitrcAN  islands; 


S«5 


^  fi«fi,  ate 

*ngl6,  150, 
^6  50  W. 

■  mto  t?yo. 

^urci  :*  are 

tended  l>y 
viucd  inta 

churches, 
'ortujTuese, 

^  he  prin- 
ts, tho.ijri. 

e  Madeira, 
-ry  specie*, 
1 
tfe  famoui. 
Fartunatc 
are  Great 
^tr  is  much 
^t?nt  in  tile 

^^general- 
'i^ar  cane, 
s  are  well, 

f  isiandSf 

H.  Nich- 

belonged- 

'  said  to 

"termix^ 

Jipiexion 

«lt  forin 

Tropical 

circuit 


il  m  1617.    The  French  drove  them  out  ir.  1677,  and  were 
lately  driven  out  by  tlie  English. 

Ferdixamdo  Po  is  about  30  leagues  in  circuit,  in  lat» 
S  20,  N.  and  Ion.  10  45  E.  near  the  coast  of  Benin.^  It 
belongs  to  Spain,  is  hi^h,  has  a  fertile  soil,  and  protduces 
manioc,  sugar,  rice,  fruits,  and  tobacco. 

Princk's  Island- lies  directly  S.  of  the  former,  in  lit.. 
i  31  N.  20  leagues  in  ciccuit.    The  town  on  the  IV.  coast; 
Uas  a  good  harbor,  and  contains  200  houses.     The  soil  ' 
is  good,  and  the  produce  like  that  of  Fernando  Po.    It  be- 
longs to  Spain.    " 

STi  Thomas  is  about  20  Jeaguea  in  circuit,  and  lies^- 
iittle  W.  of  S.  from  Princv.'s  island,  directly  under  the 
equator,  and  about  50  leagues  N.  W.  by  WV  from  cape 
Lopez.  It  was  dwcoVered  ami  settled  by  the  Portuguese, 
in  1460,  and  made  a  sort  of  Botawy  Bay  for  tlie  heroes  of 
the  Lisbon  Old  Bailey..  These  are  now  aiaalgamatcd  with. 
the  negroes. 

Annabon  is  a  High,  mountainous,  and  fertile  island, 
.about  6  ieagaes  in  circuit,  in  latitude  1^45' south,  80 
leagues  from  cape  Lopez.  It  w«ts  settled  by  the  Portu** 
guese  and  is  said  now  to  belong  to  Spatpi. 

St.  Matiiew.  The, Portuguese  discovered  it  ip  1516»- 
and  soon  after  settled  it.     It  lieain  lat.  1  45  S^ 

Ascension.  Lat.  7  56  30  8.  Ion.  U  22  hi  W.  ig  10 
miles  long  aiid  5  or  6  broad.  It  is  barren  and  desolatt,  butr 
abounds  with  turtle.. 

St.  Helena  i&  a  beautiful  island,  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, belonging  to  the  English  East  India  Company. 
It  has  some  highv  mountains,  particid  rly  one  cajled  Dw 
ana'4  Peak,  which  is  covered  with  wood  to  the  very  top.. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  does  not  e^LQeed  2000,  includ- 
ing near  500  soldiers  and  61^0  slave?,  who  are  supplied 
with  all  sorts  of  manufactures- by  the  company's  ships  in 
return  for  refreshments.  It  lies  between  the  continents  of 
Africa  and  South  America,  about  1200  miles  west  of  the 
former,  and  1800east  of  the  latter,.  Ion.  5  49  west,  lat.  1* 
^5  souths  ■'•';■<■'-■■'-■■,;'. '-"'^ 

Bourbon  is  60  miles  long,  and  40  broad,  370  miles  E, 
from  Madagascar.  The  island  is  difficult  of  access.  Sf,. 
Denis  is  the  principal  port.  It  has  lately  been  taken  brji^ 
^  SD£^liib»     !(•  fifit.  iah»bitaBt»  w«rc  {>irat«i||^ 


fS)l> 


AFRICAN  ISLAKDli 


,V; 


i^ 


|)Ii^nted  themselves  hure  in  1657.  The  i8lan4  hai  new,  §#. 
cording  to  8t.  Pierre,  60,00a  flacks,  and  5000  otiier  in, 
hdbitiints  :  Ion.  5d  HO  Ei  iat.  '^^O  6\i  S. 

Mauhitius,  1.^0  iniies  in  circumference,  liet  ]B.  N.  £. 
•f  Bour^)ou,  and  4^>0  iniieH  E.  of  iVladugaticar,  was  discov- 
ered ami  settled  by  tile  Putch,  in  lJSi^i>,  and  relinquished 
in  niO*.  Tite  Fr«.Mch  tpok  positessiou  soon  after,  atid  re- 
tained it  till  1810,  when  it  ^vas  taken  by  the  lingiish.  Tht 
elimate  is  heaitiiy  ;  but  the  sod  not  very  fertile. 

/There  are  many  mountains,  sojne  of  wltich  are  so  high, 
^at  their  tops  are  covered  with  snow  ;  Ihty  produce  the 
best  ebony  in  the  worid.  The  valleys  ate  well  watered 
witli  rivers,  and  are  made  very  productive  of  cultivation, 
of  ivhich  indigo  is  the  principal  object.  The  town  and 
hari>or  are  caatd  Por,t  Loui>:,  and  are  strongly  fortified; 
but  in  the  hurricane  months,  the  harbor  cannot  afford  shel- 
ter for  mor*^  than  8  vei^sels. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  on  the  island  excijUisive  of  j;he| 
siUitary,  is  80(1)0  whites,  and  12,000  blacks.  /^ 

.:,CpMORA  Islands  a.  ciustcr  of  Islands  in  the  Indian 
•eean,  between  the  coast  of  Zangue/iar  and  the  N.  par&^ 
ot'  the  island  of  Madagascar;    They  are  ibur  in  number, 
^iz.  Johanna,  Mayotta,  Mohilla,  and  C'omora,  which  lasft 
is  six  leagues  long  and  three  wide,  and  g^ives  its  name  to 
tlie  group*  Alt  has  no  sare  harborSi     Its  high  mountains 
•re  richly  covereU  with  verdure  and  friJiit  trees^   and  give 
.rise  to  numerous  fertibsjing  streams,  on  which  are  many 
beautiful  cascades.     The  valleys-  between  the  mountains 
are  extensive,  and  in.richness  and  beauty  are  exceeded  by 
Bone  in  the  world..     These  islands  produce   rice,   peas,, 
yams,  Indidncorn,  pursiain,  cocoa  nuts,  plantains,  oranges,, 
^mons,  citrons,,  limes,  pine  appies,  cucuuibcrs,  tamarinds* , 
•ugar  canes  and  honey..  ^ . 

The  Azores,  or  , Western  Isles,  lie  abo^tlnidway  |t>e<» 
tween  the  t«  o  continents,  in  about  '37  degrees  north  lati- 
tude. They  are  nine  in  number.  Tercei  •,  St.  M^chae!^ . 
Fayal,  Gratiosa.  St^  George,  Pico,  Corvo,  Floies,  and  St. 
Maloes,  fertile  in  corn,  and  wine,  \and  a  variety  of  fruits. 
Tile  climate  is  remarkably  salubrious^  It  is  said  .  that 
jIMisdiMUS  or  aoadoiis  aoioadl  can  live  oa  ih«  Am9v^ 


New- 
New- 
9eventee 
louthero 
nuth  lat 
Ue  part 
man,  an 
houses  ( 
bodied, 
the  two  ] 
of  them, 
they  any 
pleasant 
faces.  ] 
plored  b; 
I  ing  a  dis 
eastern  c 
gave  it  tl 
[Capt.  Fu 
New-< 
\k  is  se] 
{bat  fei'iii 
jSoutb  !^ 
|co£oa-n. 
lere  coi 
iet>scs. 

New- 

ktrait  di> 

caited 

)cky,  t 

rsiirit 


Xi 


31 


noir,  «#. 
otlmr  in. 


SOUTH  SEA  ISL£» 


m(r. 


,    p.  N.  E, 

eJinquished 
i^r»  ami  re- 
lish.   Tlii 


€  sohigh, 
rotluoe  the 
11  watered 
lultivation, 
town  and 
forti:fied ; 
jfford  shel- 

ive  of  the|  * 

ie  Indian 
«  N.  pari^ 
I  number, 
ivhich  JajBt 
i  name  to 
nouHtaina 
and  give 
»re  nianj 
nountaiut 
eeded  bj 
ce,   pea»,, 
1  oranges,  * 
uuarindSf, 

i^vay  be* 
orth  lati- 
Micbael, 
,  and  St, 
)t'  fruiti, , 
that  «• 


ifStANDS  OP  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN, 

THE  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean  have  been  classed  b^E 
flome  ReogrBj>bcrs  into  two  divisions,  to  whic'    they  have 

given  the  names  of  Austral  AsiA.aad  Polvnbsia»    llp> 
le  first  division  are  comprehended 

New- Holland  New-Caledoma 

Papau,  or  New-GuiiK «     New-Hebride» 

New-Britain  New-Zealand 

New-Ireland  Van  Dieman's  Land. 

New-Holland  was  discovered  in  the  beginning  of  tlie- 
seventeenth  centur3',  and  was  suoppsed  tf)  be  part  of  a  vast? 
louthem  continent..    It  lies  between  11  and  i3  degreee^ 
•outh  latitude,  and  is  nearly  equal  in,  extent  to  the  habita- 
We  part  of  Europe.     The  inhabitants,  acccording  to  Die- 
man,  are  the  most  miserable  people  in  tlie  world,  withoulir' 
houses  or  ciothfcs.     They  are  black,  tall,  thin,  straight 
bodied,  with  sinail  limlM,  large  heads,  and  heavy  brows ; 
the  two  fore  teeth  of  their  upper  laws  are  wantmg  in  aU* 
of  them,  men  and  women,  old  and  young  ;   neither  have 
they  any  beards.    They  are  long  visaged  arrd  of  a  very  un- 
pleasant aispect,  having  not  one  graceful  feature  in  theift 
faces.     In.  the  year  17V0,  the  east  coast  was  visited  and.  exy 
plored  by  Captain  Cook,  who  spent  four  months  in  examiidl^^ 
iflg  a  distance  of  2000  miles.     He  to(^k  possession  of  this, 
eastern  coast  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  Great- Britain,  and 
gave  it  the  name  of  New  ^outh  Wales.    In  the  year  177.2l»- 
Capt.  Furneaux  discovered  it  to  be  a.r  island. 

New-Guijusa  iies  noith  of  New-Holland,  from  whicly 
k  is  separated  by  Kridcavdr  eUaits.  The  land  is  low^ 
bat  fatiie.  Most  of  the  trees  and  plants  common  to  the 
South  Soa. 'siuads -tti'e  produced  here;  particularly  the 
cocoa-n  .,  pl4njtu»n,  una  bread  fruit  trees..  Marriage  i«^  , 
ere  consummated  by  the  parties  covenanting  before  wit- 

tfeSCS. 

New-Britain  lies  to  the  north  of  New-Guinea.  A 
trait  divides  it  into  two  islands,  tlie  nortlierhniost  of  which 

called  New- Ireland.  The  shores  of  both  islands  are; 
cky,  the  iuiaiid  parts  are  higii  and  mountainous,  but  cov.-' 
V  i  vitli  tr«etf  ff  vairieu^  kituiSr  amonj^  whin-'h  are  .^he  j^tk^ 


w» 


iOtrtH  SEA  ISLEg; 


mog,  the  cocoa-nut,  and  di<l&reht  kinds  of  prJm.  TIka 
inhabitants  arc  black,  and  wooUy  hctidcd>  like  negroes,  but 
)iave  not  their  flat  noses  and  thick  lips. 

New-Caledonia  extends  from  VJ  tc22<'  Bouth  latitude. 

The  inhabitants  are  strong,  active,  and  well  made  ;  their 

Bair  is  black,  and  much  frizzled,  but  not  woolly  ; 'their 

beards  are  crisp  and  thick  ^  and  thoir  only  covering  is  i^ 

wrapper  made  from  the  bark  of  a  tree.    They  cultivate  tht 

'•oil   with  some  art  and  industry,    but  subsist  chiefly  oi 

roots  and  fish.     Plantains  and  »ugar  canes  are  not  plenti. 

ful ;   bread  fruit  is  very  scarce,  and  the  cocoa  nut  treci 

but  thinly  plante<l  j  but  their  yams  nnd  tavas  are  in  great* 

"abundance.      Thiir  houses  are  circuiar,  like  a  bee  hive, 

and  as  close  and  warm ;  being  formed  of  small  spars  aiid 

reeds,  covered  with  long,  coarse  grass,  and  the  noor  laid 

with  dry  grass.    They  are  of  a  pacific'disposition ;  and^tkii 

women  are  much  chaster  than  those  of  the  more  i"Ma\ 

islands. 

The  New-Hebrides  are  between  the  latitude  of  14  an 
f6*^  ftouth.  and  consist  of  a  number  <^  islands,  of  dideren 
aaines  and  dimensions. 

Bv^tween  34  and  4<3^  south  latitude  lies  the  island  o| 
New-Zbaland,  surrounded  by  several  smaller  onett;  wil 
produotior;8  and  inhabitants  similar  to  those  above 
•cribeU. 

Van  Dieman's  Land  is  separated  firom  New-Hoham 
by  a  strait  of  30  lei^ues  wide,  it  presents  a  most  inhospitj 
able  shore ;  the  lan#  is  covered  With  trees.  The  inhubitani 
are  naked,  and  have  black  woolly  hair.  Opossums  ani 
kangaroos  are  the  principal  anifflals. 

Polynesia.  The  second  giPand  division  of  the  Soai| 
fea  isles  em  races  the  following  islands. 


The  Pelew  Isles^ 
The  Ladrones 
The  Ciiralines 
The  Sdudwich  Isles 


The  Marquesas 
Ingraliaui  s  Isli » 
Th3  Society  Isle* 
The  Friendly  Isles. 


The  Fel'sw  Isles    lie  l^etwetn  5  aid  9*^  N.  lat. 
Itatives  are  simple  in  tl)  cir  manners,  delicate  in  tlieir  s( 
II^AtSf  attd&icodly  iu  tlicix  di^ositions.    Thdr  aruis 


flODTH  SB  A  riLES. 


U$ 


pi^m.    Tie 
negroes,  but 

^outh  latitude, 
made  ;  their ! 

woolly  ;. their 

covering  'n%\ 
|y  cultivate  tht  \ 
iist  chiefly  oij 
[are  not  plenti- 
jocoa  nut  trees  I 
[as  are  in  great! 
^e  a  bee  hiveJ 
mall  spars  aiid 

the  floor  laidj 
ition ;  and  their 
c  more  Citittu-i 

;itude  of  'A  and 
d»,  of  diderenii 

>s  the  island  o| 
ailer  ones ;  witi 
[lose  above 

tn  NeMT-Holianj 

a  most  inhospitj 

The  inhubitantj 

Opossums  ani 


n  of  the  Soutl 


slep 
Isles. 

9<^  N.  lat. 
te  in  Uidr^c 
Iheir  aruu 


Khiflboo  darts.    Their  principal  food  is  v  acon  nut*.    TIm 

aoaiitry  is  covsf ed  with  timbt^r  trees  pi'  a  large  size. 

Thk  LADRd^K^  ot  IVIarian  Isi^iiu  arc  15  in  number,  t 
•r  4f  of  which  only  are  inhiilnttd;  soirte  of  tiieiii  are  voicantew 
The  largest  caiii.iis  y(),()iK)  inhabitants. 

The  CAiioLiNe-.  aio  a!>oat  SO  ni  nnniber,  and  very  p<^ 
puious.  Th>'  \iv  1  itaivts  res.tublc  those  of  thv  l^hillppinet* 
Each  isle  hiis  it^  inur,  but  rili  respect  onv  monarch.  Hog- 
olen,  the  principal  isle,  is  90  miles  long.  Ihey  exteud 
eastward  of  Uk;  l^-l^ws  ncirt-ly  in  the  ".♦luu  latitude 

Thu  SANu>virn  1  ;  Ej  are  11  in  nujuber,  thj  principal 
•f  which  h  v)wh\  h-.e.  Th..'  cliniat'  is  smiliar  ii;o  tliat  of  the 
W  st-iuJi  «.  The  inhab  ta.kts  art  gtucrail}  a'./ove  the  mid- 
di'szs,  with  iiij  op-'u  coaatjnanci's.  1 J uir  weapons  of 
WAi"  An  sp'-ars,  da,^!;gvr.s.  chus,  aud  slings. 

THI^  iVlAUauEiAs  are  .5  tii  uu.ubi-r,  between  9  and  10* 
south  latitudt.  The  inliabituMts  are  f  e  hnee<t  race  oi'  p<'0* 
.pic  in  aii  the>je  islandt* ;  and  for  gotja  binpt-  ami  regular  fea» 
turis,  pjsrlMps  ^arpu.'.s  all  nitions.  I  h^y  liaye  hogs,  fowls, 
pbiitanid.  brad  tiuit  aud  co-'ounut  Ueci. 

l.NGUAHAM'a  loLKi,  7  in  uuin.>jr,  lie  northwest  of  the 
Marq-a^^i>as.  They  w  iv  discovered  hy  i  apt.  Jiigrahaitt 
of  Hoston,  in  1791.  t\)tton  of  i.  sap'j'ior  quality  growe 
liere.  The  inhao  tiuts  are  fei.iiilar  to  those  of  the  Mar- 
.^uesas. 

The  SaciETY  I^lks  arp  a  cluster  lying  near  the  IGtU 
deert  e  south  latitude,  the  principal  of  which  is  Otaheite. 
T*ie  Vigetable  productions  of  these  isljjKls  are  nuuicroue 
and  luxuriant.  The  inhabitants  of  (Muheite  alone  are  es- 
sti mated  at  viCH  000.  The  people  exceod  the  middle  size 
of  Europeans  in  stature.  In  iheii-  disposition?,  they  are 
brave,  oj-en.  and  generous,  without  either  suspicion  of 
treachery.  Except  a  fjw  traces  of  natural  cunning,  and 
«ome  traces  of  dissimulation,  equally  artless  and  ino'*  rn'^ 
sive,  they  possess  th^  most  perfect  simplicity  of  characlei^ 
Otaheiite  alone,  it  is  supposed,  can  send  out  1720  w  «  i  rv- 
noes,  and  6S,000  able  men.  The  chief  of  each  dwtrict 
superinteuds  tbe  equipping  of  the  fleet  in  ihat  district ; 
but  they  must  pass  in  review  before  the  kmg,  so  that  he 
knows  the  state  of  the  whole  before  they  assemble  to  go 
•n  service.     Different  deitieij  are  worsliippud  in  different 

'more  prosperotis 


parii  p^the'lslanav  'Jit  Uiev:*k€f*egth{;rii*i 


• . 


» II 

-  t .  ♦  • 

•  •  •  • » » 

*  * '  » 


• « •  •     •» 

*  . 

•  • • ' t. 


•  •• 


•  •      •    4    »  < 


^miTH  8IA  ISLES. 


Ilkan  themfelm,  Uier  adopt  their  modg  and  vtjoa  didif 
«wn.  They  believe  tne  tout  immortaJ,  but  hare  no  dittincl 
ideae  of  reworda  and  punishment!.  Thougli.  they  are  the 
Inost  friendly  and  amiablt!  pagani  in  the  world,'  hunum  sac- 
rificei  are  common.  To  atone  fur  their  sinit  they  murA«f 
ttieir  neighbors,  offer  them  to  tlieir  gods,  and  leave  their 
%oncfi  on  the  swid. 

Easter  Island,  generally  reckoned  one  of  the  Socie* 
ly  Ules,  is  a  burren  spot,  and  has  no  fresh  water,  except 
i^n  the  crutor  of  an  extinguished  volcano.  The  natives  are 
aornetiines  driven  to  the  necc  ssity  of  drinking  sea  wattr. 
They  are  about  2000  souls,  a  thieviab,  lewd  race  of  mortaii. 
Their  soil  is  fertile ;  yams,  potatoes,  and  bananas,  are  tlieir 
principal  support. 

The  Fribvuly  Islands  were  so  n^med  by  Capt.  Cook« 
horn  the  hospitable  disposition  of  the  natives.  The  isl- 
ands are  150  m  number,  well  planted  with  cocoa-nut  and 
bread  fruit  trees,  plantains,  sugar  can^s,  &c.  Theinhab^ 
itanta  amount  to  200,000.  They  are  active  and  industri- 
•ous,  acquainted  neither  with  riches,  wantfi#  Bor  opprM- 
'Si#ii. 


riNis. 


•  **4«  ...  «t*«(*'<^» 


>.:    ■ 

■■'■■<f .  \  «- 


i'i^l 


♦■V< 


'J; 


j  ,  ■»,> 


■m ,, 


i  00  diatinei 
^^  Are  the 
human  itc. 
ley  murd«f 
leave  their 

the  Socie* 
ter,  except 
natives  are 
sea  wattr. 
of  \nortali, 
«,  are  tlieir 

apt.  Coolg 
The  i«I- 
>a-nut  and 
Ihe-  inhab^ 
J  industri- 
or  opprst- 


■¥' 


.•«: 


S.-i 


.x\% 


f  \  ^ 


